Grandes Piedras Sevilla
Grandes Piedras Sevilla
piedras de la Prehistoria.
En Andalucía, los sitios y paisajes megalíticos se In Andalusia, the megalithic sites and landscapes
expresan con gran riqueza y diversidad, constituyendo express themselves with great richness and diversity,
una excepcional fuente de información científica para constituting an exceptional source of scientific informa-
entender las formas de vida de nuestros antepasados, tion for our understanding of our forebears’ ways of life,
a la vez que un legado patrimonial de gran singularidad as well as a unique and beautiful historical legacy. This
y belleza. Reuniendo varias colaboraciones de profeso- book combines the contributions of various university
res universitarios, que ponen al día la problemática de professors, who bring us up to date with their research,
su investigación, y un notable reportaje fotográfico, que with excellent photographic illustrations and, for the first
por primera vez refleja el desarrollo de este fenómeno time, reflects the spread of this cultural phenomenon
cultural por todo el territorio andaluz, este libro throughout Andalusia. It is suitable for both those who
resultará sugerente tanto para quienes busquen wish to deepen their knowledge of this professional
profundizar en la especialización profesional como para specialisation and those who seek the pleasure of a
quienes persigan el placer de la afición satisfecha. satisfied interest.
9 788482 669533
The large stones of Prehistory. Megalithic sites and landscapes of Andalusia
Editores
Autores
9 Presentación
12 Introducción a los Sitios y Paisajes Megalíticos
de Andalucía.
Leonardo García Sanjuán
- Historias de estudios
- Números, cronologías, diversidades
- Prácticas, creencias y símbolos
- Inventando preguntas, pensando respuestas
32 Almería
Fernándo Molina González y Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano
54 Cádiz
Victor Hurtado Pérez
88 Córdoba
Sergio Ortiz Moreno
112 Granada
Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano y Manuel Eleazar Costa Caramé
140 Huelva
Leonardo García Sanjuán y José Antonio Linares Catela
184 Jaén
Manuel Eleazar Costa Caramé
198 Málaga
José Enrique Márquez Romero
228 Sevilla
Leonardo García Sanjuán
270 Glosario
índice
278 Índice onomástico
300 Versión inglesa del texto
352 Bibliografía
370 Créditos
377 Agradecimientos
7
9 Presentation
12 Introduction to the Megalithic Sites and Landsca-
pes of Andalusia
Leonardo García Sanjuán
- History of related research
- Numbers, chronologies, diversities
- Practices, beliefs and symbols
- Making up questions, working out answers
32 Almería
Fernándo Molina González and Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano
54 Cádiz
Victor Hurtado Pérez
88 Córdoba
Sergio Ortiz Moreno
112 Granada
Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano and Manuel Eleazar Costa Caramé
140 Huelva
Leonardo García Sanjuán and José Antonio Linares Catela
184 Jaén
Manuel Eleazar Costa Caramé
198 Málaga
José Enrique Márquez Romero
228 Sevilla
Leonardo García Sanjuán
270 Glossary
index
278 Name index
300 English version of the text
352 Bibliography
370 Credits
377 Acknowledgements
228 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
Sevilla
U
n inventario publicado por el Instituto Andaluz les (es decir, de cámaras hipogeas) que son en muchos
del Patrimonio Histórico en el año 2000 situaba casos coetáneas de las construcciones megalíticas.
en 65 el número total de monumentos megalíti- El conjunto de Valencina de la Concepción (situado
cos conocidos en la provincia de Sevilla, pero, como dentro del área metropolitana de la ciudad de Sevilla)
en todos los demás casos, esta estimación supone incluye algunos de los más imponentes monumentos
con seguridad una importante infra-estimación del to- megalíticos de toda la Península Ibérica y está asocia-
tal existente. Las agrupaciones megalíticas mejor co- do a un importante asentamiento de la Edad del Cobre,
nocidas de esta provincia son las de Valencina de la de una extensión que, según estimaciones recientes,
Concepción-Castilleja de Guzmán, El Gandul (Alcalá de se sitúa en torno a las 240 hectáreas (el tamaño más
Guadaira), Castillo de las Guardas, Almadén de la Plata habitual de los poblados de este periodo se sitúa en
y Morón de la Frontera. Como en el caso de otras pro- torno a 1 ó 2 hectáreas). Juzgando por la cantidad y
vincias, sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que am- magnitud de las construcciones megalíticas que sus
plios sectores de este territorio (especialmente en las habitantes levantaron, esta comunidad tuvo una signifi-
montañas de Sierra Morena) no han sido prospectados cativa importancia demográfica, social y económica en
de forma sistemática, por lo que es seguro que algún toda la región de Andalucía occidental.
día esta cifra se verá considerablemente incrementada. Dado que se encuentra en buena parte por debajo
Desde un punto de vista morfológico-arquitectónico de la actual población de Valencina de la Concepción,
es posible distinguir dos tipos principales: los dólme- en un área que desde los años 1970 ha experimentado
nes de galería y los tholoi. En esta provincia no se ha un crecimiento urbano acelerado por su proximidad a
identificado hasta la fecha ningún monumento de tipo Sevilla, este poblado ha sido explorado arqueológica-
menhir como los conocidos en Huelva. Aparte, en am- mente de forma muy fragmentaria. Los datos disponi-
plios sectores del valle del Guadalquivir (como también bles sugieren que desde finales del IV milenio cal ANE
ocurre en las provincias de Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga y ocupaban este lugar varias comunidades campesinas
Jaén) se han encontrado necrópolis de cuevas artificia- que prosperaron con relativa rapidez, en parte gracias
230 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
Aspecto del atrio y del primer tramo del corredor al finalizar la Dibujo del alzado (arriba) y
excavación realizada en 1963 en el tholos de La Pastora. Valen- la planta (abajo) del tholos de
cina de la Concepción, Sevilla. Fotografía: Archivo fotográfico La Pastora. Valencina de la
Collantes, Universidad de Sevilla. Concepción, Sevilla.
