Mycat引领MySQL分布式部署新纪元：性能与扩展性的双重飞跃

在当今数据驱动的时代，数据库的性能和可扩展性成为了企业IT架构中不可忽视的关键要素。随着数据量的爆炸式增长，传统的单节点MySQL数据库逐渐暴露出性能瓶颈和扩展性受限的问题。为了应对这些挑战，分布式数据库架构应运而生，而Mycat作为一款开源的数据库中间件，凭借其强大的数据分片、读写分离和动态扩展能力，在MySQL分布式部署领域崭露头角。

本文旨在深入探讨Mycat在MySQL分布式部署中的应用与实践。我们将从Mycat的基本概念入手，逐步揭开其神秘面纱，详细解析其工作原理、配置方法以及性能优化策略。通过丰富的实战案例和详细的操作步骤，帮助读者快速掌握Mycat的使用技巧，从而有效提升MySQL数据库的性能和可扩展性。

接下来就让我们一起来探讨mycat吧！

正文：

一.mycat基本介绍

Mycat是一个开源的分布式数据库系统，其核心功能是分表分库，即将一个大表水平分割为多个小表，
存储在后端MySQL或者其他数据库里。取名Mycat原因一是简单好记，另一个则是希望未来能够入驻 Apache，
Apache的开源产品Tomcat也是一只猫。

MyCAT 是一个彻底开源的，面向企业应用开发的“大数据库集群” 支持事务、ACID、可以替代Mysql的加强版数据库;
一个可以视为“Mysql”集群的企业级数据库，用来替代昂贵的Oracle集群 ; 一个融合内存缓存技术、Nosql技术、
HDFS大数据的新型SQL Server; 结合传统数据库和新型分布式数据仓库的新一代企业级数据库产品 ; 一个新颖的
数据库中间件产品。

二.MyCAT基础架构准备

1.1 环境准备：

两台虚拟机 db01 db02
每台创建四个mysql实例：3307 3308 3309 3310

1.2 创建相关目录初始化数据

mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p
mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql

1.3 准备DB01配置文件和启动脚本

cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3307/data
socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
port=3307
log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=7
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF

cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3308/data
port=3308
socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=8
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF

cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3309/data
socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
port=3309
log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=9
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3310/data
socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
port=3310
log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=10
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

1.4 准备DB02配置文件和启动脚本

cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3307/data
socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
port=3307
log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=17
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3308/data
port=3308
socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=18
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3309/data
socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
port=3309
log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=19
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF


cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/3310/data
socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
port=3310
log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=20
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

1.5 修改权限，启动多实例

chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*
systemctl start mysqld3307
systemctl start mysqld3308
systemctl start mysqld3309
systemctl start mysqld3310

mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"

1.6 节点主从规划

1.7 分片规划

1.8 开始配置

#第一组四节点结构

# 192.168.8.10:3307 <-----> 192.168.8.20:3307

## db02:

mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'192.168.8.%' identified by '123';"
mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all  on *.* to root@'192.168.8.%' identified by '123'  with grant option;"

## db01:

mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.8.20', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status\G"

## db02:

mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.8.10', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER