时态--11--被动语态

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被动语态

被动语态(Passive voice)是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系

1. 英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
2. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
3. 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"“受”"给"等被动词来表示被动意义

结构

结构：be(表时态)+done(表被动)

1.⼀般现在时被动

am/is/are + done

2.⼀般过去时被动

was/were + done

3.现在完成时被动

have been+done

4.般将来时被动

will be + done

Practices

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词

• Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

• I am asked to study hard by my mother.

• Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

• The new shop was built last year.
• Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词

• This book has been translated into many languages.
• Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

• A new hospital will be built in our city.
• Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

• Young trees must be watered often.
• Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
• The door may be locked inside.
• Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词

• Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
• My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
• They are planting trees over there. →
• Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

• There are two books to be read. →
• There are twenty more trees to be planted.

十种时态的被动形式

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1 am/is/are +done (过去分词)一般现在时

• Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2 has /have been done现在完成时

• All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we’re ready to start.

3 am/is /are being done现在进行时

• A new cinema is being built here．

4 was/were done一般过去时

• I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5 had been done过去完成时

• By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6 was/were being done过去进行时

• A meeting was being held when I was there.

7 shall/will be done一般将来时

• Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8 should/would be done过去将来时

• The news would be sent to the soldier’s mother as soon as it arrived.

9 shall/will have been done将来完成时（少用）

• The project will have been completed before July.

10 should/would have been done过去将来完成时（少用）

• He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

被动语态的特殊结构形式

1 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。

• The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

• His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

• Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

• Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

• The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。

• I don’t like being laughed at in the public.