rado con la misma técnica constructiva y el mismo tipo toria ibérica en relación con convulsiones y cambios en
de materiales que las paredes de su largo corredor, lo las esferas de las creencias que pudieron estar conec-
cual quizás indique que el cerramiento del monumento tadas a procesos de cambio social y político.
no se produjo tanto tiempo después de su construc- Más allá de su extraordinario diseño y sus peculia-
ción como para que la técnica originalmente empleada res dimensiones, la arquitectura de La Pastora muestra
hubiera sido olvidada o hubiera caído en desuso. Cada otros indicios de haber sido un lugar sagrado muy espe-
Detalle de la falsa cúpula
vez más estudios han comenzado a prestar atención al cial. Para empezar, está el hecho de su anómala orien- y losa de cierre de la
significado ideológico y simbólico de los episodios de tación astronómica (243º, esto es, hacia el ocaso), que cámara del tholos de La
Pastora. Valencina de la
sellado y clausura de cámaras megalíticas en la Prehis- se sale completamente de la norma casi universalmente Concepción, Sevilla.
234 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
Puntas de jabalina del predominante en los megalitos ibéricos, orientados ha- Nada se sabe con exactitud sobre la posición o aso-
tholos de La Pastora.
Valencina de la cia el orto solar. ¿Por qué la cámara megalítica con el ciaciones de restos humanos u ofrendas en el depósito
Concepción, Sevilla. corredor más largo de toda la Península Ibérica tiene una arqueológico de La Pastora, pero entre los elementos
orientación astronómica tan excepcional? Admitiendo de ajuar que pudieron ser rescatados e identificados
que es improbable que ambos hechos constituyan una se cuentan objetos habituales en los sepulcros megalí-
mera coincidencia, para M. Hoskin, el mejor conocedor ticos, tales como puntas de flecha de sílex, láminas de
de la vertiente arqueoastronómica de los monumentos oro, vasijas cerámicas y cuentas de collar de piedras
megalíticos ibéricos, es indudable que una construcción raras. Por otra parte, en el exterior del monumento,
con un corredor tan excepcionalmente largo debió tener depositado en una vasija cerámica que se encontraba
una orientación deliberada. Considerando las estrellas enterrada en el túmulo funerario, se halló un conjunto
más visibles en el firmamento nocturno, y su orienta- de 27 puntas de jabalina de cobre que por su morfolo-
ción, este investigador ha propuesto la posibilidad de gía no tienen paralelo en Andalucía (de hecho son cier-
que La Pastora fuera orientada hacia la estrella Sirio, tamente excepcionales en toda Europa, encontrándose
siempre y cuando su construcción tuviera lugar entre los únicos paralelos en Anatolia y el Próximo Oriente).
2300 y 2200 ANE, cuando Sirio se encontraba en esa
parte del firmamento. Dado que la fecha de construc-
ción de La Pastora no ha podido ser determinada por
métodos científicos, esta sugerente posibilidad queda
Corredor del tholos de Matarrubilla.
pendiente de una posible confirmación futura. Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla.
SEVILLA 235
236 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
Vista general de la sepultura número 5 del sector funerario Depósitos osteológicos de la sepultura número 5 del sector
de Señorío de Guzmán. Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla. funerario de Señorío de Guzmán. Valencina de la Concepción,
Fotografía: Rosario Cruz-Auñón Briones. Sevilla. Fotografía: Rosario Cruz-Auñón Briones.
oro, algunos objetos de marfil (como por ejemplo un dente el espacio disponible en la cámara abovedada
colmillo de elefante en bruto, sin trabajar) y varios miles del monumento sugieren que Matarrubilla pudo haber
de cuentas de collar. Desde un punto de vista antropo- desempeñado la función de templo o recinto ceremo-
lógico, la segunda excavación de Matarrubilla tan solo nial además de (o quizás más que como) sepulcro.
deparó restos de un individuo, aparecido en forma de La coexistencia en Valencina de la Concepción de
un esqueleto completo dispuesto en posición encogida grandes monumentos como La Pastora o Matarrubilla
en mitad del corredor. La cantidad relativamente baja con otros megalitos de construcción más simple y me-
de restos osteológicos y ajuares y la presencia de la nor tamaño ha sido constatada por las excavaciones
pila o mesa de ofrendas que domina de forma tan evi- realizadas en sitios como El Roquetito, Señorío de Guz-
244 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
mán, Los Cabezuelos o Campo de Tiro. A pesar de la Aspecto general de la estructura y de los depósitos
osteológicos en la sepultura número 1 del sector
comparativa sencillez constructiva de algunas de es- funerario de El Roquetito. Valencina de la Concepción,
tas estructuras, han aportado una valiosa información Sevilla. Fotografía: Rosario Cruz-Auñón Briones.
nocimiento de la Prehistoria Reciente de Andalucía. El Una diferencia que con respecto a las de Valencina pre-
otro gran conjunto megalítico de la provincia de Sevilla sentan algunas tumbas de El Gandul es la presencia
es El Gandul (Alcalá de Guadaira), un enorme complejo de estructuras anejas a la cámara, bien en forma de
arqueológico que incluye un tell de asentamiento con camarillas (Cueva del Vaquero) bien en forma de otro
estratos de ocupación que abarcan un dilatado arco pequeño tholos con corredor y cámara (El Término, Ca-
temporal (desde el III milenio ANE hasta época romana ñada Honda G).
