Génie des Systèmes de Télécommunications et

Réseaux

HAUT DEBIT ET
DISPOSITIFS TOUT-
OPTIQUE
Pr. Yassin LAAZIZ
Université Abdelmalek Essaadi
ENSA de Tanger

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 Bandwidth demand

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 Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Bandwidth demand

The bandwidth demand follows the Nielsen’s law (+50% / year) for more
than 20 years.
 Copper networks limits

LES TECHNOLOGIES DSL

Mode de Distance
Technologie Définition Débit Download Débit Upload
transmission maximale
High data rate 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps
HDSL Symétrique 3.6 km
DSL 2.048 Mbps 2.048 Mbps
High data rate
HDSL 2 Symétrique 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps 3.6 km
DSL 2
Single line
SDSL Symétrique 768 Kbps 768 Kbps 3.6 km
DSL
Asymmetric
ADSL Asymétrique 1.544-9 Mbps 16-640 Kbps 5.4 km
DSL
Rate Adaptive
RADSL Asymétrique 0.6-7 Mbps 0.128-1 Mbps 5.4 km
DSL
Very high data
VDSL Asymétrique 15-53 Mbps 1.544-2.3 Mbps 1.3 km
DSL

The attenuation of copper's transmission lines grows with the length of the cable,
the diameter of the wires and the frequency.

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 Specificities of the optical networks

Properties Consequences

 Extremely higher transmission capacity

 Transmission of information
using lightwaves  Higher transmission velocity

 Lighter cables

 Weaker attenuation of the transmitted energy

 Optical fibers as wave guides
 Insensitivity to the external interferences

 Confidentiality

 Optical routing / switching in  Little delay due to the treatment

nodes

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 Optical Systems Evolution

1ère génération (1975-1978)

• Fibres multimodes
• DEL et DL MLM à 0.9µm (1ère fenêtre)
• Problèmes de dispersion modale
• Amplification électronique en ligne
• Débits quelques Gb/s. km
• 1 seule l
 Optical Systems Evolution
2ème génération (1978-1989)
• Fibres unimodales (SMF)
• DL multimodes à 1.3µm
• Plus de problèmes de Disp. Modale mais Disp. Chromatique
• Amplification électronique en ligne
• 1 seule l

• Fibres unimodales à dispersion décalée (SMF-DS)

• DL monomode à 1.55 µm
• Atténuation minimale du verre (~0.2dB/km)
• 2 l : 0.85 µm & 1.3 µm ou 1.3 µm & 1.5 µm
• Débits : 100 Gb/s. km
 Optical Systems Evolution

3ème génération (1989-2000)

• Amplification en ligne : EDFA
• Multiplexage en longueurs d'ondes : systèmes WDM, DWDM
• Compensation de la dispersion : Fibres DCF
• Fibres à dispersion décalée non nulle : NZ-DSF puis NZ-DSF (LEAF)
• FEC
• Modulation formats
• Débit 100 000 Gb/s.km.
 Optical Systems Evolution
4ème génération (2005 - 2010)
• Routage et commutation tout optique OXC, OADM
• Compensation de la pente de dispersion
• Amplification Raman : objectif s’affranchir de l’amplification en ligne
• Objectif 10 Tbit/s/fibre; les limites théoriques de la fibre monomode
classique se situait aux alentours de 100 Tb/s
• 5ème Fenêtre optique : Fibres LWP Fibers (G652C & G652D)
• Coerse WDM (CWDM)
• FTTH
•…
 OXC is a l router

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 Optical Systems Evolution
5ème génération (2010 - ….)
• Transmission cohérente
- Utilise la modulation d'amplitude et de phase de la lumière, ainsi qu’une
transmission à travers 2 polarisations.
- Utilisation du traitement du signal numérique à l'émission et à la réception.
 Optical Systems Evolution
5ème génération (2010 - ….)
DP-QPSK
Coherent detection and DP-QPSK modulation format offer
extremely robust technological platform for developing DWDM
system with 100 Gbps channel speed.
Coherent systems transponders use the DP-QPSK modulation
format and increase spectral efficiency of transmission in four
times (two polarizations and phases of signal are used).

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 Optical Systems Evolution
5ème génération (2010 - ….)
DP-QPSK Transmitter
Transmitter forms four information streams, each of them has speed 32 Gbps (25 Gbps of
information + FEC). These streams are converted to four hi frequency signals and after
amplifications are moved to DP-QPSK modulator of integrated optical transmitter.

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 Optical Systems Evolution
5ème génération (2010 - ….)
DP-QPSK Receiver
In coherent receiver the incoming optical signal is mixed with reference signal from
laser and then detected by four differential detectors. An obtained electrical signal has
completed phase and polarization information of optical signal. Analog-digital
conversion and digital signal processing permit mathematically compensate chromatic
dispersion and split polarization and quadrature components of DP-QPSK signals.

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 Optical Systems Evolution

5ème génération (2010 - ….)

•Multi-core fiber (MCF)
 WDM Records

2012 NEC a testé avec succès une liaison monocanal - sans répéteurs – fonctionnant à
1.5 Tb/s sur une distance de 10.000 km. C’est la première fois qu’une seule source laser
envoie un tel debit sur une telle distance.
Le laboratoire a réalisé en plus un debit de 4 Tbps en rassemblant 4 cannaux du même
type à l’aide de la technologie WDM.

2013 L'opérateur Orange, avec des équipements Alcatel-Lucent, a mis en service une
première liaison fibre optique à 400 Gb/s entre Lyon et Paris en utilisant une
transmission cohérente.

2017 NTT a réussi une transmission par fibre à 1Pbit/s sur une distance record de 200
km. A multi-core fiber (MCF) having 32 cores in one optical fiber + Polarization division
multiplexed 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (PDM-16QAM) digital coherent
technology.

