04.SpringCloudAlibaba-Gateway

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已于 2022-03-11 17:01:07 修改

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分类专栏： 003.SpringCloudAlibaba 文章标签： gateway java 开发语言

于 2022-03-10 11:26:12 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_26477149/article/details/123397075

003.SpringCloudAlibaba 专栏收录该内容

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本文详细介绍了微服务网关的概念及其在API管理中的作用，如过滤、验证、跨域处理等。对比了过滤器和网关的区别，并以Zuul和Spring Cloud Gateway为例阐述了两者性能差异。接着，展示了如何搭建Spring Cloud Gateway，包括POM依赖、YML配置、全局过滤器的编写以及启动应用。此外，还探讨了网关与Nginx的相似与不同。最后，文章给出了动态路由的实现，包括数据库设计、YML配置、实体类、Mapper、服务业务实现、控制器和启动类，实现了从数据库读取路由配置并动态加载到网关的能力。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

1.什么是微服务网关

微服务网关是整个微服务API接口的入口。

可以实现：

API接口过滤

验证登录

解决跨域

日志拦截

权限控制

限流熔断

负载均衡

黑白名单机制

2.过滤器和网关的区别

过滤器局部拦截

网关全局拦截

3.zuul网关和gateway网关区别

gateway比zuul的性能要好很多。

zuul底层基于servlet实现，阻塞式api，不支持长连接

gateway基于spring5构建，响应式非阻塞api，支持长连接

4.网关与nginx区别

相同点：都可以实现api拦截，负载均衡，反向代理，请求过滤

不同点： gateway采用java语言编写 nginx采用c语言编写

5.搭建网关

1）pom依赖

<properties>
        <boot-version>2.1.11.RELEASE</boot-version>
    </properties>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.11.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <dependencies>
        <!--nacos-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
            <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--openfegin-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!--gateway -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${boot-version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

2）yml配置

server:
  port: 80
####服务网关名称
spring:
  application:
    name: demo-gateway
  cloud:
    gateway:
      ###路由策略
      routes:
        ###根据我们的服务名称查找地址实现调用
        - id: member
          ####转发 https://www.baidu.com/  http://127.0.0.1:8080/  lb://nacos-member/
          uri: lb://nacos-member/
          filters:
            - StripPrefix=1
          ###匹配规则
          predicates:
            - Path=/member/**
      discovery:
        locator:
          ###允许通过注册中心获取地址调用
          enabled: true
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848

3）全局过滤

package com.demo.filter;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;
import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
import org.springframework.core.io.buffer.DataBuffer;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;
import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

/**
 * 全局过滤-验证token
 */
@Component
public class TokenGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter, Ordered {
    @Override
    public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
//        //获取参数
//        String token = exchange.getRequest().getQueryParams().getFirst("token");
//        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(token)) {
//            ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();
//            response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
//            String msg = "token not is null ";
//            DataBuffer buffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(msg.getBytes());
//            return response.writeWith(Mono.just(buffer));
//        }
        // 直接转发到真实服务
        return chain.filter(exchange);
    }

    @Override
    public int getOrder() {
        return 0;
    }
}

package com.demo.filter;

import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;
import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

/**
 * 全局过滤-跨域设置
 */
@Component
public class CrossOriginFilter implements GlobalFilter {

    @Override
    public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
        ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();
        ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();
        HttpHeaders headers = response.getHeaders();
        headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, "*");
        headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_METHODS, "POST, GET, PUT, OPTIONS, DELETE, PATCH");
        headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS, "true");
        headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_HEADERS, "*");
        headers.add(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_EXPOSE_HEADERS, "*");
        return chain.filter(exchange);

    }
}

4）启动

package com.demo;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class AppGateWay {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(AppGateWay.class);
    }
}

5）测试

http://localhost/member/getUser?userId=1

6.动态网关实现

链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Yzcs7sbHH1oxaogl3q_XUg
提取码：51ja

1）数据库

/*
 Navicat Premium Data Transfer

 Source Server         : localhost
 Source Server Type    : MySQL
 Source Server Version : 50727
 Source Host           : localhost:3306
 Source Schema         : nacos_gateway

 Target Server Type    : MySQL
 Target Server Version : 50727
 File Encoding         : 65001

 Date: 10/03/2022 17:52:15
*/

SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;

-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for sys_gateway
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `sys_gateway`;
CREATE TABLE `sys_gateway`  (
  `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `route_id` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `route_name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `route_pattern` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `route_type` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  `route_url` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of sys_gateway
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `sys_gateway` VALUES (1, 'member', 'member', '/member/*', '0', 'http://127.0.0.1:8081/');

SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;