tardía), así como una zona funeraria donde se solapan La excavación en extensión realizada en el tholos
y superponen monumentos tumulares megalíticos, pro- de Las Canteras, permitió establecer que el túmulo
tohistóricos y romanos. La mayor parte de las tumbas tenía un diámetro de 18 m y estaba compuesto por
fueron excavadas por el estudioso franco-británico G. tierras y muretes circulares de piedras y contaba con
Bonsor a principios del siglo XX, otras a mediados una zanja de poca profundidad que lo delimitaba. So-
de esa centuria y las más recientes en la década de bre el túmulo se hallaron cuatro tumbas individuales
los 1980. En el poblado tan solo se ha practicado un en covacha correspondientes a la Edad del Bronce,
sondeo estratigráfico que sirvió para constatar la gran lo que supone una re-utilización del monumento me-
potencia estratigráfica (4 m) y la amplia temporalidad galítico previamente existente. De esos cuatro ente-
del sitio, pero, al contrario que en el caso de Valencina rramientos, la denominada Tumba 1 (que apareció
de la Concepción se desconocen las características de sellada con dos losas de piedra alberiza procedentes
organización interna del asentamiento prehistórico que de la cubierta del propio corredor del tholos, una evi-
dio lugar a los monumentos megalíticos. dencia clara de la intencionalidad de conexión cultural
Entre las construcciones megalíticas de El Gandul y quizás genealógica con la construcción megalítica)
predominan fundamentalmente los tholoi, aunque exis- contenía un único individuo dotado de un depósito fu-
ten también dos grandes dólmenes de galería (Tumba nerario consistente en un cuenco cerámico y un puñal
de la Casilla y Cañada del Carrascal). Los tholoi varían de cobre. En la Tumba 2 se encontró igualmente un
en tamaño y, si bien no llegan a las dimensiones de los único individuo provisto de un vaso cerámico y un bra-
grandes corredores de la necrópolis de Valencina de zalete de arquero en pizarra. En las tumbas 3 y 4 los
la Concepción, algunos como el llamado Cañada Hon- restos humanos y los depósitos artefactuales estaban
da B se pueden considerar de largo corredor, ya que muy mal conservados.
alcanzan casi 18 m de longitud. La arquitectura de los Otro caso semejante de utilización tardía de los mo-
tholoi de El Gandul está hasta cierto punto estandariza- numentos megalíticos de El Gandul se documentó en
da. Todos se encuentran excavados en la roca caliza, el tholos de Cueva del Vaquero. En esta construcción
a excepción de la tumba de El Pedrejón, construida se identificaron tres inhumaciones individuales. La pri-
totalmente con ortostatos calizos (la piedra local). En mera de ellas constaba de un individuo en posición
cuanto a la distribución de los espacios dentro de los flexionada con los brazos cruzados sobre el pecho
monumentos, todos se componen de un vestíbulo, ac- y provisto de un ajuar integrado por una vasija globu-
ceso al corredor en rampa o con escalones (Las Cante- lar y un punzón de cobre, que se ubicaba encima de
ras), un corredor adintelado con paredes generalmente la cubierta, entre las lajas primera y segunda de la
revestidas por losas de pizarra y una cámara circular entrada a la sepultura. Según los escritos de G. Bon-
con el mismo tipo de revestimiento. La cubierta del sor, este enterramiento debió realizarse una vez que
corredor y la falsa cúpula suelen construirse a media el monumento megalítico había quedado abandonado
altura, a partir de la superficie de suelo natural. Sin em- y se había colmatado. Las otras dos inhumaciones se
bargo, en Las Canteras y El Término, se eleva la altura encontraban a menos de 2 m de la entrada al tholos,
del corredor con varias hiladas de pizarras, sobre las reduciéndose sus ajuares a algunos fragmentos de
que descansan directamente las losas de cobertura. vasijas cerámicas.
Las tres inhumaciones de Cueva del Vaquero y las
cuatro de Las Canteras ejemplifican bastante bien la
continuidad de uso que numerosos megalíticos erigi-
dos en el Neolítico y la Edad del Cobre tuvieron en
la Edad del Bronce y en la Edad del Hierro (e incluso
Vista general interior del tholos de El Vaquero.
El Gandul, Alcalá de Guadaira, Sevilla. en época romana), cuando la construcción de estos
248 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
SEVILLA 249
momentos cronológicos, lo que, de nuevo, revela la rei- de uno de los ortostatos laterales que se había caído
teración de uso de lugares funerarios y sagrados en la hacia el centro de lo que antes había sido el espacio
Prehistoria Reciente andaluza, tal y como se explicaba interior de la galería y que estaba compuesto por un
en el caso de El Gandul. collar de cuentas de ámbar, tres anillos de plata y tres
La más antigua de estas construcciones es un dol- amuletos de cuarzo (dos monoscristales, uno verde,
men de galería de unos 5 m de longitud que, desafortu- muy exótico, y otro blanco, y un nódulo de variedad
nadamente, se encontró muy destruido, con todas las carneola). Estos objetos podrían representar bien una
losas de cobertura y muchos de sus ortostatos arran- pequeña tesaurización realizada por alguien que final-
cados (probablemente reutilizados por los campesinos mente no pudo recoger sus bienes, o bien una ofrenda
locales) y sin ningún tipo de material votivo en posición
primaria. De hecho, el único depósito encontrado in
situ en esta estructura corresponde a una reutilización
muy tardía, de la Edad del Hierro. Concretamente se
Vista exterior de la losa de cubierta de la cámara del tholos
trata de un pequeño depósito que apareció debajo de El Vaquero. El Gandul, Alcalá de Guadaira, Sevilla.