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 WDM
(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

STM – 64 : Synchronous Transfer Mode (10 Gbit/s),

C’est un standard SDH (Synchronous digital hirarchy) obtenu par multiplexage de 64 canaux
STM-1 (155.52 Mb/s)

Bandwidth capacity increases rapidly with the multiplication of

channels.

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 WDM Advantages
 Conventional WDM systems provide up to 8 channels in the C-Band
(around 1550 nm) but modern high performance systems can handle up to
160 channels.

 WDM yield greater fibre capacity

 by increasing the number of channels

 STM-64 (~10 Gbps), can move to

STM-256 (~40 Gbps)

 WDM is a cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fibre.

 Incremental cost for a new channel is low

 No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers

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 WDM Advantages

 Easier network expansion

 No new fibre needed

 Just add a new wavelength by connecting a new transmitter and receiver at

the ends of the link

 Transparency to protocols (IP, ATM, SDH).

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 DWDM Standards
ITU - G.692
 ITU Recommendation is G.692 "Optical interfaces for multichannel
systems with optical amplifiers"

 G.692 includes a number of DWDM channel plans

 Channel separation set at:

 50, 100 and 200 GHz

 equivalent to approximate wavelength spacings of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 nm

 Channels lie in the range 1528.77 nm to 1560.61 nm for the C-Band

and from about 1570 nm to 1620 nm for the L-Band.

 Supervisory channel also specified at 1510 nm to handle alarms and

monitoring

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 Channel Spacing

 ITU channel spacings are 0.4 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.6 nm (50, 100 and 200 GHz)
0.8 nm

1550 1551 1552 1553 1553 1554

Wavelength in nm

 Trend is toward smaller channel spacings : 0.2 nm (25 GHz) and even 0.1 nm
(12.5 GHz)

 But, this requires laser sources with excellent long term wavelength stability, better
than 10 pm (cooled lasers  too expensive).

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 ITU DWDM Channel Plan
0.8 nm Spacing (100 GHz)
All Wavelengths in nm
1528.77 1534.64 1540.56 1546.52 1552.52 1558.98

1529.55 1535.43 1541.35 1547.32 1553.33 1559.79

1530.33 1536.22 1542.14 1548.11 1554.13 1560.61

ITU C-Band
1531.12 1537.00 1542.94 1548.91 1554.94
43 channels defined
1531.90 1537.79 1543.73 1549.72 1555.75

1532.68 1538.58 1544.53 1550.52 1556.55

1533.47 1539.37 1545.32 1551.32 1557.36

1534.25 1540.16 1546.12 1552.12 1558.17

Speed of Light assumed to be 2.99792458 x 108 m/s

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 ITU DWDM Channel Plan
0.4 nm Spacing (50 GHz)
All Wavelengths in nm
1528.77 1534.64 1540.56 1546.52 1552.52 1558.58
1529.16 1535.04 1540.95 1546.92 1552.93 1558.98
1529.55 1535.43 1541.35 1547.32 1553.33 1559.39
1529.94 1535.82 1541.75 1547.72 1553.73 1559.79
1530.33 1536.22 1542.14 1548.11 1554.13 1560.20
ITU C-Band 1530.72 1536.61 1542.54 1548.51 1554.54 1560.61
1531.12 1537.00 1542.94 1548.91 1554.94
1531.51 1537.40 1543.33 1549.32 1555.34
81 channels defined 1531.90 1537.79 1543.73 1549.72 1555.75
1532.29 1538.19 1544.13 1550.12 1556.15
1532.68 1538.58 1544.53 1550.52 1556.55
Another channel plan
1533.07 1538.98 1544.92 1550.92 1556.96
exists for the L-band
1533.47 1539.37 1545.32 1551.32 1557.36
above 1565 nm 1533.86 1539.77 1545.72 1551.72 1557.77
1534.25 1540.16 1546.12 1552.12 1558.17

Speed of Light assumed to be 2.99792458 x 108

m/s

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 DWDM Systems Performance
 Typical high-end systems currently provide:
 40/80/160 channels
 Bit rates to 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s and now 100 Gb/s (with coherent transmission)
 Interfaces for SDH, PDH, ATM etc.
 C + L and some S band operation

 Systems available from different manufacturers: NEC,

Lucent, Marconi, Nortel, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, etc.

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 CWDM (G694.2)
- An economical WDM solution.
- 20 nm channel spacing.
- 8 to16 channels.
- Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) not necessary.
- For metropolitan networks (MAN).

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 DWDM/CWDM

U-DWDM: Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

More closer inter-channel spacings: up to 10 GHz (0,08 nm).

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 DWDM Basic System

Receivers
DWDM
Multiplexer
Optical
fibre

Power Line Line Receive

Amp Amp Amp Preamp
DWDM
Transmitters DeMultiplexer
200 – 700 km

 Each wavelength behaves as if it has it own "virtual fibre“.

 Optical amplifiers help to overcome losses in mux/demux and long fibre spans.

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 DWDM System Spans

Power/Booster Amp
P

Amplifiers
Optical
P R Receive Preamp
R
160-200 km
L Line Amp

P L L R

up to 600-700 km

L 3R L
P Regen R

700 + km

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 3R regeneration

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 3R regeneration in DWDM System
 In long-haul networks using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFAs), transmitted signals must be regenerated every 700 km
or so (depending on the characteristics of the EDFA) to overcome
the signal loss due to attenuation, distortion caused by dispersion
and nonlinear effects, as well as noise build-up generated within
the EDFAs themselves.

