HTTP Cookies 是 Web 开发中用于维持状态的重要机制。
基本概念
定义:Cookie 是服务器发送到用户浏览器并保存在本地的小型数据片段,浏览器会在后续请求中自动携带这些数据。
主要用途:
-
会话管理(登录状态、购物车等)
-
个性化设置(主题、语言等)
-
用户行为追踪
Cookie 的工作原理
-
服务器设置:通过
Set-Cookie
响应头Set-Cookie: sessionid=38afes7a8; HttpOnly; Path=/
-
浏览器存储:浏览器按照规则存储 Cookie
-
自动发送:后续请求通过
Cookie
请求头自动发送Cookie: sessionid=38afes7a8; csrftoken=7hu8j3lo
Cookie 属性详解
属性 | 说明 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
Name/Value | Cookie 名称和值 | id=12345 |
Domain | 指定哪些域名可以接收 | .example.com |
Path | 指定 URL 路径前缀 | /products |
Expires | 过期时间(绝对时间) | Wed, 21 Oct 2025 07:28:00 GMT |
Max-Age | 存活秒数(相对时间) | 3600 (1小时) |
Secure | 仅 HTTPS 连接发送 | Secure |
HttpOnly | 禁止 JavaScript 访问 | HttpOnly |
SameSite | 控制跨站发送 | SameSite=Lax |
Cookie 类型
按生命周期分类:
-
会话 Cookie:浏览器关闭后删除
-
持久 Cookie:根据 Expires/Max-Age 保留
按用途分类:
-
必要 Cookie:网站核心功能所需
-
偏好 Cookie:存储用户设置
-
统计 Cookie:分析用户行为
-
营销 Cookie:追踪用户用于广告
安全相关
主要安全威胁:
-
跨站脚本攻击 (XSS):通过 JS 窃取 Cookie
-
防御:使用
HttpOnly
属性
-
-
跨站请求伪造 (CSRF):利用已认证状态
-
防御:使用
SameSite
属性 + CSRF Token
-
-
会话劫持:窃取会话 ID
-
防御:使用
Secure
+ 定期更换会话 ID
-
SameSite 属性:
-
Strict
:完全禁止跨站发送 -
Lax
:允许安全方法(GET)的顶级导航 -
None
:允许跨站发送(必须配合Secure
)
JavaScript 操作
// 读取所有 Cookie document.cookie // "id=123; theme=dark" // 设置 Cookie(会追加而非覆盖) document.cookie = "username=john; max-age=3600; path=/" // 删除 Cookie(设置过期时间为过去) document.cookie = "username=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
服务器端设置示例
Node.js (Express):
res.cookie('token', 'abc123', { maxAge: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1天 httpOnly: true, secure: true, sameSite: 'lax' })
PHP:
setcookie("user", "John", [ 'expires' => time() + 3600, 'path' => '/', 'secure' => true, 'httponly' => true, 'samesite' => 'Lax' ]);
实践
-
敏感数据:不要存储在 Cookie 中,使用 Session
-
大小限制:单个 Cookie ≤ 4KB,每个域名 ≤ 50个(浏览器差异)
-
生产环境:始终设置
Secure
和HttpOnly
-
会话管理:使用随机、不可预测的 Session ID
-
隐私合规:遵循 GDPR 等法规,提供 Cookie 使用说明
现代替代方案
-
Web Storage:
localStorage
和sessionStorage
-
IndexedDB:客户端大规模数据存储
-
JWT (JSON Web Tokens):用于认证的无状态令牌
调试工具
-
浏览器开发者工具 → Application → Cookies
-
document.cookie
API -
网络抓包工具查看 HTTP 头
Cookie 仍然是 Web 开发中不可或缺的部分,正确理解和安全使用 Cookie 对于构建可靠的 Web 应用至关重要。
Requests中 Cookie实现
MockRequest 和 MockResponse 类
class MockRequest:
"""Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
The code in `http.cookiejar.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
domains of the request and the cookie.
