3.0. Estructura Cristalina
3.0. Estructura Cristalina
Celda unitaria:
La mínima unidad que conforma toda una red
Celdas unitaria – Redes de Bravais
14 tipos de celdas unitarias agrupadas en 7 sistemas cristalinos
b b
a
a
c
c
c
120º
b
Cúbica simple (CS) Cubica cuerpo centrado (BCC) Cúbica centrada en las caras (FCC) a
Tetragonal Tetragonal centrada
simple en el cuerpo Hexagonal
b b b b
a a
a
a
c
c c
c
Ortorrombica centrada Ortorrombica centrada Ortorrombica centrada Romboédrica Monoclínica Monoclínica centrada Triclínica
Ortorrombica
simple en el cuepro en las bases en las caras simple en las bases
a = b = c; todos los ángulos
a ≠ b ≠ c; todos los ángulos de 90º son iguales y ninguno de 90º a ≠ b ≠ c; todos los ángulos son
a ≠ b ≠ c; dos ángulos de 90º y otro distinto de 90º
distintosy ninguno de 90º
No. de átomos en una celda
Parametros de red
Define la dimensiones generales como, tamaño y forma, de una celda unitaria.
Normalmente estos valores, a excepción del ángulo se da en nm o Å
No. de coordinación
Se define como el número de atomos vecinos más cercanos que tiene una átomo
dentro de una celda unitaria
=6
Factor de empaquetamiento
Fracción de espacio ocupada por los átomos de una celda suponiedo que estas son
esferas
Estructura hexagonal compacta Figure 3.1ashows a hard sphere model for the FCC unit cell, whereas in Figure 3.1b
the atom centers are represented by small circles to provide a better perspective of
atom positions. The aggregate of atoms in Figure 3.1c represents a section of crystal
consisting of many FCC unit cells. These spheres or ion cores touch one another across
a face diagonal; the cube edge length aand the atomic radius R are related through
Unit cell edge length • Consiste en dos hexágonos en su parte inferior y superior
for face-centered a! 2R 12 (3.1)
cubic y un pano pedio que aporta átomos a la celda
This result is obtained in Example Problem 3.1.
• Esta
For thecompuesta por 6
FCC crystal structure, átomos
each corner atom is shared among eight unit cells,
whereas a face-centered atom belongs to only two. Therefore, one-eighth of each of
•the La
eightrelación
corner atomsc/a
and=one-half
1.633 of each of the six face atoms, or a total of four
Crystal Systems and whole atoms, may be assigned to a given unit cell. This is depicted in Figure 3.1a,
Unit Cells for Metals Suonly
•where No.sphere
de coordinación y F.E within
portions are represented es 12the y 0.74 igual
confines of theacube.
la FCC
The
x
Planos cristalográficos
Para determinarlo los planos dentro de una estructura se tiene
1. Identificar donde el plano intercepta los ejes x, y, z. Si el plano pasa
por el origen este debe desplazarse
2. Tome los recíprocos de las intersecciones
3. Elimine las fracciones pero no reduzca a sus enteros
4. Encierre en paréntesis “( )” Igualmente los negativos se identifican
con una barra en la parte superior.
n
h = (2h′ − k′)
3
a2
a3 n
k = (2k′ − h′)
3
a1 i = − (h + k)
a2
l = n l′
a1
Ejemplo
x
w ! w¿
where primed indices are associated with the three-index scheme an
with the new Miller–Bravais four-index system. (Of course, reduction
set of integers may be necessary, as discussed above.) For example, the
tion becomes [1210]. Several different directions are indicated in the he
Ejemplos
cell (Figure 3.8a).
a3 [1120]
a3
a1
[1100] a1
(0001)
(a) (b)
Densidad linear y planar
• Para un estructura FCC determinar la densidad linear y planar para la dirección [1 1 0]
y para el plano (1 0 0)
Familias de direcciones y planos
z
x
Planos y direcciones compactas
Las direcciones y planos compactos los
definimos como esas direcciones y
planos donde los átomos, que
consideramos como esferas, están en
contacto.