 This regeneration is accomplished through optical-to-electrical-to-

optical (O-E-O) conversion. The signal may then be reamplified,
reshaped and retimed (3R). Such regeneration equipment is
required on a per-channel basis, which is costly.

 Repeaters are costly and difficult to maintain in underground and

submarine fiber optic links. That is why operators seek to use a
lowest number of regenerators online.

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 DWDM Transceivers

DWDM DWDM
Multiplexer DeMultiplexer

Receivers
Tranceiver

Power Line Receive

Amp Amp Preamp

DWDM DWDM
DeMultiplexer Multiplexer

Transmitters
Receive Line Power
Preamp Amp Amp

 Transmission in both directions needed.

 In practice each end has transmitters and receivers
 Combination of transmitter and receiver for a particular wavelength is a
"transceiver" . It converts an electrical signal to and from an optical signal.
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 DWDM Transponders
Optical Transponder Unit (OTU) converts incoming optical signals into the precise ITU-
standard wavelengths that can then be multiplexed.

Some transponders can perform electronic 3R functions, but all-optical transponders are in
development.

+ 3R

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 Bi-directional DWDM
 Different wavelength bands are used for transmission in each direction.
 Typically the bands are called:
The "Red Band", upper half of the C-band to 1560 nm
The "Blue Band", lower half of the C-band from 1528 nm

 Used when a high number of channels is not required.

 Results in reduction in the number of fibers and line amplifiers required, as
compared to systems using unidirectional WDM.

l1R l1B
Transmitter Transmitter

Transmitter l2R l2B Transmitter

Red Band
DWDM DWDM
lnR Mux/Demux Mux/Demux lnB
Transmitter Transmitter

Receiver Blue Band Receiver

l1B l1R
Receiver
l2B Fibre l2R
Receiver

Receiver Receiver
lnB lnR

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 The need for a Guard Band
 To avoid interference red and blue bands must be separated

 This separation is called a "guard band"

 Guard band is typically about 5 nm

 Guard band wastes spectral space, disadvantage of bi-directional DWDM

G
u
a
r
Blue d
Red
channel channel
B
band a band
n
d

1528 nm 1560 nm

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 DWDM Passive components

- Fibers
- Isolators
- Couplers / Spliters
- Fiber Bragg Grattings (FBG)
- Filters
- Multiplexers-Demultiplexers
- Array Waveguide Gratting (AWG)
- Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (OADM)

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 Conventional Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
30
• ITU-T : G652
20 S CL • Commercialized since 1983.
Dispersion (ps/nm)

10 • The most deployed by operators.

0 • First single-channel systems
-10
operated at 1310nm.
• Zero dispersion point at 1310nm.
-20
• No system amplification at 1300nm ;
-30
1250 1350 1450 1550 1650
• WDM systems moved to 1550nm:
Wavelength (nm)
wide low-loss window, but higher
D(1530-1565nm) = 16 - 19 ps/nm*km dispersion (So used with DCF).
DD = 0.065 ps/nm2km • Disp.-Limit = 1000 km at 2.5Gb/s in
Aeff = 85 um2 SMF, so not really a problem.

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 Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)

30
20 S C L • ITU-T : G653
Dispersion(ps/nm)

10 • Available since 1985.

0 • Move the zero dispersion point to
-10 1550nm, so no dispersion
compensation required for
-20 1550nm signals, even at 10G.
-30 • However, lack of dispersion at
1250 1350 1450 1550 1650
Wavelength(nm) 1550 aggravates FWM and
severely limits optical power levels
for C-band DWDM systems.
Thus, DSF was a “bad idea” for
DWDM.

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 ITU-T G653 limitations
 With DWDM the aggregate optical power on a single fiber is high :
 Simultaneous transmission of multiple optical channels
 Optical amplification

 Causing Non-linear effects; whose effects are more critical with

 Higher optical power levels,
 Decreasing channel spacing.

 Common non-linear effects :

 Four wave mixing (FWM)
 Self Phase modulation (SPM)
 Cross Phase Modulation (CPM)
 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
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 Fiber non-linearities
Refractive index variation (Kerr effects)

The refractive index of glass is dependent on the optical power

going through the material. The general equation for the
refractive index of the core in an optical fiber is:

P (t )
n  n 0 ( )  n 2
Aeff
Where:
n0 = The refractive index of the fiber core at low optical power levels.
n2 = The nonlinear refractive index coefficient (2.35 x 10-20 m2/W for silica).
P = The optical power in Watts.
Aeff = The effective area of the fiber core in square meters.

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 Fiber non-linearities
Scattering effects

lscat  l0 - Dl lscat  l0 + Dl

0,08nm
100nm

• Rayleigh scattering : an elastic interaction process; i.e. there is no frequency

change of the output light.
• Brillouin Scattering & Raman Scattering : an inelastic interaction processes;
resulting in frequency change. The occurrence of these effects is favored by the
high power density in the fiber.
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Limitations of Fiber non-linearities on DWDM systems

Crosstalk between
Restricts max power / DWDM channels when
channel for systems > transmission near zero
10Gb/s dispersion wavelength

Very low frequency

Appears in WDM shift : to take into
systems account in coherent
with channel spacing transmission
< 25 GHz (0,2 nm)
increase gaps of
received optical power
between channels :
Power Tilt & Produce
42 crostalk
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 Fiber non-linearities

b) SPM (Self Phase Modulation ) : The high power density in the fiber core induces local
changes in the refractive index (Kerr effect) . This results in a change of phase within a
same light pulse, which causes a pulse spread and a change in the wavelength.

c) XPM ( Cross Phase Modulation) : Corresponds to a phase change and the widening
of one channel due to the high density of the light signal of another channel.

