Romania seismic sources

1. Vrancea subcrustal source in Romania

milestones
Ukraine
Hungary

East-European
plate
Intra-Alpine
subplate

Vrancea
source

Bucharest
Yugoslavia

Moesian subplate
Bulgaria

Rep. of
Moldova

Black Sea
subplate
Black
Sea
3

1896
L'intensit peut diffrer essentiellement d'un
endroit l'autre de la mme localit, suivant la
nature des terrains.
Ce cas c'est prsent dans les sismes du 23
fvrier 1887, de Diano-Marina, Menton, Nice,
dont j'ai t tmoin Nice.
Les habitations situes sur les massifs calcaires
n'ont presque pas souffert, tandis que les
constructions situes dans les bas-fonds,
constitus par des terrains meubles, ont t trsendommages.

La grande faille des Carpathes, passant par le

cours longitudinal de Rimnicu-Sarat, pres des
villes de Rimnicu-Sarat et de Buzeu [...] et
debouchant pres d'Arges.
Les seismes qui agitent cette faille presentent
le caractere de mobilite du centre
4
d'ebranlement"

Fernand Jean Baptiste Marie Bernard de Montessus de Ballore

La Roumanie et la Bessarabie sismiques

An.Inst. Meteor.de Roumanie t. XVII, 1901

Les tremblements de terre, Gographie Sismologique

Paris, 1906

"l'axe sismique principal de la Roumanie

est represente exactement par une ligne
tiree de Bucarest a Kichinew en
Bessarabie"
5

Emmanuel de Martonne

"j'ai appele l'attention sur

l'importance sismique de la region
Galati-Buzeu

1985

1907

1935

1974

1000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes

Major historical events and major 20 century earthquakes
Event
1802,
1829,
1838,
1940,
1977,
1986,

October 26
November 20
June 23
November 10
March 4
August 30

Epicentral
intensity Io
>9
8
8
9
8/9
7/8

Focus
depth.
km

150
109
133

Moment
magnitude Mw

Obs

7.9

Largest Vrancea event ever occurred

7.7
7.5
7.2

Largest seismic losses ever experienced

Number of events/century, having intensity larger than 9 and 7

Epicentral intensity
(MSK)

Catalogue time span, years

984 - 1900

1901 - 2000

I0 9.0

I0 7.0

10

16

Obs
20 century shows the highest
seismic activity of the Vrancea
source

1802, 14 Oct

Chronicle of Monastery Valeni

It describes the collapse of the Cotroceni church in Bucharest
and of the Valeni church in Southern Carpathians

10

11

1802, 1829 & 1838

Voyage dans la Russie Mridionale et la Crime par la Hongrie,

la Valachie et la Moldavie
par M. A. de Dmidoff
Illustr par Raffet
E. Bourdin, diteur Paris. 1841 & 1854, page 144.

On conserve encore le souvenir du tremblement de terre de 1802, qui

renversa la tour du monastre de Koltza; de celui de 1829, qui branla
fortement la plupart des difices de Bukharest. Depuis que ces lignes
sont crites, une secousse plus violente que toutes celles dont
le souvenir attriste encore le pays, a pens engloutir Bukharest.
Tout coup, le 11-23 janvier 1838, c'tait le soir, la ville s'branle;
les plus solides monuments chancellent; plusieurs maisons s'croulent;
toutes son endommages, et, dans tout ces ravages,
plusieurs hommes perdent la vie.
12

1940

The November 10, 1940 earthquake

put damages all around Romania
and throw the people in mourning
13

1940

MGR = 7.4; Mw = 7.7; h 140 km

At least 350 deaths in Romania

Collapse of Carlton Building in
Bucharest
- 11 storey, h = 47 m
- RC frame
- 130 death
Important damage in Chisinau,
R. of Moldova
14

1977, 4 March

MG-R = 7.2; Mw = 7.5; h = 109 km

1578 deaths (1424 in Bucharest)
11 221 injured (7598 in Bucharest)

Losses according to the World Bank Report:

(Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):
Total losses in Romania

: 2.05 Billions USD

(100%)

Losses in construction, in general: 1.42 Billions USD

Losses to buildings and housings

(70%)

: 1.02 Billions USD (50%)

15

The March 4, 1977 earthquake:

killed 1,578 people including 1,424 in Bucharest
injured 11,221 people including 7,598 in Bucharest
destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units and
caused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwellings
destroyed 374 kindergartens, nurseries, and schools and
badly damaged 1,992 others
destroyed 6 university buildings and damaged 60 others
destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals
damaged almost 400 cultural institutions (theatre, museums, etc.)
damaged 763 factories
NBS Special Publication 490, Observation on the behavior of
buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 US Dept.
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept, 1977

16

March 4, 1977
seismic station INCERC
Bucharest
Station

Comp.

PGA
cm/s

Tc
s

INCERC
O

NS
Z
EW

194.9
105.8
162.3

1.40s
1.20s
0.89s

First strong ground motion recorded

in Romania

17

Normalized SA

3.50

March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest

3.00

NS comp.

2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Period, s

High dynamic amplification at long periods.

Dangerous for high-rise buildings

32 tall buildings completely collapsed

18

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Dunarea building

Casata building
19

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Faculty of Medicine

20

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Faculty of Chemistry

WW II, 1944

21

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Elefterie Church
22

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

(i) Wilson building built in 30s

(ii) Lizeanu building, built in 60s

Collapse of the building soft story at ground level

23

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Computer Center of the

Telecommunication Ministry

Photo UTCB

24

International lessons unlearnt from the 1977 earthquake

Lesson 1
A systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in
Bucharest erected prior to the adoption of earthquake design requirements
and a hazard abatement plan should be developed.
From:
Observation on the behaviour of buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 by G.
Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch. Cluver. Edited as the NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.

Lesson 2
Tentative provisions for consolidation solutions would preferably
be developed urgently.
From:
The Romanian earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of experts and
specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International
Cooperation Agency, June 1977.