The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
"""
def __init__(self, request):
self._r = request
self._new_headers = {}
self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
def get_type(self):
return self.type
def get_host(self):
return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
def get_origin_req_host(self):
return self.get_host()
def get_full_url(self):
# Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
# header
if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
return self._r.url
# If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
# Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
return urlunparse(
[
parsed.scheme,
host,
parsed.path,
parsed.params,
parsed.query,
parsed.fragment,
]
)
def is_unverifiable(self):
return True
def has_header(self, name):
return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
def get_header(self, name, default=None):
return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
def add_header(self, key, val):
"""cookiejar has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
raise NotImplementedError(
"Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()"
)
def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
self._new_headers[name] = value
def get_new_headers(self):
return self._new_headers
@property
def unverifiable(self):
return self.is_unverifiable()
@property
def origin_req_host(self):
return self.get_origin_req_host()
@property
def host(self):
return self.get_host()
class MockResponse:
"""Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
the way `http.cookiejar` expects to see them.
"""
def __init__(self, headers):
"""Make a MockResponse for `cookiejar` to read.
:param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
"""
self._headers = headers
def info(self):
return self._headers
def getheaders(self, name):
self._headers.getheaders(name)
def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
"""Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
:param jar: http.cookiejar.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
:param request: our own requests.Request object
:param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
"""
if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
return
# the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
req = MockRequest(request)
# pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
"""
Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None.
:rtype: str
"""
r = MockRequest(request)
jar.add_cookie_header(r)
return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
"""Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
"""
clearables = []
for cookie in cookiejar:
if cookie.name != name:
continue
if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
continue
if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
continue
clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
for domain, path, name in clearables:
cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
这两个类作为适配器,将 Requests 的请求/响应对象转换为 http.cookiejar
模块期望的接口格式:
-
MockRequest: 包装 Requests 的 Request 对象,模拟
urllib2.Request
接口-
提供获取 URL、主机名、头部信息等方法
-
支持添加未重定向的 cookie 头部
-
-
MockResponse: 包装 HTTP 响应头部,模拟
urllib.addinfourl
接口-
提供获取响应头部信息的方法
-
1. MockRequest 类
作用:将 Requests 的 Request 对象适配成 http.cookiejar
模块需要的接口形式(模拟 urllib2.Request
)
核心方法:
-
__init__
:-
包装原始请求对象
request
-
初始化空字典
_new_headers
用于存储新生成的 Cookie 头 -
解析 URL 的协议类型(http/https)
-
-
URL 相关方法:
get_host() # 获取域名部分(如 "example.com:8080") get_full_url() # 处理 Host 头覆盖的特殊情况
-
头部操作:
add_unredirected_header() # 添加不会随重定向传递的头部(专用于 Cookie) get_new_headers() # 获取新添加的头部(如生成的 Cookie 头)
-
兼容性属性:
@property def unverifiable(self): # 标识请求是否可验证(始终返回 True)
关键设计:
-
只读访问原始请求头,通过
_new_headers
管理新增头 -
自动处理
Host
头与 URL 不一致的情况
2. MockResponse 类
作用:将 HTTP 响应适配成 http.cookiejar
需要的接口(模拟 urllib.addinfourl
)
核心方法:
-
info()
: 返回原始响应头(供cookiejar
解析Set-Cookie
) -
getheaders()
: 获取指定响应头(未实际使用)
设计意图:
-
极简包装器,仅暴露
http.cookiejar
所需的接口
3. 核心工具函数
extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response)
功能:从响应中提取 Cookie 到 CookieJar 参数: - jar: CookieJar 实例 - request: requests.Request 对象 - response: urllib3.HTTPResponse 对象 流程: 1. 检查是否存在原始响应对象(_original_response) 2. 用 MockRequest/MockResponse 包装请求和响应 3. 调用 jar.extract_cookies() 解析 Set-Cookie 头
get_cookie_header(jar, request)
功能:生成当前请求应发送的 Cookie 头字符串 流程: 1. 用 MockRequest 包装请求 2. 调用 jar.add_cookie_header() 让 CookieJar 计算匹配的 Cookie 3. 返回生成的 Cookie 头(如 "name1=value1; name2=value2")
remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain, path)
功能:精确删除指定 Cookie 参数: - domain/path: 可选过滤条件 实现: 1. 遍历 CookieJar 找出匹配的 Cookie 2. 调用 clear() 方法批量删除 特点: - O(n) 时间复杂度 - 支持按域名/路径精确删除
RequestsCookieJar 类
class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
"""Compatibility class; is a http.cookiejar.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
interface.
This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
session.cookies to support dict operations.
Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
.. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
"""
def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
"""Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
multiple domains.
.. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
"""
try:
return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
except KeyError:
return default
def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
"""Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
multiple domains.
"""
# support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
if value is None:
remove_cookie_by_name(
self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
)
return
if isinstance(value, Morsel):
c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
else:
c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
self.set_cookie(c)
return c
def iterkeys(self):
"""Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
from the jar.
.. seealso:: itervalues() and iteritems().
"""
for cookie in iter(self):
yield cookie.name
def keys(self):
"""Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
jar.
.. seealso:: values() and items().
"""
return list(self.iterkeys())
def itervalues(self):
"""Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
from the jar.
.. seealso:: iterkeys() and iteritems().
"""
for cookie in iter(self):
yield cookie.value
def values(self):
"""Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
jar.
.. seealso:: keys() and items().
"""
return list(self.itervalues())
def iteritems(self):
"""Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
from the jar.
.. seealso:: iterkeys() and itervalues().
"""
for cookie in iter(self):
yield cookie.name, cookie.value
def items(self):
"""Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
jar. Allows client-code to call ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a
vanilla python dict of key value pairs.
.. seealso:: keys() and values().
"""
return list(self.iteritems())
def list_domains(self):
"""Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
domains = []
for cookie in iter(self):
if cookie.domain not in domains:
domains.append(cookie.domain)
return domains
def list_paths(self):
"""Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
paths = []
for cookie in iter(self):
if cookie.path not in paths:
paths.append(cookie.path)
return paths
def multiple_domains(self):
"""Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
Returns False otherwise.
:rtype: bool
"""
domains = []
for cookie in iter(self):
if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
return True
domains.append(cookie.domain)
return False # there is only one domain in jar
def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
"""Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
requirements.
:rtype: dict
"""
dictionary = {}
for cookie in iter(self):
if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
path is None or cookie.path == path
):
dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
return dictionary
def __contains__(self, name):
try:
return super().__contains__(name)
except CookieConflictError:
return True
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
use the more explicit get() method instead.
.. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
"""
return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
def __setitem__(self, name, value):
"""Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
case, use the more explicit set() method instead.
"""
self.set(name, value)
def __delitem__(self, name):
"""Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``http.cookiejar.CookieJar``'s
``remove_cookie_by_name()``.
"""
remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
if (
hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith")
and cookie.value.startswith('"')
and cookie.value.endswith('"')
):
cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
return super().set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
def update(self, other):
"""Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
for cookie in other:
self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
else:
super().update(other)
def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
"""Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values.
If there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one.
See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
conflicting cookies.
:param name: a string containing name of cookie
:param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
:param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
:return: cookie.value
"""
for cookie in iter(self):
if cookie.name == name:
if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
if path is None or cookie.path == path:
return cookie.value
raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
"""Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
used elsewhere in Requests.
:param name: a string containing name of cookie
:param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
:param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
:raises KeyError: if cookie is not found
:raises CookieConflictError: if there are multiple cookies
that match name and optionally domain and path
:return: cookie.value
"""
toReturn = None
for cookie in iter(self):
if cookie.name == name:
if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
if path is None or cookie.path == path:
if toReturn is not None:
# if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
raise CookieConflictError(
f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}"
)
# we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
toReturn = cookie.value
if toReturn:
return toReturn
raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
def __getstate__(self):
"""Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
state = self.__dict__.copy()
# remove the unpickleable RLock object
state.pop("_cookies_lock")
return state
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
self.__dict__.update(state)
if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
def copy(self):
"""Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy())
new_cj.update(self)
return new_cj
def get_policy(self):
"""Return the CookiePolicy instance used."""
return self._policy
def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
if jar is None:
return None
if hasattr(jar, "copy"):
# We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
return jar.copy()
# We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
new_jar.clear()
for cookie in jar:
new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
return new_jar
def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
"""Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
"""
result = {
"version": 0,
"name": name,
"value": value,
"port": None,
"domain": "",
"path": "/",
"secure": False,
"expires": None,
"discard": True,
"comment": None,
"comment_url": None,
"rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
"rfc2109": False,
}
badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
if badargs:
raise TypeError(
f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}"
)
result.update(kwargs)
result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
"""Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
expires = None
if morsel["max-age"]:
try:
expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
except ValueError:
raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer")
elif morsel["expires"]:
time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
return create_cookie(
comment=morsel["comment"],
comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
discard=False,
domain=morsel["domain"],
expires=expires,
name=morsel.key,
path=morsel["path"],
port=None,
rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
rfc2109=False,
secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
value=morsel.value,
version=morsel["version"] or 0,
)
def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
"""Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
:param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
:param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
:param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
already in the jar with new ones.