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 Fiber non-linearities

SBS (stimulated Brillouin scattering ) : The Brillouin scattering of light

causes the migration of part of the power of the pulse to the strongest
wavelengths.

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 SRS : Stimulated Raman Scattering

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 Four Wave Mixing

 Four wave mixing (FWM) is one of the most troubling issues.

 Three signals combine to form a fourth spurious or mixing component, hence
the name four wave mixing, shown below in terms of frequency :

1
2 Non-Linear
Optical Medium
4  1  2 - 3
3
 Spurious components cause two problems:
 Interference between wanted signals, causing "crosstalk"
 Power is lost from wanted signals into unwanted spurious signals

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 FWM: How many Spurious
Components?
 The total number of mixing components, M increases dramatically with the
number of channels; It is calculated from the formula:

M = 1/2 ( N3 - N ) N is the number of DWDM channels

 Thus three channels

creates 12 additional
signals and so on.

 As N increases, M
increases rapidly.....

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 FWM Components as Wavelengths

l1 l2 l3

Original DWDM channels,

evenly spaced

l1 l2 l3

Original plus FWM

components
l123 l312 l321
Because of even l213 l132 l231
spacing some FWM
components overlap
DWDM channels
l113 l112 l223 l221 l332 l331

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 Four Wave Mixing example with 3
equally spaced channels
3 ITU channels 0.8 nm
spacing
Channel nm FWM mixing components
l1 1542.14 Channel nm
l2 1542.94 Equal spacing
l123 1541.34
l3 1543.74 l213 1541.34
l321 1544.54
 For the three channels l1, l2 and l3 calculate all l231 1544.54
the possible combinations produced by adding two l312 1542.94
channel l's together and subtracting one channel l. l132 1542.94
l112 1541.34
 For example l1 +l2 - l3 is written as l123 and is l113 1540.54
calculated as 1542.14 + 1542.94 - 1543.74 = 1541.34 l221 1543.74
nm
l223 1542.14
 Note the interference to wanted channels caused by l331 1545.34
the FWM components l312, l132, l221 and l223 l332 1544.54

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 Four Wave Mixing example with 3
unequally spaced channels

3 DWDM channels
Channel nm
FWM mixing components
l1 1542.14
l2 1542.94 unequal Channel nm
spacing l123 1541.24
l3 1543.84
l213 1541.24
 As before for the three channels l1, l2 and l3 l321 1544.64
calculate all the possible combinations l231 1544.64
produced by adding two channel l's together l312 1543.04
and subtracting one channel l. l132 1543.04
l112 1541.34
 Note that because of the unequal spacing there l113 1540.44
is now no interference to wanted channels l221 1543.74
caused by the generated FWM components. l223 1542.04
l331 1545.54
 Hence, reducing FWM can be achieved by
l332 1544.74
employing uneven channel spacing

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 FWM problem with 3 DWDM channels

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Solution for the 3 channels FWM problem

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 FWM : unequally spaced channels results

a- System input power

spectrum and eye diagram

b- System output, equally

spaced channels

c- System output, unequally

spaced channels

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 Reducing Four Wave Mixing

 Another approach is to use fibre

with non-zero dispersion :
 FWM is most efficient at the zero-dispersion
wavelength
 Problem : direct conflict with need to
minimize dispersion.

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54
 Dispersion-Shifted Fiber attractive for L-band

S-Band C-Band L-Band

20
Dispersion (ps/nm)

16

12

-4
1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

Wavelength (nm)

L-band systems attractive for DSF because of

reasonable dispersion values

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 Reducing FWM using NZ-DSF
ITU-T G.655
 Traditional non-multiplexed systems have used dispersion shifted fibre (ITU-
G653) at 1550nm to reduce chromatic dispersion

 Unfortunately operating at the dispersion minimum increases the level of FWM

 Conventional ITU- G652 fibers suffers less from FWM but chromatic dispersion
rises.

 Solution is to use "Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fibre" (NZ-DSF), a compromise

between ITU- G653 and ITU- G653 fibers.

 ITU-T standard is G.655 for non-zero dispersion shifted singlemode fibres

 Small amount of chromatic dispersion at C-band: minimization of nonlinear effects
 Optimized for DWDM transmission.

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 Lucent TrueWave “Classic”

S-Band C-Band L-Band

20
• Some dispersion is good
Dispersion (ps/nm)

16
for DWDM systems
12 because the optical power
8 is reduced, thus reducing
FWM.
4

-4
1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

Wavelength (nm)

SMF-28
DSF D(1550nm) = ~ 2 ps/nm*km
TWC

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 Lucent TrueWave - RS

S-Band C-Band L-Band

20 • Increase dispersion from 2ps
to 4ps/nm*km @ 1550
Dispersion (ps/nm)

16

12
• Significantly reduced
dispersion slope, so good for
8 dispersion managenement
4 • But small effective area
0

-4
1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

Wavelength (nm)
D(1530-1565nm) = 2.6 – 6.0 ps/nm*km
SMF-28 D(1565 – 1600nm) = 4.0 - 8.6 ps/nm*km
DSF
TWC
S = 0.045 ps/nm2km
TWRS Aeff = 55 µm2
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 Residual Dispersion after DCMs

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 Dispersion management : True Wave-RS
Accumulated dispersion over a 2000 km fiber span for two categories of NZ-
DSF fibers

(TW-RS)

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 Corning E-Leaf

S-Band C-Band L-Band

20 • 4 ps/nm*km average dispersion
Dispersion (ps/nm)

16 • Larger dispersion slope, but

12 • Increased effective core area
8

-4
1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

Wavelength (nm)
D(1530-1565nm) = 2.5 - 6 ps/nm*km
SMF-28
DSF S ~ 0.083 ps/nm2km
TWC
TWRS Aeff = 75 um2
61 LEAF Haut débit et dispositifs tout- 17-janv.-19
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 Reducing FWM using LEAF