25

Lesson 3
..Bucharest is sited on deep alluvium Much of the damage was
due to soil amplification associated with deep layers of silty clay, loess.
From:
A Handbook on Risk Assessment by Swiss Re, H. Tiedemann. Edited by Swiss Reinsurance
Company, Ch-8022 Zurich, Switzerland

Lesson 4
Bucharest had been microzoned as part of UNESCO Balkan
Project, with microzones denoting three levels of risk. The worst
destruction occurred in lowest-risk microzone.
From:
Earthquake in Romania March 4,1977. An Engineering Report by G. Berg, B. Bolt, M. Sozen,
Ch. Rojahn. Edited by National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1980

Lesson 5
Ground motion spectrum should be provided corresponding to
each soil condition. A considerable number of strong motion seismographs
will be required for the above purpose.
From:
The Romanian earthquake. Survey reported by Survey group of experts and specialists
dispatched by the Government of Japan (K.Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation
Agency, June 1977.

26

3.Earthquake engineering education in Romania

The first Romanian paper on

earthquake engineering

27

The first book on

engineering seismology in Romania
- Bucuresti 1962 -

- Barcelona 1975 -

28

Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, UTCB

Undergraduate course
1968 1977 Structural Dynamics and earthquake engineering (optional)
1977 present Earthquake engineering(compulsory)

Postgraduate course
1976 1989 Earthquake engineering
Master level
In present Seismic hazard, vulnerability and risk (various courses)

29

4. Seismic hazard and seismic codes

Codesf
ordesi
gnofear
t
hquaker
esi
st
anceofbui
l
di
ngsand
St
andar
dsf
orsei
smi
czonat
i
onofRomani
a(
19402008)
Period
A. Pre-cod

B. Low code
C. Moderate code

D. High code

After the 1940

earthquake

Inspired by the Russian

seismic practice
After the great 1977
earthquake
After the 1986 and the
1990 earthquakes
Inspired by Eurocod 8

Seismic zonation
standard

Code for earthquake

resistance of structures

P.I. 1941

P.I. - 1941

I - 1945

I - 1945

STAS 2923 - 52
STAS 2923 - 63
STAS 11100/1 - 77

P 13 - 63
P 13 -70
P 100 - 78
P 100 - 81
P 100 -90
P 100 - 92
P100-1/2006

STAS 11100/1 - 91
SR 11100/1 - 93
-

30

31

St
andar
dsf
orsei
smi
czonat
i
onofRomani
a1952 2003

Lungu et al.,1999

Macroseismic zonation for Vrancea source

32

Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design

P100/1-2006 Code, MRI =100 yr

Bucharest
MRI = 475 yr
PGA 0,35 g
Tp = 1.6 s

33

The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania during

1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes

ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
N
W

22

21
S

48

%
$
&
&

Moldova
146.4

47

Chisinau

212.8

Bacau
%

132.0
Barlad

Onesti

168.6
232.1 # Adjud
86.6

Transilvania

Banat

Cahul

&

Vrancioaia

Mures
Timisoara

Muntele Rosu
Vidra Lotru
$

14.3

Vidraru Arges
$

26.1

79.1

1977
Valenii de Munte#

186.9 #

61.5
45

Pitesti

May 30, 1990

208.6

Craiova
#

Yugoslavia

158.6

Istrita
#

Baia

90.8 #
Dobrogea

Valahia
219.8

# Otopeni
Branesti
# #

Bucuresti 150.8
194.9

Fetesti Cernavoda

100.4 #

Vrancea events
(Mw > 6.9)

100

Black
Sea

Shabla 32.9
&
Kavarna 36.2

112.2

200 Kilometers

Constanta

&

Bulgaria
100

107.1

Turnu Magurele

Epicenters of strong
#

Calarasi

Giurgiu 114.1
#
& Ruse112.4

Danube

164.0 Tulcea
#
%
93.6

Carcaliu

109.4

Peris#

223.8

Bolintin Vale

44

Ploiesti

45.8

Mw=7.0
h=91 km

297.1

97.2

1986 Ramnicu Sarat

#

Campina #

Aug.30, 1986

136.6

1990
157.2 #
Focsani
#
Surduc 1940
%
%

O lt

Mw - moment magnitude
h - focus depth

82.0

50.9

Cluj-Napoca
#

46

&

&

Dochia
Cris

Mw=7.5
h=109 km

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

Krasnogorka

Iasi

March 4, 1977

Mw=7.2
h=133 km

11.5

Satu-Mare

Republic of
Moldova

t
Pru

Seismic stations with

free-field records:
INCERC network
INFP network
GEOTEC network
R. of Moldova network
Bulgaria network

29

28

27

26

Oradea

Ukraine 25

Botosani

Hungary

PGA, cm/s2
0 - 75
75 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 300

24

23

Provadia 48.2
&

Varna
&

33.6

34

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.

RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004

Catalogue of subcrustal Vrancea earthquakes

occurred during the 20th century, Mw 6.3
Date

1903
1904
1908
1912
1934
1939
1940
1940
1945
1945
1948
1977
1986
1990
1990

13 Sept
6 Feb
6 Oct
25 May
29 March
5 Sept
22 Oct
10 Nov
7 Sept
9 Dec
29 May
4 March
30 Aug
30 May
31 May

Time
(GMT)
h:m:s
08:02:7
02:49:00
21:39:8
18:01:7
20:06:51
06:02:00
06:37:00
01:39:07
15:48:26
06:08:45
04:48:55
19:22:15
21:28:37
10:40:06
00:17:49