252 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
ritual realizada en época tardía en un lugar que ya tenía de forma paralelepipédica (también pintada original-
un carácter sagrado desde hacía siglos. La segunda mente), que se encontraba parcialmente hundida en el
explicación parece verse favorecida por el carácter má- relleno de la cámara. Otro elemento constructivo inte-
gico que suele atribuirse a las piedras de cuarzo en las resante de este monumento se encontró en el nivel de
culturas prehistóricas, así como por las características base de la cámara: se trata de una fosa de planta sub-
de la tercera de las construcciones identificadas en el circular cortada a mayor profundidad en la roca madre
complejo de Palacio III. y cuidadosamente recubierta con varias piedras planas
La segunda de las construcciones que conforman el de mediano tamaño, una de las cuales ha sido interpre-
complejo monumental de Palacio III se encontró unos 6 tada como fragmento de una segunda estela, quizás
m hacia el Este desde la galería cubierta. Se trata de procedente de otro monumento megalítico distinto (po-
un pequeño monumento de tipo tholos con un corredor dría tratarse de un caso análogo al del ortostato 21 del
de 2 m de longitud y una cámara de 2,5 m de anchura. dolmen de Soto comentado en el capítulo dedicado a
Como ocurre en muchos otros monumentos de este la provincia de Huelva). Finalmente, el primer ortostato
tipo del Sur de la Península Ibérica, la cámara esta- del lado izquierdo del corredor, labrado en piedra are-
ba cortada en la roca madre hasta una profundidad de nisca de color rojo, es en realidad una tercera estela,
aproximadamente un metro. Los lados de esta cámara en este caso fuertemente antropomorfa, con diversos
estaban revestidos con finas lajas de pizarra de color motivos grabados. Esta estatua, un bello ejemplo del
verde y azul que estuvieron originalmente pintadas con llamado “arte megalítico” cumplía probablemente una
motivos geométricos negros y rojos. Apoyada sobre función apotropaica (protectora) a la entrada de la casa
la superficie natural a partir de la parte superior de las de los ancestros.
lajas de revestimiento de la cámara arrancaban las hila- El depósito votivo primario de este tholos, que se
das de bloques de piedra caliza que formaban la falsa encontraba en muy buen estado de conservación, es-
cúpula que servía de techumbre. Esta cobertura estuvo taba compuesto por casi 200 artefactos dispuestos
en algún momento rematada por una hermosa estela sobre el suelo de la cámara, incluyendo herramientas
SEVILLA 253
Nódulos y prismas de cuarzo del complejo funerario de Palacio III. Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla.
En la fila de arriba prisma de cornalina (rojo), cuarzo prasio (verde) y cuarzo lechoso del tesorillo de la Edad del Hierro,
encontrados en el dolmen de galería. En la fila de abajo prismas de cuarzo lechoso de tholos de la Edad de Cobre.
SEVILLA 257
con los fenómenos de cambio cultural. Un fenómeno racterísticas especialmente monumentales (cámara de Vista general de la
cueva artificial Anto-
parecido se percibe en ciertos cementerios de ente- 3,25 m de longitud por 1,30 m de anchura protegida niana. Gilena, Sevilla.
rramientos individuales de cistas de la Edad del Bronce por un túmulo de piedras de unos 6 m de diámetro), Fotografía: Rosario
Cruz-Auñón Briones.
identificados en la zona y que son análogos a los de El sobresalía por encima de los restantes enterramientos,
Becerrero y El Castañuelo mencionados en el capítulo mucho más pequeños. La inversión de trabajo implica-
de Huelva. En la necrópolis de cistas La Traviesa, en da en la arquitectura de esta cista se correlacionaba
Almadén de la Plata, a muy poca distancia del mencio- con la naturaleza del ajuar con el que se acompañó al
nado complejo funerario de Palacio III, se identificó un individuo (un adulto de sexo masculino) que allí fue en-
contenedor funerario que por sus dimensiones y ca- terrado, y que incluía una alabarda de cobre arsenicado
258 LAS GRANDES PIEDRAS DE LA PREHISTORIA. Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía.
SEVILLA 259
tion of small and medium sized stones SEVILLE centre of great demographic, social and
in front of the doors, possibly to impede economic importance for the whole of
A
the access to the tomb. The chambers, n inventory published in 2000 by the western region of Andalusia.