 One way to improve on NZ-DSF is to increase the effective area of the fibre
 In a singlemode fibre the optical power density peaks at the centre of the fibre
core
 FWM and other effect take place at locations of high power density
 Large effective Area Fibres spread the power density more uniformly across the
fibre core
 Result is a reduction in peak power and thus FWM

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 Corning LEAF

 Corning LEAF has an effective area 32% larger than conventional NZ-DSF
 Result is lower FWM
 FWM channels levels at least 30 dB below those of wanted channel.
 Impact on system design is that it allows higher fibre input powers so span increases

Section of DWDM
spectrum
DWDM
NZ-DSF shows channel
higher FWM
components
FWM
LEAF has lower component
FWM and higher per
channel power

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 Optical Isolators

• Only allows transmission in one

direction through it.
Main application: To protect lasers and
optical amplifiers from returning reflected
light, which can cause instabilities.

• Insertion loss:
– Low loss (0.2 to 2 dB) in forward
direction
– High loss in reverse direction:
20 to 40 dB single stage, 40 to 80
dB dual stage)

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 Optical Circulators

• Based on optical crystal technology

similar to isolators
– Insertion loss 0.3 to 1.5 dB,
isolation 20 to 40 dB

• Typical configuration: 3 port device

– Port 1 -> Port 2
– Port 2 -> Port 3
– Port 3 -> Port 1

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 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as a basic element
for network components
• FBG is a periodic refractive index variation (Period ) written
along the fibre (single-mode) core using high power UV radiation.
• All the wavelengths satisfying the condition l0 = 2  neff are
reflected.
• Current applications:
- FBG for Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
- FBG for OADM
- FBG as EDFA Pump laser stabilizer
- FBG as Optical amplifier gain flattening filter
- FBG as Laser diode wavelength lock filter
- FBG as Tunable filter
- FBG as Sensor
- ….

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 Characteristics of FBG

 It is a reflective type filter

 The demanded wavelength is reflected instead of transmitted

 It is very stable after annealing

 The gratings are permanent on the fiber after proper annealing process
 The reflective spectrum is very stable over the time

 It is transparent to through wavelength signals

 The gratings are in fiber and do not degrade the through traffic
wavelengths.

 It is an in-fiber component and easily integrates to other optical

devices

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 FBG as a
Multiplexer / Demultiplexer

Circulator Circulator Circulator

l 1, l 2 … l n FBG at l1 FBG at l2 FBG at l3
...

l1 l2 l3
Multiplexer

Circulator Circulator Circulator

l 1, l 2 … l n FBG at l1 FBG at l2 FBG at l3
...

l1 l2 l3
68
De-multiplexer Haut débit et dispositifs tout- 17-janv.-19
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 Passive Optical Couplers/Spliters

The evanescent tail from

one fiber core couples
into another closely
spaced fiber core

Couplers are obtained by fusing together and

stretching two parallel uncoated fibers, in these
conditions, part of the mode power at input 1,
leaves the fiber 1 and become guided also by the
fiber 2.

They are used to split light from one fiber to two

fibers or to combine light from two fibers to one.
These devices provide low insertion loss.
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 Tap coupler
 Tap coupler or Y Coupler splits a
percentage of incoming light from a
signal path to a tap port.

 Suitable for very high optical power, it’s

main application in WDM systems is to
monitor optical power in lasers, EDFA
and Raman Amplifiers.

 Low tap ratios such as 0.1%, 0.01% or

0.001% enable the monitoring without
damage or saturation of photodetector.

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 T - coupler

 T coupler basically functions the same as Tap coupler.

 T couplers can be cascaded to connect multiple terminals on a network.

 The split ratio is 90% - 10% or 80% - 20% in order to have enough power
left for other terminals on the line

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 The 2  2 Fiber Coupler
• P0 is the input power, P1 is the throughput power, and P2 is the power
coupled into the second fiber.
• P3 and P4 are extremely low signal levels (-50 to -70 dB below the input
level) resulting from backward reflections and scattering in the device

• 3-dB coupler: P1 = P2 = 0.5 P0

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 Example Coupler Performance

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 N  N Star Coupler
• Can construct star couplers by cascading 3-dB couplers
• The number of 3-dB couplers needed to construct an N  N star is

16X16 Singlemode star Fused

Biconical Taper (FBT) coupler

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 Optical splitter key element for Passive
Optical Networks (PON)

Passive Optical Splitter is a key

device in passive optical network
(PON) systems, which splits the
optical signal power evenly into all
the output ports.

A 1x16 optical splitter star-coupler

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 Thin-film Filters
Alternating dielectric thin-film layers with different refractive
index
Multiple reflections cause constructive & destructive interference
Variety of filter shapes and bandwidths (0.1 to 10 nm)
Insertion loss 0.2 - 2 dB, stopband rejection 30 - 50 dB

0 dB
Incoming
Spectrum Transmitted
Spectrum

Reflected 30 dB
Spectrum
Layers Substrate
1535 nm 1555 nm
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 Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer using Thin-
film Filters

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 Array Waveguide Grating For
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Waveguides

Constant path difference

All of the wavelengths l1 .... l5 (DL) between waveguides
l1 ....

Coupler
travel along all of the
waveguides. But because of the
constant path difference
l5
between the waveguides a Input fibre
given wavelength emerges in
phase only at one output fibre.
At all other output fibres
destructive interference cancels l5
out that wavelength. Output
78
l1 fibres
Haut débit et dispositifs tout-
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 Array Waveguide Operation
 An Array Waveguide Demux consists of three parts :
 1st star coupler,
 Arrayed waveguide grating with the constant path length difference
 2nd star coupler.