Lat. N

45.7
45.7
45.7
45.7
45.8
45.9
45.8
45.8
45.9
45.7
45.8
45.34
45.53
45.82
45.83

Long. E

26.6
26.6
26.5
27.2
26.5
26.7
26.4
26.7
26.5
26.8
26.5
26.30
26.47
26.90
26.89

RADU Catalogue,
1994
h, km

I0

>60
75
150
80
90
120
122
150
75
80
130
109
133
91
79

7
6
8
7
7
6
7/8
9
7/8
7
6/7
8/9
8
8
7

MGR Mw

MARZA
Catalogue,
1980
I0
Ms

6.3
5.7
6.8
6.0
6.3
5.3
6.5
7.4
6.5
6.0
5.8
7.2
7.0
6.7
6.1

6.5
6
8
7
8
6
7
9
7.5
7
6.5
9
-

7.5
7.2
7.0
6.4

5.7
6.3
6.8
6.4
6.3
6.1
6.2
7.4
6.5
6.2
6.0
7.2
-

www.infp.ro
Catalogue,
1998
Mw
6.3
6.6
7.1
6.7
6.6
6.2
6.5
7.7
6.8
6.5
6.3
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.4

35

Truncated magnitude recurrence for Vrancea source:

n( M w ) = e

8.654 1.687M w

1 e

1.687(8.1 M w )

1 e

1.687(8.1 6.3)

Attenuation law for Vrancea source:

ln PGA = 3.098 + 1.053 Mw - lnR 0.0005R 0.006 h +
PGA peak ground acceleration
Mw- moment magnitude, h focal depth
R hypocentral distance
- random variable with 0 mean and = ln PGA standard deviation

36

RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004

Recurrence of Vrancea Earthquakes

Magnitude recurrence relation for the subcrustal Vrancea source, Mw6.3

Lungu et al., 2000

37

Evolution of seismic design coefficient in Bucharest, 1940-2002

Shear walls
Frames

7.5%
7.2%
7.5%
6.8%

Seismic
design
coefficient
Cs , %

12.5 %
10%

10 %
8%

12
1.5 s

5%

0.3 s

10

Tc=0.4 s

8-10

Tc=1.5 s

RIGID 0.1
buildings 0.4
0.7
FLEXIBLE
buildings

6-8

4-6

2-4

1.3

2%

1.6
Building period
T, s

2.2%
1.8%

1.9

1970
1941
1945

1963

0
1978
1981

1990
1992
Year of code issue

Non-ductile buildings
Non-ductile
structures

Ductile
structures
Ductile
structures

38

Normalised Response Spectra, EC8 format

P100-1/2006
3.5

3.5

0 =2.75

Tc < 0.7s

0 =2.75

2.5

2.5

0.7s<Tc < 1.0s

2.75/T

1.925/T

1.5

1.5
5.775/T

8.25/T

1
0.5

0.5
T B =0.07 T C =0.7s

T D =3

0.5

1.5
2
2.5
Perioada T , s

3.5

3.5

1.0s<Tc < 1.6s

0 =2.75

T C =1.0s

T D =3

0
0

T B =0.1

0.5

1.5
2
2.5
Perioada T , s

2
8.8/T

TB<T TC

= 0

TC<T TD

TC
= 0
T

T> TD

= 0

T D =2

0
0.5

1.5
2
2.5
Perioada T , s

3.5

( 0 1) T

= 1+

0.5
T C =1.6s

3.5

T< TB

1.5

TB

4.4/T

2.5

T B =0.16

TC TD
T 2 39

 Tp =

Normalised power spectral density for

NS comp of March 4, 1977 and Aug.30, 1986 records at
INCERC seismic station (East of Bucharest)
Tpredominant =1.4 1.6 s

40

Romania
Seismic networks

41

Bucharest
Seismic networks

42

5.Seismic vulnerability and risk

"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to

earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"
Charles Richter. 15 March 1977,
Letter to the Romanian government
World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Mnich Re, 1998
indicates for Bucharest: Large city with Mexico-city effect

The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and
distribution of the structural damage have important bearing
on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.
Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report

43

Strengthening of seismic risk class 1 buildings

Seismic Risk Matrix indicating seismic risk classes (1, 2 and 3)

Seismic
vulnerability/
fragility class

Importance & exposure class

I
Essential facilities

II
Hazardous buildings

III
General buildings

IV
Minor buildings

1&2

1&2

Seismic risk class 1

buildings

Building to be immediately retrofitted!

44

Planul director de
sistematizare
a Bucurestiului
din 1935

Cladirile prabusite in timpul

cutremurului din
1977
$

29

32

33

31

$$

16

4$

17

18

10

25

12

15

$
$
23 13

6 7

11

$$

19

$$

20 21

$$
26

27
24

$
28

22

Collapsed building

Land use
Street
Urban built zone
Rural built zone
Lake, river, canal
Park
Forest
Garden
Cemetery
Economic zone
Agricultural zone

14

Zona si tipul cladirilor

Zona si tipul cladirilor
Spatii verzi
Spatii verzi
Rurala
Rurala
II
Residentiala, cladiri P+1E
II
Residentiala, cladiri P+1E
I

2 Kilometers

S
ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI California

III
Protejata, cladiri P+3E
III
Protejata, cladiri P+3E
IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)
IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)
V
Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)
V
Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)
VI
Industriala
VI Industriala
Suburbii
Suburbii

45

Central Bucharest: 127 buildings built prior to 1945 and

listed as having seismic risk of class 1 in case of a strong
earthquake, Mw7.5

R
FIE

OD
A

AG
OS
V

SIL
OR
MO
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IE
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itanul

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U
AV
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M

TEF
AN

L STEFA
N

MIH
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US

S TUPI NEI

SP
CE
AT
RC
AR
UL
UL
UI
UI

S IL
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ST
RU
TO
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M IN
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S

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SCA
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CAL OTESTI

ME
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AR

DR

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VE
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R

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I

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GAL
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A

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ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI California

R
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1 Kilometers

LABIRINT
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17
LU NII

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# 102
#

TEV

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57
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ROBESCU F.C.