:rtype: CookieJar
"""
if cookiejar is None:
cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
if cookie_dict is not None:
names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
for name in cookie_dict:
if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
return cookiejar
def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
"""Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
:param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
:param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
:rtype: CookieJar
"""
if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
if isinstance(cookies, dict):
cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
try:
cookiejar.update(cookies)
except AttributeError:
for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
return cookiejar
核心架构设计
多重继承结构
class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping)
-
继承自
cookielib.CookieJar
:获得标准库的 Cookie 处理能力 -
实现
MutableMapping
:提供字典式操作接口
设计哲学
-
兼容性优先:既兼容标准库接口,又提供更友好的字典操作
-
明确性能警告:所有字典操作都是 O(n) 而非 O(1)
-
线程安全:内部使用 RLock 保证线程安全
核心功能
字典式接口实现
# 标准字典方法 __contains__、__getitem__、__setitem__、__delitem__ keys()、values()、items() iterkeys()、itervalues()、iteritems()
增强型 Cookie 操作
get(name, default=None, domain=None, path=None) # 支持域名/路径过滤 set(name, value, **kwargs) # 支持完整 Cookie 属性设置 remove_cookie_by_name() # 精确删除
特殊方法实现
__getstate__/__setstate__ # 支持 pickle 序列化 copy() # 深度复制 update() # 合并 CookieJar 或字典
关键算法
Cookie 查找实现
def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None): # 线性扫描,返回第一个匹配的 Cookie # 可能产生不一致行为 def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None): # 严格查找,发现冲突时抛出 CookieConflictError # 被 __getitem__ 和 get() 调用
性能特点
-
所有查找操作都是 O(n)
-
使用
iter(self)
遍历内部存储 -
域名/路径过滤增加比较开销
辅助函数分析
create_cookie()
# 创建 Cookie 对象的工厂函数 # 处理默认值:domain='', path='/', secure=False 等 # 验证参数有效性
morsel_to_cookie()
# 将标准库的 Morsel 对象转换为 Cookie 对象 # 特殊处理 expires/max-age 时间转换
cookiejar_from_dict()
# 从字典创建 CookieJar # 支持 overwrite 参数控制是否覆盖现有 Cookie
merge_cookies()
# 合并两个 Cookie 源 # 智能处理字典和 CookieJar 两种输入
安全特性实现
Cookie 安全处理
def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs): # 自动去除 Cookie 值中的多余引号 if cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"'): cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
属性强制
# 在 create_cookie() 中: result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"]) result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"]) result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
高级示例
精确控制 Cookie
jar = RequestsCookieJar() jar.set('session', 'abc123', domain='.example.com', path='/admin', secure=True, httponly=True)
复杂查询
# 获取特定域名下的所有 Cookie admin_cookies = jar.get_dict(domain='admin.example.com') # 检查多域名情况 if jar.multiple_domains(): print("跨域名 Cookie 存储")
合并操作
# 合并两个 CookieJar merged = merge_cookies(jar1, jar2) # 从字典更新 jar.update({'user': 'john', 'token': 'xyz456'})
设计亮点
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灵活的接口设计:
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同时满足高级用户和简单场景需求
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即支持精确控制,也支持简单字典操作
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完善的错误处理:
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CookieConflictError
明确指示命名冲突 -
严格的参数验证
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实用的工具方法:
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list_domains()
/list_paths()
方便调试 -
get_dict()
快速导出子集
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良好的文档:
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每个方法都有清晰的文档字符串
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明确警告性能特征
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性能优化
虽然当前实现强调正确性而非性能,但在高频使用场景下可以考虑:
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建立名称索引:
# 在 __setitem__ 中维护名称索引 self._name_index = defaultdict(list) # name -> [cookies]
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LRU 缓存:
# 对常见查询结果缓存 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=100) def get(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
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批量操作:
def set_many(self, cookies_dict): # 批量设置 Cookie
与其他组件的关系
这个实现是 Requests 库能够优雅处理 HTTP 状态管理的基础,其设计平衡了灵活性、安全性和易用性,是 Python HTTP 客户端中 Cookie 处理的典范实现。