 The input light radiates in the 1st star coupler and then propagates
through the arrayed waveguides which act as the discrete phase
shifter.

 In the 2nd star coupler, light beams from different waveguides

interfere, and according to the wavelength this interference is
constructive only at one focal position.

 Low loss, typically 5 - 6 dB

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 Typical AWG spectrum

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 DCF - Compensation multicanal

Fibre à deux cœurs concentriques

On peut voir que dans la bande C, la dispersion chromatique d’une fibre à deux 
cœurs concentriques, peut être approchée par une droite. Celle-ci a une pente de
l'ordre de - 0,52 ps/(km.nm²) soit 9,4 fois plus grande que celle de la fibre monomode
standard dans la même bande.

Dispersion chromatique du mode se propageant

dans la fibre à deux cœurs concentriques

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 DCF - Compensation multicanal

Si on utilise 1 km de cette fibre à deux coeurs •

concentriques pour compenser 9,4 km de fibre
monomode standard, on obtient une dispersion
résiduelle sur l'ensemble de la bande C inférieure à
0,02 ps/(nm.km).

Provides Optimized Dispersion

Compensation Across the 1525
nm to 1565 nm Passband on
Single-Mode Fiber (ITU G.652)

Dispersion résiduelle d'une ligne formée par 9,4 km de fibre

monomode et 1 km de fibre à deux coeurs concentriques

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 Compensation multicanal

Concaténation de fibres à réseau de Bragg

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 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
First Generation

 Simple OADM structure

 ODU demultiplexes all wavelengths and drops off wavelengths as required
 OMU multiplexes added wavelengths as well as those that pass through
 Disadvantages:
 Unnecessary demultiplexing and multiplexing of pass-through wavelengths

Added Wavelengths
Pass-through
wavelengths

OMU
ODU

DWDM in DWDM out

ODU: Optical Demultiplex Unit

Dropped Wavelengths OMU: Optical Multiplex Unit
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 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
 An Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer allow access to individual DWDM signals without
conversion back to an electronic domain
 It has the capability of adding one or more new wavelength channels to an existing muli-
wavelength WDM signal, or removing (dropping) one or more channels, routing those
signals to another network path.
 In the example below visible colors are used to represent DWDM wavelengths
 OADMs have passive and active modes depending on the wavelength. In passive OADM,
the add and drop wavelengths are fixed beforehand while in dynamic mode, OADM can be
set to any wavelength after installation.

Wavelengths 1 2 3 4 Wavelengths 1 2 3 4

OADM

1234 1234

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17-janv.-19
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 OADM Requirements
In general an OADM should be able to:
 Be remotely configurable
 Pass-through wavelengths should not be demultiplexed
 Provide a low loss and low noise path for pass-through wavelengths

Wavelengths 1 2 3 4 Wavelengths 1 2 3 4

OADM

1234 1234

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 Simple Optical Network Example

Wavelengths 1 2 3 4
N N
o o
d d
e OADM OADM e

A B

1234 1234

N
o 1234
N
d
o
e
OADM d
e
D OADM
C

Note wavelength reuse of "blue" wavelength (no. 3), links Node A and B as well as Node C
and A.
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 Active components

- Tunable FBG
- Programmable OADM
- Optical modulation
- Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
- Raman Amplification
- Optical Switching
- Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)

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 Components for OADM

Optical Circulator Tunable Fibre Gratings

l1....ln
1 2
l1....ln
3 li & lj
less li & lj

 Gratings etched in fibre

Light in port Light out port  Can pass or reflect selected
wavelengths
1 2  Wavelength selection is tunable
2 3 (thermal or piezoelectric strain)
3 1  Diagram shows a series of gratings
reflecting two wavelengths li & lj

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 Programmable OADM

Input Circulator (IC) Output Circulator (OC)

1 2 1 2
DWDM in DWDM out
3 Input Fibre Output Fibre 3
Gratings (IFG) Gratings (OFG)

Demux Mux

Drop Wavelengths Add Wavelengths

All incoming wavelengths pass through the IC from port 1 to 2. At the IFG pass-through
wavelengths continue toward the OC. The tuning of the IFG selects drop wavelengths that
are reflected back to the IC to port 2 and are passed to port 3 to be demultiplexed.
Add wavelengths are sent to port 3 of the OC and are passed to port 1 of the OC backward
to the OFG. The OFG reflects the add wavelengths forward to port 1 of the OC along with
the pass-through wavelengths. At port 1 of the OC the selected add wavelengths and pass-
through wavelengths are passed to the output at port 2.
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90 optique
 Laser Modulation

Lasers are modulated in a very simple way by varying the injection current.

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 Direct modulation limits

However, there is a major inconvenience for amplitude modulation of current,

indeed if the bit rate exceeds some Gbits/s, the frequency of the emitted
signal is altered producing internal modulation of the bit at the laser output.

This effect can be tolerated until bit rates up to around 5 Gbit/s; beyond,
external modulation becomes necessary.
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 External modulation
Here the injection current of the diode will remain constant to yield a
continuous laser light; and to create a signal, we use an external device to
modulate the light coming from the laser source.

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

With the external modulation we can go up to 40 Gbit/s.

Transmission performance by channel can be improved by using phase
modulation and coherent detection (see later).
 The Mach-Zehnder Modulator
.
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constructed in
an integrated circuit, where a material with electro-
optical properties (change in refractive index
resulting from the application of a continuous
electric field), e.g. LiNbO3, occupies a length (d)
on one of the two arms.