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46

Balcescu 25 (Wilson)

Calea Victoriei 124

Calea Victoriei 25

Calea Victoriei 95

Balcescu 32-34

Balcescu 30

Seismic risk
class 1 buildings
on the most
important two
boulevards in
central
Bucharest

Total: 26 tall
reinforced concrete
buildings

Balcescu 7

Calea Victoriei 33-35

47

Strengthening of 9 storey residential building in

central Bucharest, 2001 - 2004

March 2008, after 10yr of actions:

10 buildings are fully retrofitted
6 buildings are under retrofitting
42 buildings in retrofitting design
stage or under contracting the design
48

10 buildings are fully retrofitted

BUCHAREST, May 2008

No.

Address

Year of building
construction

Storeys

No. of
apt.

Total area
sqm.

Balcescu 25

1936

2B+GF+11S

98

12318

Iuliu Barasch 12

1936

B+GF+7S

15

1831

Ion Brezoianu 44

1937

2B+GF+9S

28

2532

Gh. Marinescu 3

1940

B+GF+6S

18

1750

Mihai Eminescu 17

1937

B+GF+8S

40

6050

C.A. Rosetti 25

1934

2B+GF+8S

40

4013

Ursuletului 5

1930

B+GF+6S

12

1615

Paleologu 3

1936

B+GF+5S

19

2271

Lascar Catargiu 15A

1934

B+GF+5S

16

2013

10

J.L. Calderon 59

1935

B+GF+8S

19

3706

49

Buildings under retrofitting

BUCHAREST, May 2008

No.

Address

Year of
building
construction

Storeys

No. of
apt.

Total area
sqm

Balcescu 24

1928

2B+GF+12S

119

12031

Victoriei 101A-B

1938

B+GF+10S

96

7036

Stirbei Voda 17

1936

B+GF+9S

58

4619

Victoriei 128A

1935

2B+GF+8S

50

6675

Mendeleev 17

1935

B+GF+6S

47

5699

Victoriei 33 -35

1930

B+GF+6S

39

4476

50

Buildings under bidding of retrofitting

BUCHAREST, May 2008
No.

Address

Year of building
construction

Storeys

No. of
apt.

Total area
sqm.

C.A. Rosetti 25

1934

B+GF+9S

20

1433

Boteanu 3A-3B

1936 - 1937

B+GF+9S

56

10593

I.C. Bratianu 5

1936

B+GF+8S

26

1707

M. Kogalniceanu 51

1929

2B+GF+7S

36

7353

Brezoianu 38

1935

B+GF+5S

1542

Balcescu 32-34

1934

B+GF+9S

45

5896

Dr. Marcovici 9

1935

B+GF+8S

88

7905

Ion Campineanu 9

1937

B+GF+7S

19

3155

Armeneasca 28
Semilunei 8
Armeneasca 28A

1935
1935
1935

B+GF+6S
B+GF+5S
B+GF+5S

6
6
9

1280
1465
1200

10

Elefterie 11

1936

B+GF+5S

1925

51

Fragile tall RC
buildings with soft
and weak
groundfloor, built
in Bucharest,
1960-1977

52

Fragile 7-story RC
frame building with
soft ground story,
built in the period
60s, Stefan cel
Mare street

Fragile 7-story RC frame building

with soft ground story, after 1977
event, Stefan cel Mare street
53

Housing units built before 1944

Housing units in buildings having

more than 7 storey
54

Presently (March 2008), from the 127 "seismic risk class 1" buildings
in Bucharest:
(i) 12 buildings are fully retrofitted;
(ii) 6 buildings are under retrofitting;
(iii) 20 buildings area ready for construction works biding and
(iv) 21 buildings are ready for design works biding.

55

6. International projects for reduction of seismic risk in

Romania
JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures
in Romania, 2001 -2008
Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural and
Archeological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the
European Commission and the Council of Europe
(2003-2008, 2008-2011)

CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk

Mitigation, 1995 -2007

RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with

applications to different European town, 2001 -2005

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by

Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008

World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania

- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 -2010

NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk and

Reduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes
56

JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and

structures in Romania
7 mill. USD JICA project budget

Equipment cost 2.7 mill. USD donation to the Romanian Government

- Soil testing laboratory
- Structural testing laboratory
- Seismic instrumentation network in Bucharest and Romania
(free field, borehole, buildings)

26 Romanian young engineers trained in Japan

34 Japanese short term and long term experts dispatched in Romania
57

International projects for reduction of seismic risk in

Romania
JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures
in Romania, 2001 2008

Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural and

Archeological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the
European Commission and the Council of Europe
(2003-2008, 2008-2011)

RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with

applications to different European town, 2001 2005

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by

Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008
58

International projects for reduction of seismic risk in

Romania

World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania

- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 2010

CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk

Mitigation, 1995 2007

NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk and

Reduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes

59

RISK U.E. Project

An advanced approach to earthquake
risk scenarios with applications to
different European towns

60

Europe inventory database and typology

Classification of buildings occupancy (selection)
Code

Occupancy category

Importance & exposure

category
1

B
B1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
B2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
B3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

GENERAL BUILDING STOCK

Residential
Single family dwelling (house)
Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.)
Low-rise (1-2)
Mid-rise (3-7)
High-rise (8+)
Institutional dormitory
Commercial
Supermarkets, Malls
Offices
Services
Hotels, Motels
Restaurants, Bars
Parking
Warehouse
Cultural
Museums
Theatres, Cinemas
Public event buildings
Stadiums

x1)
x1)
x2)
x2)

x
x
x
x

x2)

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x3)
x2)
x2)
x2)

x
x
x
x

1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people

2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people
congregate in one area

