使用PyTorch实现简单图像识别（基于MNIST手写数字数据集）的完整代码示例，包含数据加载、模型定义、训练和预测全流程

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以下是一个使用PyTorch实现简单图像识别（基于MNIST手写数字数据集）的完整代码示例，包含数据加载、模型定义、训练和预测全流程：

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 设置设备
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"Using device: {device}")

# ----------------------
# 1. 数据准备
# ----------------------
transform = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.RandomRotation(10),       # 数据增强：随机旋转
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))  # MNIST的均值和标准差
])

# 加载数据集
train_set = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(
    root='./data',
    train=True,
    download=True,
    transform=transform
)

test_set = torchvision.datasets.MNIST(
    root='./data',
    train=False,
    download=True,
    transform=transform
)

# 创建数据加载器
train_loader = DataLoader(train_set, batch_size=64, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_set, batch_size=1000, shuffle=False)

# ----------------------
# 2. 构建神经网络模型
# ----------------------
class SimpleCNN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(SimpleCNN, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 32, 3, 1)  # 输入通道1，输出通道32，卷积核3x3
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(32, 64, 3, 1)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout2d(0.25)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(9216, 128)      # 全连接层
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(128, 10)        # 输出层（10个数字类别）

    def forward(self, x):
        x = torch.relu(self.conv1(x))       # 28x28 → 26x26
        x = torch.max_pool2d(x, 2)          # 26x26 → 13x13
        x = torch.relu(self.conv2(x))       # 13x13 → 11x11
        x = torch.max_pool2d(x, 2)          # 11x11 → 5x5
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = torch.flatten(x, 1)            # 展平
        x = torch.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = self.dropout(x)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        return x

model = SimpleCNN().to(device)

# ----------------------
# 3. 训练配置
# ----------------------
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)

# ----------------------
# 4. 训练循环
# ----------------------
def train(epoch):
    model.train()
    train_loss = 0
    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
        
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        output = model(data)
        loss = criterion(output, target)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        
        train_loss += loss.item()
        
        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print(f"Train Epoch: {epoch} [{batch_idx * len(data)}/{len(train_loader.dataset)} "
                  f"({100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader):.0f}%)]\tLoss: {loss.item():.6f}")

    avg_loss = train_loss / len(train_loader)
    return avg_loss

# ----------------------
# 5. 测试函数
# ----------------------
def test():
    model.eval()
    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for data, target in test_loader:
            data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
            output = model(data)
            test_loss += criterion(output, target).item()
            pred = output.argmax(dim=1, keepdim=True)
            correct += pred.eq(target.view_as(pred)).sum().item()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader)
    accuracy = 100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)
    print(f"\nTest set: Average loss: {test_loss:.4f}, Accuracy: {correct}/{len(test_loader.dataset)} "
          f"({accuracy:.2f}%)\n")
    return accuracy

# ----------------------
# 6. 执行训练
# ----------------------
epochs = 5
train_losses = []
test_accuracies = []

for epoch in range(1, epochs + 1):
    loss = train(epoch)
    accuracy = test()
    train_losses.append(loss)
    test_accuracies.append(accuracy)

# ----------------------
# 7. 可视化结果
# ----------------------
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(train_losses, label='Training Loss')
plt.title('Training Loss')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(test_accuracies, label='Test Accuracy')
plt.title('Test Accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy (%)')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

# ----------------------
# 8. 保存和加载模型
# ----------------------
torch.save(model.state_dict(), "mnist_cnn.pth")

# 加载模型示例：
# loaded_model = SimpleCNN().to(device)
# loaded_model.load_state_dict(torch.load("mnist_cnn.pth"))

# ----------------------
# 9. 单张图片预测
# ----------------------
def predict_image(img):
    model.eval()
    img = img.unsqueeze(0).to(device)  # 添加batch维度
    with torch.no_grad():
        output = model(img)
        _, predicted = torch.max(output.data, 1)
    return predicted.item()

# 测试单张图片
sample_data, sample_label = next(iter(test_loader))
sample_img = sample_data[0].cpu()
prediction = predict_image(sample_img)

plt.imshow(sample_img.squeeze(), cmap='gray')
plt.title(f"True: {sample_label[0]}, Predicted: {prediction}")
plt.show()

代码说明：

数据准备：

使用MNIST手写数字数据集（0-9共10类）
应用数据增强（随机旋转）和标准化处理
创建训练集和测试集的DataLoader

模型结构：

简单CNN架构：2个卷积层 + 2个全连接层
使用ReLU激活函数和MaxPooling
添加Dropout防止过拟合

训练配置：

交叉熵损失函数
Adam优化器
5个训练周期（可调整）

可视化：

绘制训练损失曲线
绘制测试准确率曲线

扩展功能：

模型保存与加载
单张图片预测演示

运行结果示例：

Using device: cuda
Train Epoch: 1 [0/60000 (0%)]  Loss: 2.307364
Train Epoch: 1 [6400/60000 (11%)] Loss: 0.362455
...
Test set: Average loss: 0.0512, Accuracy: 9853/10000 (98.53%)