Δn = n2-n1 = λkE²
n1
n1 n2
n1 l

Signal modulé
en amplitude
 100 – 400Gbit/s
Coherent transmission (NGDWDM)
• DP-QPSK (Dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying) modulation
format, coherent detection and digital signal processing in the receiver, offer
extremely robust technological platform for developing the new generation
DWDM (NGDWDM) system with 100 Gbps channel speed.
• Coherent systems transponders increase spectral efficiency of transmission
in four times (two polarizations and phases of signal are used).
• DP-QPSK more dispersion-tolerant than classical on-off keying (OOK).

Structure of optical signal in DP-QPSK modulation format

• Transmission of 400G Dual-Carrier DP-16QAM is possible since 2013.

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 Tunable Lasers

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 Optical amplification : the EDFA revolution
40 à 80 km 3R (Reamplify, Reshape, Retime)
O-E-O

120 km

97 EDFA : 1RHaut débit et dispositifs

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 EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)

Introduced in the late 1980s, it

was the first successful optical
amplifier.

It was a major factor in the rapid

development of fiber-optic
networks in the 1990s, because it
extended the distance between
costly regenerators.

In addition, an EDFA amplifies all

the channels in a WDM signal
simultaneously, whereas
regenerators require optical to
electrical conversion for each
channel.

Principle : a high power laser

« pump », gives up a part of its
energy to amplify the energy of
the signal.
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98 optique
 Principle of functioning of an EDFA

Functioning like a laser without 4I

mirrors, the EDFA uses a 1µs 11/2
semiconductor pump laser to
introduce a powerful beam at a
shorter wavelength into a section of
erbium-doped fiber several meters 4I
13/2
long. l = 980nm 10ms
pompe

The pump light excites the erbium

atoms to higher orbits, and the input
signal stimulates them to release 1520 < lémission< 1570nm
excess energy as photons in phase
lpompe= 1480nm
and at the same wavelength. EDFAs
4I
boost wavelengths in the C band, 15/2
and the pump light is typically 1480 Er3+
nm or/and 980 nm.

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 Typical gain of an EDFA in the C band

- Bandwidth : 40 – 50 nm
- Gain: 25 – 50 dB
- Noise amplification also
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 Interior of an EDFA

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 Gain equalization
Gain Flattening Filter (GFF)
Gain flattening filters (GFFs) flatten the gain profile in optical amplifiers
by selectively removing excess power.

GFF for EDFAs are based on thin-film filter technology. They provide in line
compensation of the spectral gain profile of EDFAs.

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 Dual-band (C & L) EDFA

EDFA has been developed to extend the operation spectral window of

DWDM to the L-band. For this purpose, very long (up to 200 m and more)
highly doped erbium fibers are used. The overall covered band extend now
from 1530 to 1610 nm.

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 RAMAN Amplification

EDFAs give localised

amplification. The associated
high power levels produce non
linear effects.

With Raman amplification, the

amplification is distributed
along the transmission fiber
avoiding power pics.

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 RAMAN Amplification Physics

Une Partie de la Lumière

est Diffusée dans Toutes
les Directions de l’Espace

Niveaux d’Energie
Vibrationnels

Changement de
Photon Vibration des molécules Photon Moins
Couleur
Pompe Perte d’énergie optique Energétique (Dl=100nm)
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Cette Nouvelle Couleur est à la optique
Longueur d’Onde dite « Stokes »
 RAMAN Amplification Physics
4.Physique de l’Effet Raman
- Effet Raman Stimulé (1962 - R.W. HELLWARTH)

Si le Signal est à la Longueur d’Onde Stokes :

1 Photon Pompe
2 Photons Signal
(1450nm)
(1550 nm)
+ 1 Photon Signal
+ 1 Phonon
(1550mn)

Duplication de
Photons

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 RAMAN multichannel Amplification
5.Bande Passante de l’Amplificateur
- Bande Passante d’un Amplificateur Raman Monopompe

- Bande Passante d’un Amplificateur Raman Multipompe

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 Raman amplification characteristics
- No special fiber need : the amplification medium is the transmission fiber itself.
- Less noise than EDFA.
- Higher gain passband than other amplification techniques
- The conversion rate is lower than in an erbium-doped fiber, this requires the use of
high-power pumps.

Erbium
Yterbium
Thulium
Praseodymium

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 FEC

Forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used

for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy
communication channels.

FEC consists in transmitting redundancy information along with the data

sent by means of a predetermined algorithm. This allows the decoder to
detect and correct transmission errors.

FEC allows to perform transmission with low error rates. For example, for a
signal having a BER of 10-4, a BER of 10-15 is obtained at the output of
the FEC decoder.

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 RAMAN + FEC

The combination of Raman amplification and FEC allows the

deployment of very long-haul systems. Instead of the classical
unregenerated links of 500 to 800 km distances, links of between 1,500
to 3,000 km can be achieved. Such distances are rarely imposed by
geography. So, this combination of technologies has a great economic
advantage due to removing / spacing of 3R regenerators.

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 Optical Switching

Optical switching also called wavelength switching or lambda switching is

the technology used in optical networking to switch individual wavelengths
of light onto separate paths for specific routing of information. Lambda
switching enables a light path to behave like a virtual circuit.

Transparent switch:
The incoming wavelengths are switched to the output fibers optically, without
having to convert them to the electrical domain.

Opaque switch:
The input optical signals are converted to electrical signals, from where the
packets are extracted. Packets are switched using a packet switch, and then
they are transmitted out of the switch in the optical domain.