61

Population density in the 7 towns

25,000

20,000

Population
density,
persons/km2

WP1. UTCB

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki
62

Number of housing units for 7 towns

900,000
800,000
WP1. UTCB

700,000
600,000

Number of
housing units

500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

63

Vulnerability of buildings stock in 7 towns

Tow n

Seism ic codes inter-benchm ark periods

Pre-code

L ow -code

M oderate code

Barcelona

79%

21%

--

Bitola

48%

29%

23%

Bucharest

30%

30%

40%

Catania

92%

8%

N ice

75%

Sofia
Thessaloniki

25%
D ata not available

20%

50%

30%

64

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical

Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies

Contract n INCO CT-2004 - 509119 with European Commission,

Research Directorate General

Amount: 2 400 000

Funding: EC: 88 %,
participants : 12 %
Starting Date: 2004
Ending Date: 2008
65

Project planning
WP 1: Overview of existing techniques
WP 2: Damage assessment
WP 3: Risk Analysis
WP 4: Intervention strategies
WP 5: Innovative materials and techniques
WP 6: Reversible mixed technologies
WP 7: Experimental analysis
WP 8: Numerical analyses
WP 9: Calculation models
WP 10: Validation of innovative solutions and procedures
WP 11: Study cases
WP 12: Design guidelines
66

World Bank project in Romania

Component A:
Strengthening of Disaster management capacity
Component B:
Earthquake Risk Reduction - 71.2 million US$
Subcomponents:
Strengthening of high priority buildings and lifelines
Design & supervision
Building code review and study of code enforcement
Professional training in cost effective retrofitting
Components C, D&E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management

67

Distribution of buildings with occupancy

Public
12%
Educational
18%

Emergency
facilities
30%

Communication
26%

Emergency
facilities
39%

Public
4%Educational
11%
Hospitals
20%

Hospitals
40%

Bucharest

Other cities

68

Distribution of number of
buildings to be retrofitted

Distribution of cost for

buildings to be retrofitted

Other cities
33%

Bucharest
38%
Other cities
62%

Bucharest
67%

69

World Bank report

Preventable Losses: Saving Lives and Property through Hazard

Risk Management
Strategic Framework for reducing the Social and Economic Impact of
Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards in the Europe and Central Asia
Region
Draft, May 2004

Romania is regarded as one the most seismically active countries in

Europe
Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities in the world.
70

Recommendations for Romania:

Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;
Review the existing buildings code for the retrofitting of vulnerable
buildings;
Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for the
earthquake risk;
Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order to reduce the risks
caused by earthquakes;
Develop financing strategy for catastrophic events.
71

Public Diplomacy Division

Collaborative Programmes Section

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Project SfP 98047

NATO PROJECT - Harmonization of Seismic Hazard

Risk and Reduction in Countries Influenced by
Vrancea Earthquakes
A Science for Peace Project
Amount: 250 000
Starting Date: 2005
Ending Date: 2008
72

Deterministic seismic zonation maps for countries affected

by Vrancea earthquakes
MSK Intensity
IX
VIII
VII
V

ROMANIA
P100-92&
SR 11100/1-93
0.32
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08

PGA/g
Rep. of MOLDOVA,
UKRAINE
SNIP II-7-81
0.40

BULGARIA
1987 code

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.27

MRI - mean recurrence

interval of earthquake
magnitude is:
Romania:

50 yr, 1992
100 yr, 2004

Republic
of Moldova: 50 yr
Bulgaria:

1000 yr

Lungu, Zaicenco, 1999

73

Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:

Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism

World Conference on Disaster Reduction

18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

18 Jan. 2005
Thematic Panel Cluster 4, Reducing the underlying risk factors
Organized by:
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)
Chair of the Cluster 4 of WCDR:

74

Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:

Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism

World Conference on Disaster Reduction

18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

19 Jan. 2005
Cluster Session 4.6, Policies for safer building/Housing
Organized by:
- Government of Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transports and
- United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD )
Presentation: Seismic risk mitigation in Romania (D. Lungu)

21 Jan. 2005
Public Forum: Building a Strong Country Against Disasters. Achievements and
Challenges of JICAs Cooperation
Presentation: Efforts toward seismic risk reduction for buildings and JICA Project in Romania (R. Vacareanu)

22 Jan. 2005
Statement of Romanian Delegation on Behalf of Eastern European Group of Countries

75

National and International seismic Conferences held in Romania

- International Symposium on Strong Vrancea Earthquakes and Risk Mitigation, October 4-6, 2007
Bucharest, Romania.
- International Symposium on Seismic Risk Reduction. The JICA Technical Cooperation Project in
Romania, April 2007
- International Conference Earthquake Loss Estimation and Risk Reduction, October 24-26, 2002
Bucharest, Romania.
-JICA International Seminar: Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings,
23-24, Nov. 2000
- First International Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes, Nov. 1997
- A treia Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, dec. 2005
- A doua Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, nov. 2001
- Prima Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, 1997

Earthquake Hazard and

Countermeasures for Existing
Fragile Buildings

PROCEEDINGS
G

of the

Contributions from JICA International Seminar

Bucharest, Romania, November 23-24, 2000
D. LUNGU, T. SAITO (Editors)

Editors:
D. Lungu
F. Wenzel
P. Mouroux
I. Tojo

76

7. Bucharest heritage buildings protection

2007, 17 March
str. Visarion 8
Starting of building degrading: fire at the roof

77

2008, 16 Aprilie
str. Visarion 8
Present state of the building

78

Bucharest intended fire and intended destruction for encouraging self collapse
of the Asan Mill, industrial heritage, 1853.
79

Asan Mill, May 16, 2008

80

New skyscrapers near St. Joseph Chatedral

and
Ministry of Interior in Bucharest city center

81

82

RISK-UE
An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios
with applications to different European towns
WP1 Report
European distinctive features, inventory database and typology

83
RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004

Contents
1. European distinctive features and urban seismic risk
2. Work package objectives description

Objective 1: Distinctive features of European towns

Objective 2: Inventory database and typology

84

3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans

towns
Urbanised area and historical development
Cultural and religious buildings
Monuments and historical heritage
4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case
study towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe
Appendix: The 7 cities reports
Barcelona, Spain,
Bitola, FYRO Macedonia,
Bucharest, Romania,
Catania, Italy,
Nice, France,
Sofia, Bulgaria,
Thessaloniki, Greece,

85

Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns

Town identity
Population characteristics
Urbanised area and elements at risk
Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk
Strong motion data in the city and seismic hazard
Geological, geophysical and geotechnical information
Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes
Earthquake risk management efforts
References

86

Objective 2 - Inventory database and typology

Classification of buildings
Classification of lifelines
Building typology matrix, BTM.
Description of structural typologies

87

Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns

1. Town identity
2. Population characteristics
Number of inhabitants
Population density
Growth of city population in 20th century
Yearly GDP per capita

88

3. Urbanised area and elements at risk

Geographical location of city
Urbanised area and historical development
Administrative divisions/sectors; neighbourhoods
Buildings typology
Building stock
Residential buildings/ Housing units
Essential facilities buildings
- Administrative
- Health care
- Education
- Emergency
Cultural and religious buildings
Industrial and commercial buildings
Monuments and historical heritage
Building price
Lifelines

89

4. Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk

Earthquakes that have caused significant damage in the city
Catalogue of major earthquakes
General description of seismic sources
Soil condition within the city
Observed seismic intensity for past strong events
Consequences of past strong earthquakes in the city
Recorded ground motions and their parameters
Geotechnical consequences
Damage data from past events
Human and economical losses
Photos of earthquake damage
90

5. Strong motion data in the city

Existing seismic networks
Free field instruments
Instruments on buildings and in boreholes
Available strong motion accelerogram
6. Geological, geophysical and geotechnical information
Geological characterisation of city area
Geophysical and borehole information

91

7. Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes & Building types

History of codes for earthquake resistance of structures
History of seismic zonation
Code quality
Enforcement of earthquake resistant design codes
Building types/ Housing units
Buildings built within code inter-benchmark periods

92

8. Earthquake risk management efforts

Earthquake risk management efforts at local & national levels
Institutions in charge with earthquake risk management
Emergency response
Public education efforts and media attitude
Programs for seismic risk mitigation

93

Objective 2, Inventory database and typology

1. Classification of buildings occupancy
Code

Occupancy category

Importance & exposure

category
1

B
B1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
B2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
B3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

GENERAL BUILDING STOCK

Residential
Single family dwelling (house)
Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.)
Low-rise (1-2)
Mid-rise (3-7)
High-rise (8+)
Institutional dormitory
Commercial
Supermarkets, Malls
Offices
Services
Hotels, Motels
Restaurants, Bars
Parking
Warehouse
Cultural
Museums
Theatres, Cinemas
Public event buildings
Stadiums

x1)
x1)
x2)
x2)

x
x
x
x

x2)

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x3)
x2)
x2)
x2)

x
x
x
x

1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people

2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people
congregate in one area

94

C ode

B4
B5
5 .1
5 .2
5 .3
5 .4
5 .5
5 .6
5 .7
5 .8
5 .9
B6
6 .1
6 .2
6 .3
6 .4
B7
7 .1
7 .2
7 .3
7 .4
7 .5
7 .6
B8
B9

O ccu p an cy category

Im p ortan ce & exp osu re

category
1
2
3

M u ltip le u se
M o n um en ts a n d h isto rica l h erita g e
P alaces, M ansio n ho u ses
T o w er
C astles
T riu m ph al arch
O b elisk
M o nu m e ntal fo u ntains a nd S ta tues
G ate of the to w n a nd surro und in g w alls
M aso nry b rid ges
A rchaeo lo gical sites
R elig io n
C hurc hes
O rato ries, C ha pels, S hrines
M o sq ues
C o nve nts a nd M o nasterie s
In d u stria l
H eavy
L ight
F oo d
C he m icals, D rug s
H ig h tech no lo g y
C o nstructio n
A g ricu ltura l
T em p ora ry b u ildin g s

x 1) o r x 2)
x4)

x
x
x
x
x
x

5)

x
x
x
x 1)
x 1)

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

n on e
n on e

95

Code

EF
EF1
1.1
1.2
1.3
EF2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
EF3
3.1
3.2
3.3
EF4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
H
H1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Occupancy category

Importance & exposure

category
1
2
3

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
Government functions and civil defence
Government buildings
Defence buildings
Local administration buildings
Health and medical care
Hospitals, surgery and emergency facilities
Hospitals with 50 to 200 beds
Hospitals with less than 50 beds
Clinics, Labs
Other health care facilities
Emergency response
Fire stations
Police stations
Emergency operation facilities
Education facilities
Kindergarten
Elementary School
Secondary School
High school
University

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x1)
x1)
x1)
x2)

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x6)
x6)
x6)

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Facilities producing or containing:
Radioactive substances
Toxic substances
Explosive substances
Other hazardous substances

96

2. Classification of lifelines (detailed in WP 6)

Lifeline utility systems:
- Electric power system
- Communication system
- Potable water system
- Waste water system
- Gas system
- Fuel system.
Transportation systems:
- Roadway
- Railway
- Port and Harbour
- Airport.
97

3. Building typology matrix, BTM

Label

RC

Height description
Name

No. of
stories

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-3
4-7
8+
1-3
4-7
8+

h9
9 < h 21
h > 21
h9
9 < h 21
h > 21

Code level*

Height h, N L M H
m

Reinforced concrete structures

RC1

Concrete moment frames

RC2

Concrete shear walls

RC3

Concrete frames with unreinforced masonry

infill walls
Regularly infilled frames
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-3
4-7
8+

h9
9 < h 21
h > 21

Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structural Low-rise

system, irregular infills, soft/weak story)
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-3
4-7
8+

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete Low-rise
shear walls
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-3
4-7
8+
1-3
4-7
8+
1-3
4-7
8+

h9
9 < h 21
h > 21
h9
9 < h 21
h > 21
h9
9 < h 21
h > 21
h9
9 < h 21
h > 21

3.1

3.2

RC4
RC5

RC6

*Code level

Building type description

RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls)

