[libc++][hardening] Categorize more assertions. (#75918)

Also introduce `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC` for assertions violating which
results in a no-op or other benign behavior, but which may nevertheless
indicate a bug in the invoking code.
diff --git a/libcxx/src/memory_resource.cpp b/libcxx/src/memory_resource.cpp
index afd1b89..42c3668 100644
--- a/libcxx/src/memory_resource.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/src/memory_resource.cpp
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
   }
 
   void* __allocate_in_new_chunk(memory_resource* upstream, size_t block_size, size_t chunk_size) {
-    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(chunk_size % block_size == 0, "");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(chunk_size % block_size == 0, "");
     static_assert(__default_alignment >= alignof(std::max_align_t), "");
     static_assert(__default_alignment >= alignof(__chunk_footer), "");
     static_assert(__default_alignment >= alignof(__vacancy_header), "");