Conceptos adicionales
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FigureFigure
3.17 3.17
Schematic diagrams
Schematic of theofvarious
diagrams stagesstages
the various in theinsolidification of a of a
the solidification
polycrystalline material;
polycrystalline the square
material; grids depict
the square unit cells.
grids depict unit (a) Small
cells. crystallite
(a) Small nuclei.nuclei.
crystallite
(b) Growth of theofcrystallites;
(b) Growth the obstruction
the crystallites; of some
the obstruction grainsgrains
of some that are
thatadjacent to oneto one
are adjacent
another is alsoisshown.
another (c) Upon
also shown. completion
(c) Upon of solidification,
completion grainsgrains
of solidification, havinghaving
irregular
irregular
shapesshapes
have formed. (d) The
have formed. (d)grain structure
The grain as it would
structure appear
as it would underunder
appear the microscope;
the microscope;
dark lines
dark are
linesthe
aregrain boundaries.
the grain (Adapted
boundaries. from W.
(Adapted fromRosenhain, An Introduction
W. Rosenhain, to
An Introduction to
the Study of Physical
the Study Metallurgy,
of Physical 2nd edition,
Metallurgy, Constable
2nd edition, & Company
Constable & CompanyLtd., London,
Ltd., London,
DIFRACCIÓN DE RAYOS X
Difracción
Es un fenómeno físico que sucede cuando una onda incide sobre un obstáculo de
distancia del mismo orden de magnitud de la longitud de onda del haz incidente
Difracción de rayos X
Es una técnica experimental indirecta y sucede cuando un haz monocromático del
mismo orden de magnitud que el espaciamiento atómico del material, golpea un átomo
y este se dispersna en todas las direcciones
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Ley de Bragg
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68Structures
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal • Chapter 3
• 67 / The Structure of Crystalline Solids
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures • 67
Figure 3.18 O Scattering
Figure 3.18
monstration O Wave 1
event
Scattering
Wave 1' Figure 3.19 1
" 1'
Wave
! 1 Wave
! 1' Incident Diffracted
wmonstration
two waves !
event
! Diffraction of x-rays
! beam " beam
wedtwo waves
1 and 2) A A by! planes of atoms 2'
2
ledthe
ve 1 and
same2) A A
(A–A¿ and B–B¿ ).
ve thelsame
Amplitude
ength and 2A
Amplitude
ength
ain l and
in phase ! ! + 2A
ain in phase
a scattering ! ! +
a scattering
aves 1¿ and A A
waves 1¿ and A A
nstructively
nstructively
re with one
Wave 2 Wave 2' P
ere with The
nother. one ! !
O' Wave 2 Wave 2' A A'
another.
tudes of The the Position
O'
dtudes
waves ofadd
the Position dhkl
dether
wavesin add
the Incidentes Difractados
(a)
(a) S
! !
T
ether wave.
ultant in the B B'
P Scattering
ultant wave.
monstration P Wave 3 Wave 3' Q
event
Scattering
wmonstration
two waves Wave
! 3
event
Wave
! 3'
wedtwo waves
3 and 4) ! !
ledthe3 and 4) A A
ve same
A A
ve the same
elength and
Amplitude
velength
out of phase and
Amplitude
! +
out of phase
a scattering +
!
a scattering
waves 3¿ and A A
waves 3¿ and
destructively A A
destructively
ere with one
ere with The
another. one Wave 4
!
or
!
another.
s of the twoThe P' Wave 4 Wave 4' Bragg’s law—
es of the
tered two
waves P' Position
Wave 4'
relationship among nl " dhkl sin u ! dhkl sin u
ttered
one waves
another. Position
one another.