in their great majority, are circular in sha- the Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio The archaeological exploration of the
pe with a vaulted ceiling. As mentioned Histórico estimated at 65 the total settlement has been very fragmentary, gi-
above regarding the necropolis of Cerro number of megalithic monuments known ven that much of the site is buried beneath
de las Aguilillas, circular side chambers in the province of Seville, although, as the modern town of Valencina de la Con-
or rectangular or semicircular niches are is always the case, this figure must be cepción, located in an area which has un-
common in this type of tomb. taken as an important underestimate of dergone an accelerated process of urbani-
Although many of the tombs of Alcaide the real number of sites existing. The sation since the 1970s due to its nearness
were ransacked in different moments of best known megalithic groups of this pro- to Seville. The available data indicate that
their history, the archaeological excava- vince are those of Valencina de la Con- the site was occupied from the mid-4th mi-
tions have enabled the retrieval of a large cepción-Castilleja de Guzmán, El Gandul llennium onwards by agricultural commu-
assemblage of archaeological materials (Alcalá de Guadaira), Castillo de las Guar- nities who prospered relatively quickly, in
that were part of the grave goods of the- das, Almadén de la Plata and Morón de la part thanks to the technological efficiency
se tombs. They include a large number Frontera. However, it is worth noting that, of their agricultural practices and in part
of open pottery forms, known as plates as is the case in other provinces, wide due to the extraordinary natural condi-
or dishes, alongside bowls and globular areas of this territory (particularly the tions of their setting and the abundance
pots, mostly without decoration. Only mountains of Sierra Morena) have never of forest, river and marine resources. The
very occasionally were fragments of been systematically surveyed. For this geomorphological research carried out
Beaker pottery identified. The hollow reason it is very likely that the number over the past years has shown that, during
based flint arrow heads stand out due of known monuments will increase with the Neolithic and Copper Age, the mouth
to their abundance and their beauty. future research. of the Guadalquivir River was located much
Daggers and pedunculate points are fre- From a morphological and architectu- closer to the current emplacement of the
quent among the metal objects although ral perspective, it is possible to differen- city of Seville. The early inhabitants of Va-
the most outstanding find of this group is tiate between two main tomb types: the lencina thus had access in their immedia-
a silver diadem. passage graves and the tholoi. No menhir te surroundings to an ecological niche of
Regarding the burial rituals, all that type monuments, similar to those known great richness and diversity that included
can be said is that burial was collective. in Huelva, have yet been identified in this coastal and marine resources, fluvial envi-
The archaeological materials recovered province. However, in wide areas of the ronments, highly fertile agricultural land on
also indicate that the rock cut tombs Guadalquivir Valley (as is the case in the the cornice of the Aljarafe, and abundant
were used over long periods between provinces of Cádiz, Málaga and Jaén), woodland and mineral resources within
the Copper Age and the Bronze Age (3rd- there are frequent necropoli of artificial short distances at Aznalcóllar.
2nd millennia BC). It must also be added caves (hypogeum type chambers) that In the first quarter of the 3rd millennium
that, in the area surrounding the necro- are in many cases contemporary with the BC, these communities underwent an im-
polis and close to the ruins of the old megalithic constructions. portant process of demographic growth
Cortijo de Alcaide, there is a stone with The megalithic ensemble of Valencina and socio-political aggregation. Many
engraved motifs. This stone displays a de la Concepción (located within the me- structures used for the storage of agricul-
series of cup marks, united by thick lines tropolitan area of the city of Seville) con- tural products have been identified at Va-
which appear to depict an anthropomor- tains some of the largest megalithic mo- lencina de la Concepción, alongside large
phic figure, much in the iconographic line numents of the Iberian Peninsula and is ditches whose precise function remains
of the schematic art of the South of the associated with an important Copper Age unknown. They may have served defen-
Iberian Peninsula. settlement with an extension, according sive purposes and/or as the delimitation
On the basis of the number of tombs, to recent studies, of approximately 240 of habitational or ritual areas (stone walls
their good preservation and the modern hectares (the usual area of these settle- such as those of Los Millares, Cabezo de
and systematic excavation of the site, ments is of 1 to 2 ha). Judging by the los Vientos and other 3rd millennium sett-
the necropolis of Alcaide can be consi- number and scale of the megalithic struc- lements mentioned in this book have not
dered at present as the best example of tures built by the inhabitants of Valencina, been documented). The inhabitants of this
this megalithic variant in Andalusia. this community must have constituted a settlement lived in semi-subterranean huts
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(partially excavated in the subsoil) with located mid-way between the floor and tion date of La Pastora has not been es-
roofs made of tree trunks, branches and the ceiling, which was possibly used for tablished through scientific methods, this
sun-dried clay. the deposition of offerings. A very special thought provoking possibility remains to
Recent studies have suggested the pre- architectural feature of this enormous mo- be confirmed.
sence of over 40 funerary constructions nument, identified during excavations in Nothing is known about the position or
that form an arc around the eastern part 1991-1992 in the entrance area, is the wall the associations of the human remains and
of the site, close to the cornice of the Alja- that sealed the entrance to the passage. the offerings within the archaeological de-
rafe. The most impressive of these tombs According to its excavators, this wall was posit of La Pastora. However, the objects
are without doubt those of La Pastora, Ma- created using the same constructive tech- retrieved from the tomb correspond to the
tarrubilla and Ontiveros. In 1998, another nique and materials as the long walls of the types of objects usually found in megali-
apparently intact monument was discove- passage, thus indicating that the closure thic tombs such as flint arrow heads, gold
red to the East of La Pastora (within the of the monument did not take place long sheets, pottery, and necklace beads made
municipality of Castilleja de Guzmán). after its construction since the technique of unusual stones. A pottery vessel was
The Dolmen de La Pastora was disco- used originally had not been forgotten or found buried in the mound of the monu-
vered by chance in 1860 during agricultu- gone out of use. An increasing number of ment. It contained 27 copper spear heads
ral work on the estate of “Divina Pastora” studies have begun to pay closer attention whose morphology has no parallel in Anda-
from which the monument would later take to the ideological and symbolic significan- lusia (they are in fact exceptional in Europe
its name. In 1868, F. M. Tubino undertook ce of the episodes of closure and sealing with parallels only in Anatolia and the Near
its first archaeological description and spe- of the megalithic chambers of the Iberian East). The analysis of their technology and
cialists such as H. Obermaier, M. Almagro Peninsula, in conjunction with convulsions their unusual morphology suggests a date
Basch and J. de Mata Carriazo studied the and changes in the belief systems, in turn between 2200 and 1800 BC (that is in the
monument discontinuously throughout the linked to social and political change. Late Copper Age or Early Bronze Age).