N - no code;
L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);
98
M - moderate-code;
H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)

Label

M
M1
1.1

Building type description

Masonry structures
Stone masonry bearing walls made of:
Rubble stone, fieldstone

Height description
Name

No. of
stories

Low-rise
Mid-rise

1-2
3-5

h6
6 < h 15

Height h, N L M H
m

1.2

Simple stone

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

12
35
6+

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15

1.3

Massive stone

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

12
35
6+

Adobe
Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with:
Wooden slabs

Low-rise

1-2

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15
h6

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-2
35
6+

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15

M2
M3
3.1

3.2

Masonry vaults

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-2
35
6+

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15

3.3

Composite steel and masonry slabs

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-2
35
6+

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15

3.4

Reinforced concrete slabs

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

1-2
35
6+

Reinforced or confined masonry bearing Low-rise

walls
Mid-rise
High-rise
Overall strengthened masonry buildings
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise

12
35
6+
12
35
6+

h6
6 < h 15
h > 15
h6
6 < h 15
h > 15
h6
6 < h 15
h > 15

M4

M5

Code level*

99

Label

Building type description

Height description

Code level*

Name

No. of
stories

Height h, N L M H
m

Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise
High-rise
Low-rise
Mid-rise

13
47
8+
13
47
8+
13
47
8+
13
47
8+
13
47
8+
1-2
3+

h 10
10< h 25
h > 25
h 10
10< h 25
h > 25
h 10
10< h 25
h > 25
h 10
10< h 25
h > 25
h 10
10< h 25
h > 25
h 5.5
h > 5.5

Steel structures
S1

Steel moment frames

S2

Steel braced frames

S3

Steel Frames with Unreinforced masonry

infill walls

S4

Steel Frames with Cast-in-Place Concrete

shear Walls

S5

Steel and RC composite systems

Wood structures

100

4. Description of structural typologies

M1.1
M1.2
M1.3

Rubble stone, fieldstone masonry bearing walls

Simple stone masonry bearing walls
Massive stone masonry bearing walls

M2

Adobe

M3.1
M3.2
M3.3

Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with wooden slabs

Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with masonry vaults
Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with composite steel
and masonry slabs
Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with reinforced
concrete slabs
Reinforced or confined masonry bearing walls
Overall strengthened masonry buildings
101

M3.4
M4
M5

RC1 Concrete moment frames

RC2 Concrete shear walls
RC3.1 Concrete frames with regular unreinforced masonry
infill walls
RC3.2 Irregular concrete frames with unreinforced masonry
infill walls
RC4 RC dual systems (RC frames and walls)
RC5 Precast concrete tilt-up walls
RC6 Precast concrete frames with concrete shear walls

102

S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
W

Steel moment frames

Steel braced frames
Steel frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls
Steel frames with cast-in-place concrete shear walls
Steel and RC composite systems
Wood structures

103

3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans towns

Urbanised area and historical development
Cultural and religious buildings
Monuments and historical heritage
The 7 towns:
Barcelona, Spain
Bitola, FYRO Macedonia
Bucharest, Romania
Catania, Italy
Nice, France
Sofia, Bulgaria
Thessaloniki, Greece
104

4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case study

towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe

105

Comparative study on:

I. Population and buildings exposure
II. Earthquake hazard and seismic instrumentation
III. Existing buildings stock vulnerability and typology

106

I. Population and Building exposure

Population and yearly GDP
Town

Barcelona
Bitola
Bucharest
Catania
Nice
Sofia
Thessaloniki

Inhabitants

1,503,451
79,456
2,011,305
333,075
342,738
1,133,183
1,048,151

Population density,
persons/km2
15,176
12,600
10,806
6,125
4,766
4,680
21,600

Population growth,
20th century*
1970
1990
1989
1971-1991
1980
1985
1991

GDP/person
(approx.)
Euro
22,000
1,620
1,980
9,000-15,000
20,000
1,630
15,290

107

Population of the 7 towns

2,500,000

2,000,000

WP1. UTCB

1,500,000

Population
1,000,000

500,000

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

108

Population density in the 7 towns

25,000

20,000

Population
density,

15,000

persons/km2

10,000

WP1. UTCB

5,000

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki
109

GDP per capita for the 7 towns

25000

WP1. UTCB

20000

15000

GDP per capita,

Euro

10000

5000

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

110

Existing building stock for the 7 towns

Town

Number of
buildings

Housing units

Hospitals

Educational
Fire
Police
buildings stations stations

Number

People/
n.units

69,000

700,000

2.14

47/8,356

454

1,033

19

Bitola

13,010

29,619

2.68

1/665

600

33

Bucharest

108,834

782,428

2.57

52/20,279

394

570

15

27

Catania

37,333

132,947

2.5

8/-

1,000(I)