2）pom依赖

   <properties>
        <boot-version>2.1.11.RELEASE</boot-version>
    </properties>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.11.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <dependencies>
        <!--nacos-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
            <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--openfegin-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!--gateway -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- mybatis -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- mysql 依赖 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 阿里巴巴数据源 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.14</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${boot-version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

3）yml配置

server:
  port: 80
####服务网关名称
spring:
  application:
    name: nacos-gateway
  cloud:
    gateway:
      #      ###路由策略
      #      routes:
      #        ###根据我们的服务名称查找地址实现调用
      #        - id: member
      #          uri: lb://nacos-member/
      #          filters:
      #            - StripPrefix=1
      #          ###匹配规则
      #          predicates:
      #            - Path=/member/**
      discovery:
        locator:
          ###允许通过注册中心获取地址调用
          enabled: true
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/nacos_gateway?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8&serverTimezone=GMT%2B8
    username: root
    password: root
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

4）实体类

package com.demo.entity;

import lombok.Data;

@Data
public class GateWayEntity {
    private Long id;
    private String routeId;
    private String routeName;
    private String routePattern;
    private String routeType;
    private String routeUrl;
}

4）mapper

package com.demo.mapper;

import com.demo.entity.GateWayEntity;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Select;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Update;

import java.util.List;

public interface GatewayMapper {

    @Select("SELECT ID AS ID, route_id as routeid, route_name as routeName,route_pattern as routePattern,route_type as routeType,route_url as routeUrl FROM sys_gateway")
    List<GateWayEntity> gateWayAll();
}

5）动态路由业务实现

package com.demo.service;

import com.demo.entity.GateWayEntity;
import com.demo.mapper.GatewayMapper;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.event.RefreshRoutesEvent;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.FilterDefinition;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.handler.predicate.PredicateDefinition;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteDefinition;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteDefinitionWriter;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisher;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisherAware;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.util.UriComponentsBuilder;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

@Service
public class GatewayService implements ApplicationEventPublisherAware {

    private ApplicationEventPublisher publisher;

    @Resource
    private RouteDefinitionWriter routeDefinitionWriter;

    @Resource
    private GatewayMapper gatewayMapper;

    private static final Logger logger = (Logger)LoggerFactory.getLogger(GatewayService.class);

    @Override
    public void setApplicationEventPublisher(ApplicationEventPublisher applicationEventPublisher) {
        this.publisher = applicationEventPublisher;
    }

    public String loadAllLoadRoute() {
        List<GateWayEntity> gateWayEntities = gatewayMapper.gateWayAll();
        for (GateWayEntity gb : gateWayEntities) {
            loadRoute(gb);
        }
        return "success";
    }

    public String loadRoute(GateWayEntity gateWayEntity) {
        RouteDefinition definition = new RouteDefinition();
        Map<String, String> predicateParams = new HashMap<>(8);
        PredicateDefinition predicate = new PredicateDefinition();
        FilterDefinition filterDefinition = new FilterDefinition();
        Map<String, String> filterParams = new HashMap<>(8);
        URI uri = null;
        if ("0".equals(gateWayEntity.getRouteType())) {
            // 如果配置路由type为0的话 则从注册中心获取服务地址
            uri = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString("lb://" + gateWayEntity.getRouteUrl() + "/").build().toUri();
        } else {
            uri = UriComponentsBuilder.fromHttpUrl(gateWayEntity.getRouteUrl()).build().toUri();
        }

        // 定义的路由唯一的id
        definition.setId(gateWayEntity.getRouteId());
        predicate.setName("Path");
        //路由转发地址
        predicateParams.put("pattern", gateWayEntity.getRoutePattern());
        predicate.setArgs(predicateParams);

        // 名称是固定的, 路径去前缀
        filterDefinition.setName("StripPrefix");
        filterParams.put("_genkey_0", "1");
        filterDefinition.setArgs(filterParams);
        definition.setPredicates(Arrays.asList(predicate));
        definition.setFilters(Arrays.asList(filterDefinition));
        definition.setUri(uri);
        routeDefinitionWriter.save(Mono.just(definition)).subscribe();
        this.publisher.publishEvent(new RefreshRoutesEvent(this));
        return "success";
    }

}

6）控制层

package com.demo.controller;

import com.demo.service.GatewayService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import javax.annotation.Resource;

@RestController
public class GatewayController {

    @Resource
    private GatewayService gatewayService;

    /**
     * 同步网关配置
     * @return
     */
    @RequestMapping("/synGatewayConfig")
    public String synGatewayConfig() {
        return gatewayService.loadAllLoadRoute();
    }
}

7）启动类

package com.demo;

import org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScan;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
@MapperScan("com.demo.mapper")
public class AppGateWay {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(AppGateWay.class);
    }
}

8）测试

http://localhost/synGatewayConfig 同步网关配置

http://localhost/member/getUser?userId=1