first half of the 20th century. However, the Beyond its extraordinary design and The Dolmen de Matarrubilla was disco-
totality of the monument was never studied outstanding dimensions, the architecture vered in 1917, barely 1 km as the crow
by a single systematic excavation. For this of La Pastora displays further evidence of flies from La Pastora, also during agricul-
reason several aspects of its architecture, having been a very special, sacred place. tural work. Matarrubilla was however more
organisation and symbology remain poorly Indeed, its astronomical orientation (243º, fortunate than La Pastora in terms of its ar-
understood. that is towards the sunset) is completely chaeological exploration: as was the case
In architectural terms, La Pastora is contrary to the almost universal norm for at the Dolmen de Soto, the year following
formed by a 42 metre long passage that the orientation of Iberian megaliths which the discovery of the monument, Profes-
leads to a relatively small circular cham- generally face the rising sun. Why does sor H. Obermaier was able to carry out
ber of 2,5 m diameter and 3 m height. the magalithic chamber with the longest an excavation starting from the chamber
The passage is built out of slate dry stone passage in the Iberian Peninsula have such towards the passage (heading outwards).
walls that are covered by large limestone an exceptional astronomical orientation? When he had excavated some 10 metres
and granite capstones. The passage is di- Assuming that both these characteristics of the passage he ended the excavation,
vided into four sections defined by lintels are not a coincidence, M. Hoskin, the most worried about the threat of the poorly pre-
and its floor is paved in stone. The divi- knowledgeable scholar of the achaeo-as- served orthostats and mistakenly thinking
sion of the passage into several sections, tronomical facet of the peninsular megali- that he had reached the end of the passa-
defined by subtle physical elements such thic monuments, believes that a tomb with ge (that is the entrance of the monument).
as doorways or steps (maybe even doors) such an exceptionally long passage must Four decades later, and on the occasion of
suggests the conceptual and symbolic im- have had a deliberate orientation. Conside- the restoration of the monument, Francis-
portance of the passage as a transitional ring the brightest stars in the night sky and co Collantes de Terán excavated the remai-
space from the reality of the living to the the orientation of the tomb, this researcher ning 12 metres of the passage between
sphere of the supernatural. This transition has suggested that La Pastora may have Obermaier’s excavation and the entrance
takes places through successive phases been oriented towards the star Sirius, had of the monument.
or states. The space of the chamber is the monument been built between 2300 As a chambered tomb with a total length
approximately hemispherical since it is ro- and 2200 BC (dates at which Sirius was of 32 m, Matarrubilla is similar to La Pasto-
ofed by a vault that is closed by a large in the area of the sky facing the entrance ra in terms of its magnitude. They differ in
granite slab. The vault displays a niche, of the monument). Given that the construc- that the chamber of Matarrubilla contains
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a large block of worked black granite that assemblages formed by pottery vessels, plex that includes a tell settlement with
probably served as an offering table or al- flint and bone tools, metal objects such levels of occupation that belong to a very
tar. It must have been a ritual element of as axes and saws and even gold sheets. long time-span (from the 3rd millennium
great importance in the design and plan- Very recently, in the summer of 2007, BC to the Late Imperial Roman period) and
ning of the monument since it was put into excavations were undertaken at the Dol- a funerary area in which megalithic, proto-
place before the construction of the corbel men de Montelirio, located a short dis- historic and Roman tombs are overlapped
vaulted roof, occupying a large area of the tance from La Pastora and Matarrubilla and superimposed. Most of the tombs
chamber. and within the municipality of Castilleja de were excavated by the British scholar G.
The funerary remains recovered insi- Guzmán. Montelirio was already known Bonsor in the early 20th century while
de Matarrubilla were quite scarce. In the from a series of test trenches that were others were explored in the 1950s and
looted chamber, there were only distur- excavated in 1998 and it displayed equally more recently in the 1980s. At the settle-
bed and broken pottery sherds and a few exceptional characteristics as the two mo- ment, the only excavation has been a test
human bones. In the passage, Carriazo numents described above. This megalith trench that was used to confirm the great
identified some materials in situ that inclu- displays an orthostatic passage built out stratigraphic depth (4 m) and the broad
ded stone tools, a large number of small of slate of over 30 m length that leads to chronological span of the site. For this
gold sheets, some ivory objects (including a circular chamber of 2 m diameter, also reason, the internal organisation of the
an unworked elephant tusk) and several lined with beautifully worked thin slates. Prehistoric settlement associated with the
thousands of necklace beads. Only one Although this recent excavation has not megalithic monuments remains unknown
complete skeleton was documented in the yet been published, several features of (unlike the case at Valencina de la Concep-
middle of the passage, placed in a flexed Montelirio are of particular interest: first, ción).
position (lying down rather than crouched the extraordinary conservation of the pain- The megalithic constructions of El Gan-
as was the case of the bodies of the Dol- tings (mainly in red pigment) that decorate dul are dominated by tholos type tombs,
men de Soto). The relatively low number the uprights of the passage and the cham- although there are also two large passage
of burials and grave goods, and the pre- ber; second, the documentation of the bu- graves (Tumba de la Casilla and Cañada
sence of the altar or offering table that so rials of several individuals (approximately del Carrascal). The tholoi vary in size and,
obviously dominates the space available 16, although the exact number remains although they do not reach the scale of
within the chamber, suggest that the mo- to be confirmed) accompanied by grave the monuments of Valencina de la Con-
nument of Matarrubilla may have fulfilled goods that include pottery vessels and cepción, some of them (such as Cañada
the function of temple or ceremonial place thousands of small shell beads; and fina- Honda B) display passages of up to 18 m.