266

Nice

~50,000

212,000

1.61

15/

467

192

16

480,580

2.54

41/

332

316

402,144

80/

386

713

13

Barcelona

Sofia
Thessaloniki

Number/ Physicians/
No. of beds
100000
people

111

Number of buildings for the 7 towns

120,000

100,000

WP1. UTCB

80,000

Number of
buildings

60,000

40,000

20,000
NA

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

NA

Thessaloniki

112

Number of housing units for 7 towns

900,000
800,000
WP1. UTCB

700,000
600,000

Number of
housing units

500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

113

Number of people/housing units for the 7 towns

3

WP1. UTCB

2.5

Number of people/
housing units

1.5

0.5
NA

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

114

Number of hospitals for 7 towns

90
80
WP1. UTCB

70
60

Number of
hospitals

50
40
30
20
10
0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

115

Number of physicians/100,000 persons for the 7 towns

1200

1000

WP1. UTCB

800

Number of physicians/
100,000 persons

600

400

200

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

116

Number of fire stations for 7 towns

16
14
WP1. UTCB

12

Number of fire

10
8

stations
6
4
2
NA

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

117

Number of police stations for 7 towns

30

25
WP1. UTCB

20

Number of police
stations

15

10

5
NA

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

118

II. Earthquake hazard and earthquake instrumentation

10.5

10.5
9.5

LARGEST HISTORICAL
EVENT

th

20 CENTURY

9.5

WP1. UTCB

WP1. UTCB

8.5

8.5

7.5

7.5

6.5

6.5

5.5

5.5
4.5

4.5
NA

3.5
Barcelona

3.5
Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

MSK local-intensity of largest experienced earthquake for

the 7 towns
119

Conversion table for MM and MSK intensities

Lungu, 1996. Report for AON

120

Conversion tables for various intensity scales

Tiedemann H. 1992

121

Conversion tables for various intensity scales

Tiedemann H. 1992

122

Local seismic hazard having 10% probability of exceedance in 50yr

(MRI=475yr.) for the7 towns
0.5

Peak ground
acceleration,
in g

Peak ground acceleration, g

0.4

MRI = 475yr.

WP1. UTCB

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

123

Available strong of ground motion records for the 7 towns

Available records
Town
Event

Number of records

Max PGA

Barcelona

1923/

1 record

<.0.01g

Bitola

1994/ e=50km

(1 record)

0.25g

1977

1 record

0.2g

1986

12 records

0.22g

1990

11 records

0.13g

Catania

1990; alluvium

1 record

0.25g

Nice

2001

5 records

0.25m/s2

Sofia

2001

5 records

0.05-0.25m/s2

records

0.15g (Deep soft soil)-main shock

0.20g (Deep stiff soil)- major aftershock
>0.05g (many smaller earthquakes)

Bucharest

Thessaloniki

1978 (main shock)

1978 (after shock)
1980- 1995 (smaller shocks)

124

Seismic instrumentation for the 7 towns

21
18

WP1. UTCB

WP1. UTCB

15

12

3
9

2
6

1
3

NA

NA

0
Barcelona

NA

NA

0
Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

Number of free field digital

instruments

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

Number of digital
instruments on buildings
125

III. Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock

Building stock age in the 7 towns
versus
Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods
Town

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods

Pre-code

Low-code

Moderate code

Barcelona

79%

21%

--

Bitola

48%

29%

23%

Bucharest

30%

30%

40%

Catania

92%

8%

Nice

75%

Sofia
Thessaloniki

25%
Data not available

20%

50%

30%

126

100%

Existing buildings stock

built during various
seismic code periods
(in % of total stock) for
the 7 towns

PRE-CODE

80%
WP1. UTCB

60%
40%
20%

NA

0%

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

100%
80%

LOW-CODE
WP1. UTCB

60%
40%
20%
0%

NA

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

100%
MODERATE CODE

80%

WP1. UTCB

60%
40%
20%
NA

127

0%

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

Level of codes for earthquake resistance of structures

Knowledge incorporated into seismic design
Moderate-advanced
Pre-code

Low-code

Moderate code
code

Barcelona

< 1968

1968....

=1948 and
Bitola

PTP-2

1964-1981

1981-1990

1990 present

1963-1977

1977-1992

1992 present

=1964
=1941 and
Bucharest

=1963
P13-63

1981 present

Catania

< 1981

Nice

= 1955

1956-1969

1970-1992

1993 present

Sofia

=1964

1964-1972

1972-1987

1987 present

Thessaloniki

< 1959

1959- 1984

1984- 1995

1995 present

128

Buildings typology
Masonry buildings types for the 7 towns
Town

Masonry structures, M
1.1

1.2

1.3

3.1

3.2

3.3

Wood
3.4

Barcelona
Bitola
Bucharest
Catania
Nice
Sofia
Thessaloniki
129

RC buildings and Steel buildings types for the 7 towns

Town

Reinforced concrete structures, RC

1

3.1

3.2

Steel structures, S
1

Barcelona
Bitola
Bucharest
Catania
Nice
Sofia
Thessaloniki

130

Selected references
ASCE 7-98, 2000. ASCE Standard: Minimum design loads for
buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil
Engineers, New-York, ASCE
Eurocode 8 - Design provisions for earthquake resistance of
structures, 1994. Part 1-1: General rules - Seismic actions and
general requirements for structures. CEN, European
Committee for Standardization, Oct.
HAZUS Technical Manual 1997. Earthquake Loss Estimation
Methodology, 3 Vol.

131

City Reports
Alexoudi M., Pitilakis, K., Stylianidis, K., Kappos, K., Makra, K., Anastasiadis A.,
Argyroudis, S., Papadopoulos E., Penelis, G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, Thessaloniki
City Report, 63p.
Bour, M., Arnal, C., Imbault, M., Lutoff, C., Marot, N., Martin, R., Masure, Ph.,
Mouroux, P., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Nice City Report, 42p
Faccioli, E., Frassine, L., Scuderi S., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Catania Report, 32p+18p.
Irizarry, J. Goula, X., Susagna, T., Galan, J., Pujades, L.G., Lantada, N. 2001. Risk
UE WP1, Barcelona City Report, 49p+23p.
Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., Vacareanu, R., Cornea, T., Petrescu, F., 2001, Risk
UE WP1, Bucharest City Report, 52p+26p.
Lungu, D. & Aldea, A., 1999a. Understanding Urban Risk Around the World. United
Nations RADIUS Project UUSRAW at Geohazards Int., Ca., USA. Documents for
the City of Bucharest seismic profile, 29p.+25p.+8p.
Kostov, M., Vaseva, E., Kaneva, A., Varbanov, G., Stefanov, D., Koleva, N.,
Hristoskov , L., Simeonova, S., Solakov, D., Lazarov, A., Kraleva, D., 2001. Risk
UE WP1, Sofia City Report. 49p+9p
Milutinovic, Z., Olumceva T., Trendafiloski G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, Bitola City
132
Report, 37p+28p