(b) x-ray wavelength,
(b)
interatomic spacing, " 2dhkl sin u (3.13)
and angle of
resultant wave has zero amplitude), as indicated on the extreme diffraction forof the
right side
resultant wave has zero amplitude), as indicated on the constructive
extreme right
figure. Of course, phase relationships intermediate between these two extremes side of the Equation 3.13 is known as Bragg’s law; also, n is the order of reflection, which
figure.resulting
exist, Of course, phase
in only relationships
partial intermediate betweeninterference
reinforcement. these two extremes may be any integer (1, 2, 3, . . . ) consistent with sin u not exceeding unity. Thus, we
exist, resulting in only partial reinforcement. have a simple expression relating the x-ray wavelength and interatomic spacing to
X-Ray Diffraction and Bragg’s Law Bragg’s law
X-Ray Diffraction and Bragg’s Law the angle of the diffracted beam. If Bragg’s law is not satisfied, then the interfer-
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that have high energies and short
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that have high energies and shorta ence will be nonconstructive in nature so as to yield a very low-intensity diffracted
wavelengths—wavelengths on the order of the atomic spacings for solids. When
wavelengths—wavelengths on the order of the atomic spacings for solids. When a
beam of x-rays impinges on a solid material, a portion of this beam will be scattered beam.
c03_38-79 11/11/05 19:05 Page 69
REVISED PAGES
O
S
and detector rotate.
𝟐𝒅𝒉,𝒌,𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒏𝝀
!
0°
𝒂𝒐
T
2!
160
°
𝒅𝒉,𝒌,𝒍 =
20°
𝒉 𝟐 + 𝒌 𝟐 + 𝒍𝟐
0°
14
40
°
60 0°
° 12
80° 100°
• Cúbica Concept
simpleCheck - Todos 3.2 los posibles planos van a difractar dando una suma h +k +l de
2 2 2
1,2,3,4,5,6,8...(notese queof no
For cubic crystals, as values se considera
the planar indices h, k, andel 7) does the dis-
l increase,
tance between adjacent and parallel planes (i.e., the interplanar spacing) increase
or decrease? Why?
• En un cúbico centrado en el cuerpo ocurrirá sólo cuando dicha suma sea igual a un número
[The answer may be found at www.wiley.com/college/callister (Student Companion Site).]
par (2,4,6,8,10...)
Diffraction Techniques
• Para un sistema cúbico centrado en las caras los indices de miles h, k y l tienen que ser todos
One common diffraction technique employs a powdered or polycrystalline speci-
pares o men
todos impares
consisting of many fine and randomly oriented particles that are exposed to
monochromatic x-radiation. Each powder particle (or grain) is a crystal, and having
a large number of them with random orientations ensures that some particles are
properly oriented such that every possible set of crystallographic planes will be
available for diffraction.
The diffractometer is an apparatus used to determine the angles at which dif-
fraction occurs for powdered specimens; its features are represented schematically
in Figure 3.20. A specimen S in the form of a flat plate is supported so that rota-
tions about the axis labeled O are possible; this axis is perpendicular to the plane
of the page. The monochromatic x-ray beam is generated at point T, and the inten-
Planos de difracción
(1 0 0)
(1 1 0)
(1 1 1)
(2 0 0)
(2 1 0)
(2 1 1)
(2 2 0)
(2 2 1)
(2 2 2)
Ejemplo
Los resultados de un experimento de difracción de rayos X con una 𝝀 = 0.7108Å
muestran que ocurren picos refractados en los ángulos 2𝜽 mostrados en la
tabla. Determine la estructura cristalina, los indices:
Pico 2𝜽
1 20.20
2 28.72
3 35.36
4 41.07
5 46.19
6 50.90
7 55.28
8 59.42
Ejemplo
Para el hierro BCC, calcule (a) el espaciamiento interplanar y (b) el ángulo de difracción para
el conjunto de planos (220). El parámetro de red para el Fe es 0,2866 nm. Además, suponga
que se utiliza una radiación monocromática con una longitud de onda de 0,1790 nm, y que el
orden de reflexión es 1.
FIN DEL TEMA