as well as (or instead of) funerary purpo- lly, the presence in the surrounding area The architecture of the tholoi of El Gandul
ses. of a series of smaller funerary and votive is to some extent standardised. Indeed, all
The existence of other tomb types co- structures that indicate an area of ritual of these tombs, with the exception of Tum-
rresponding to simpler and smaller cons- activity associated with this enormous mo- ba de El Pedrejón, are excavated into the
tructions at Valencina de la Concepción nument. limestone bedrock and are built entirely
has been confirmed by the excavations of All in all, because of the scale of the out of limestone orthostats (the local sto-
sites such as El Roquetito or Campo de settlement and the density and variety of ne). In terms of the internal organisation
Tiro. These structures are cut into the li- its funerary structures, and the monumen- of the monuments, they all include a fore-
mestone bedrock and in some cases their tality and singularity of some of them such court or an entrance area with a slope or
walls are lined with stone slabs. Due to as La Preflect an area of ritual activity as- steps (Las Canteras) down to the passa-
their relative constructive simplicity com- sociated with this enormous monument. ge, a passage covered by capstones and
pared with the impressive mausoleums of tructures the number remains to be con- often lined with slate slabs, and a circular
the nearby area, these small structures are firmed)d astora, Matarrubilla or Montelirio, chamber with the same stone lining. The
best described as artificial caves rather the site of Valencina de la Concepción- capstones of the passages and the cor-
than megaliths. However, they have yiel- Castilleja de Guzmán is one of the most belled vaults of the chambers usually res-
ded very valuable information regarding important sites for the knowledge of the ted upon the natural ground level. Howe-
the funerary rituals that were carried out Late Prehistory of Andalusia. ver, at Las Canteras and El Término, the
by the Prehistoric community of Valenci- The other large megalithic ensemble of passages were heightened by means of
na. Indeed, they contained human remains the province of Seville is El Gandul (Alcalá several rows of slates that supported the
placed in a foetal position with grave good de Guadaira), a huge archaeological com- capstones. Unlike the tombs of Valencina,
345
some of the tombs of El Gandul display se- ancestral monuments had substantially de- The second hypothesis may be favoured
condary chambers (Cueva del Vaquero) or clined (or disappeared) in the South of the given the magical properties that are often
smaller tholoi with passage and chamber Iberian Peninsula. attributed to quartz stones in Prehistoric
(El Término, Cañada Honda G). The third best-studied megalithic ensem- cultures, and considering the nature of the
The open excavation of the tholos of ble of the province of Seville is the megali- third funerary space identified at the site
Las Canteras enabled the detailed study of thic group of Almadén de la Plata, in which of Palacio III.
the mound. The tumulus spanned 18 m in recent field surveys have identified a total The second of the constructions that
diameter and was built completely out of of 20 dolmenic constructions. The only form the Palacio III monumental ensem-
earth with concentric stone walls and was one of these sites that has been studied ble was identified 6 m to the East of the
surrounded by a shallow ditch. Four Bron- scientifically is the funerary complex of Pa- passage grave. It is a small tholos type
ze Age burials were identified inside the lacio III, excavated in 2001-2002. This mo- monument with a passage 2 m long and
mound, thus confirming the reutilisation numental complex is located upon a small a chamber 2,5 m in diameter. As is the
of the pre-existing megalithic monument. natural and elongated hill, itself located at case of many other monuments of this
Of these four tombs, tomb number 1 con- the foot of a higher elevation. Thus the lo- type in the South of the Iberian Peninsu-
tained a single individual accompanied by cation of the site cannot be described as la, its chamber was cut into the bedrock
a pottery bowl and a dagger. This tomb a dominant topographic position within its to a depth of approximately 1 metre. The
was sealed by two stones that belonged to surrounding although this does not impede walls of the chamber were lined with thin
the roof of the passage of the tholos, thus the visual connection of this site with other blue and green slates that were originally
indicating a clear intention of cultural and monuments of this group, as has been painted with black and red geometric mo-
perhaps genealogical connection with the shown by studies of the patterns of intervi- tifs. The corbelled vault, built out of rows
memory of the site. Tomb 2 also contained sibility. This site is in fact made up of three of limestone blocks, was supported by the
a single burial alongside a pottery vessel different constructions that belong to three natural terrain behind the slate lining. The
and a slate wrist guard. The preservation different chronological periods. Again, this vault may have been closed by a rectangu-
of the human remains in tombs 3 and 4 illustrates the reutilisation of funerary and lar stela (also originally painted), that was
was very poor, as was the preservation of sacred places throughout the Late Prehis- discovered partly buried in the infill of the
the grave goods. tory of Andalusia, as described above in chamber as a result of the collapse of the
A similar case of late reutilisation of the the case of El Gandul. vault. Another interesting constructive ele-
megalithic monuments of El Gandul was The earliest of these constructions is a ment of this monument was documented
documented in the tholos of Cueva del passage grave of 5 m length, which unfor- in the floor of the chamber: a sub-circular
Vaquero. Three burials were documented, tunately was very poorly preserved. All of pit was cut into the bedrock beneath the le-
one of which corresponded to an individual its capstones and most of its uprights had vel of the floor and was carefully filled with
placed in a flexed position with its arms been removed (possibly reused by local medium size flat stones, one of which has
crossed against its chest, accompanied by farmers) and no artefacts were found in been interpreted as part of a second stela,
a globular pot and a copper awl. This burial their primary position. The only in situ finds perhaps belonging to a different megali-
was located between the first and second within this structure correspond to a late thic monument (it may be a similar case of
uprights of the passage and, according to reutilisation in the Iron Age. Indeed, a small re-use as that of Orthostat 21 of the Dol-
the descriptions by G. Bonsor, must have assemblage was discovered beneath one men de Soto described in the chapter that
been deposited after the abandonment of the lateral orthostats which had fallen in- deals with the province of Huelva). Finally,
and sedimentation of the monument. The side the original space of the chamber. The the first orthostat on the left hand side of
other two burials were located less than 2 materials deposited included a necklace of the entrance, a red sandstone block, is
m from the entrance of the tholos, and the amber beads (an imported material), three in fact a third stela with strongly anthro-
finds were limited to a few pottery sherds. silver rings and three quartz amulets (two pomorphic features and several engraved
The three burials of Cueva del Vaquero monocrystals, one green and one white, motifs. This statue, a nice example of the
and the four of Las Canteras illustrate well and a nodule of carnelian variety). These so-called “megalithic art”, probably fulfilled
the continuity of the use of many megali- objects may correspond to a small hoard an apotropaic (protective) function at the
ths that were built in the Neolithic and the deposited by someone who was unable to entrance of the house of the ancestors.
Copper Age and were reused in the Bron- retrieve his/her belongings, or to a ritual The primary deposit of this tholos was
ze Age and Iron Age (and even in Roman offering carried out at a late date in a pla- found in very good condition and was
periods), once the construction of these ce that still possessed a sacred character. formed by over 150 artefacts placed on
346
the floor of the chamber, including stone La Traviesa, Almadén de la Plata, located and in many other Andalusian regions, is
tools (arrow heads, blades and axes), pot- relatively near to the megalithic ensemble the artificial cave. These tombs constitute
tery vessels, and cultual objects (amulets described above, there is a funerary con- subterranean spaces with one or several
and an anthropomorphic idol). Unfortuna- tainer with particularly monumental charac- chambers that were excavated into the
tely, the human remains deposited in the teristics and dimensions that stands out subsoil or bedrock and thus did not neces-
chamber were not equally well preserved: above the other much smaller burials (the sarily require the use of constructive ele-
indeed, the high acidity of the soil had chamber measures 3,25 m length by 1,30 ments such as orthostats, dry stone walls
completely destroyed most of the bones. m width and was covered by a stone cairn or roofs. Their geographical distribution
For this reason, it was impossible to es- 6 m in diameter). The work investment is wide although they appear to be more
tablish any relationships between specific implied in the architecture of this cist has frequent in the municipalities of Gilena and
individuals and grave goods. been linked to the nature of the grave go- Morón de la Frontera, in the Southeast of
The third funerary structure identified at ods (an arsenic copper halberd and two the province of Seville. One of the most in-
the megalithic site of Palacio III is an Iron pottery vessels) that accompanied the in- teresting tombs of this type is the so-called
Age cremation area that was located pre- dividual (an adult male) buried in the tomb. Cueva Antoniana (Gilena), which includes a
cisely between the entrance of the dolmen Metal halberds are considered as prestige central chamber, four side chambers and
and the chamber of the tholos. This struc- items, and are identified with a high social a passage.
ture comprised a poorly preserved low status, perhaps of leadership. The tomb of
stone cairn, approximately rectangular in the leader of the community may therefore
shape and spanning a width of 2 m, which have made reference through its morpho- CONDITIONS FOR THE INCLUSION OF
covered a series of irregularly shaped and logy to the old megalithic chambers, the THE LARGE PREHISTORIC STONES OF
shallow pits that were cut into the bedrock. houses of the ancestors, of the Neolithic ANDALUSIA IN THE EUROPEAN HERI-
The largest of these pits was carefully sea- and Copper Age communities. In this case, TAGE LABEL
led with flat stones and contained a dense the invocation of the Past was used for the
deposit of charred organic remains inclu- purpose of political legitimisation. Introduction
ding human bones and burnt wood, as well In the rest of the province of Seville,
T
as rare fragments of pottery (possibly the there are other known megalithic groups he Junta de Andalucía is sponsoring
only offering associated with this funerary of lesser magnitude and that have not yet the inclusion of the Large Prehistoric
practice). The radiocarbon dates obtained been the object of intensive archaeological Stones of Andalusia in the European
from the burnt wood of these features be- research. Among these sites, the tombs of Heritage Label, a category created to pro-
long to the 10th - 8th centuries BC, that is, Castillo de las Guardas and Morón de la mote the transnational European dimension
to the Early Iron Age. Frontera are worth noting. Among the lat- of cultural assets, monuments, natural and
The funerary complex of Palacio III is an ter, the tomb of Hoyo del Gigante (Morón urban enclaves, tangible and intangible
excellent example of the temporal validity de la Frontera) was very poorly preserved heritage, contemporary and traditional he-
and permanence of the sacred sites among when it was excavated in 1984. In terms ritage, and those places that have played
the Prehistoric populations of the South of of its architecture, this tomb is formed by an essential role in the construction and
the Iberian Peninsula. The repeated use of a trapezoid passage of 5,40 m length built consolidation of Europe. The inclusion of
very old megalithic sites appears to reflect out of orthostats of local limestone, which the Megalithic Sites and Landscapes of An-
the capacity of the later communities to preserves some of its capstones. The dalusia in this category will meet one of its
retain and integrate the remains of the mound, approximately 12 m in diameter, aims: to promote the feeling of belonging
Past into their cultural memory. This in turn is formed by stones and earth and is de- to a common cultural area. Our heritage
indicates the strength of some traditio- fined by a stone circle. The grave goods is part of our European identity, common
nal behaviours and beliefs that coexisted recovered, although poorly representative values and principles. Today’s European
alongside the dynamics of cultural change. of the original assemblage, were limited to culture is based on cross-border exchange
A similar phenomenon can be observed at some knapped stone tools and a polished and dialogue, on the interaction and mu-
some Bronze Age cemeteries made up of stone implement (no human remains were tual transfer of persons, values, ideas, art
individual cists identified in the province of identified). movements and works of art.
Seville and which are analogous to those A different type of funerary structure The European Heritage Label has been
of El Becerrero and El Castañuelo in the that was used in parallel to the megalithic established to increase citizen’s knowled-
province of Huelva. In the cist necropolis of constructions, in the province of Seville ge, consideration and support for their