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 Optical Switching: MEMS
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

Mirrors of a 1024
port Lamdarouter
from Lucent

IEEE Communications Magazine,

Vol. 40 No. 3 March 2002
AT&T
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optique
 MEMS Switch Architectures

ON-OFF Switch
(optical gate) 2x2 Switch

1xN Switch NxN Switch

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 Optical Switching: MEMS
2D-switching architecture

IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 40

No. 3 March 2002

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 Optical Switching: MEMS
3D-switching architecture

The direction in which the

light beam is reflected
can be changed by
rotating the mirror to
different angles, allowing
the input light to be
connected to any output
port.
This device can switch
large numbers of optical
signals simultaneously.

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 Optical Switching: MEMS
Lucent Technologies today markets an optical router, the
WaveStar / LambdaRouter. The latter comprises 256 optical
fibers at the input, in a 16 × 16 matrix, and 256 optical fibers at
the output, also arranged in a 16 × 16 matrix, addressable
individually by the set of 256 mobile micromirrors, implanted on a
silicon base of 2,5 cm².

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 Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)
Wavelength Routers
 Need for reconfigurable OADM, allowing change to the added and dropped
wavelengths: OADM becomes an OXC (Optical Cross-Connect)
 OXC are remotely configurable,
 Inside the Cross Connect : All Optical Switch Technologies (MEMS)
 Non-blocking : any combination of dropped/added possible
 In addition, insertion loss, physical size and switching times are critical
considerations.
 Large number of DWDM wavelengths possible means a large number of ports.
OXC

Input fibers Output fibers

with WDM with WDM
channels channels

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 OXC Constituents

OXC are composed of multiplexers/demultiplexers and

Add-drop multiplexers, of wavelength switches and
wavelength converters.

Multiplexors / Demultiplexors
are used for grouping/separating signals of
different wavelengths for
transmission/commutation purposes.

Wavelenght switch
inter-connects each entry to the desired exit
way.

Wavelength convertor
Converts an incoming wavelength in a different
one when this wavelength is being used in the
following fiber.

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 Wavelength converter

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 Passive Optical Cross-Connect
Passive OXC : No l conversion
 It switches optically all the incoming
wavelengths of the input fibers to the
outgoing wavelengths of the output
fibers.

 For instance, it can switch the optical

signal on incoming wavelength λi of
input fiber k to the outgoing wavelength
λi of output fiber m.

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120 optique
 Active Optical Cross-Connect

 If it is equipped with converters, it can

also switch the optical signal of the
incoming wavelength λi of input fiber k to
another outgoing wavelength λj of the
output fiber m.

 This happens when the wavelength λi of

the output fiber m is in use.
Active OXC : l convertor

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 Optical Systems
Optical Cross-Connect
Nortel OPTera photonic cross connect

Optical
Cross-
Connect

Terminating
Equipment 110101
|
SONET, ATM, IP...

 OXC allow wavelengths to be routed between WDM systems or to

terminating equipment like IP routers.

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 Basic architecture and operation of a DWDM
network

This network is composed of End Nodes (noeuds d'extrémité ), of Switch

Nodes (noeuds de commutation) and fiber optic links.

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 Basic architecture and operation of a DWDM
network

End Nodes
consist of modulators/demodulators (or modems) for each channel, as well as multiplexers
and demultiplexers, being respectively used for the grouping and separation of the light
waves of different wavelenghts.

Modulators / Demodulators
convert the numerical data into lightwaves by modulation of intensity, while the demodulators
reconvert the lightwaves signals in numerical data.
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125 Haut débit et dispositifs tout- 17-janv.-19
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 TECHNOLOGIE D’ACCES
HAUT DEBIT PAR FIBRE
OPTIQUE

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 Optical Network Architecture

DWDM Long Haul

Network
SONET/SDH - CWDM
Metro Metro
Network Network
Transport network
PON/AON

Access Access Access Access

Network Network Network Network

CPE (customer premise Equipment)

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 FTTx

FTTx : est un terme générique pour les politiques de déploiement des

infrastructures de télécommunications visant à déployer de la fibre optique
jusqu’à un point x donné.

FTTC : "Fiber To the Curb",

jusqu'au "trottoir", c'est à dire à
proximité immédiate d'un groupe
d'immeubles.
FTTB : "Fiber To The Building" : la
fibre est amenée au pied de
l’immeuble.
FTTH : "Fiber To The Home", la
fibre est amenée juqu'au domicile
du client.

FTTP : “Fiber To The Premises (jusqu’au site)”, ce terme englobe la volonté

d’amener la fibre optique au plus près de l’abonné, qu’il soit particulier (FTTH)
ou entreprise (FTTO); O pour Office.
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 Architectures de déploiement du FTTx
Il existe plusieurs architectures pour déployer un réseau d’accès
optique :

a- Architecture Point à Point (P2P)

b – Architecture Active Ethernet

(Active Optical Network - AON)

c- Architecture passive
(Passive Optical Netork - PON)

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 Architectures point à point (P2P)

C’est une architecture dans laquelle il existe

une fibre continue et non partagée entre le
NRO et l'utilisateur.

 Bande passante entre l'abonné et le NRO dédiée à l'abonné

 Sécurité des échanges sans nécessiter la présence de chiffrage des données.
 Frais de fonctionnement réduits :
 Maintenance sur le réseau faible
 Dégroupage simple (en NRO ou pied de vertical)
• Il faut poser au moins une fibre par abonné du NRO au local du client; Le déploiement
revient plus cher
• Le diamètre des câbles est plus important donc le coût de passage dans le génie civil
l'est aussi.
• Le déploiement est plus lent.

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 Architectures GPON
C’est une architecture FTTH utilisant un système de couplage passif à travers
l’utilisation de coupleurs ou splitters. Jusqu'à 128 utilisateurs peuvent être
regroupés sur une seule fibre arrivant au NRO.

 Coût de déploiement réduit (investissement initial)

 La réduction du diamètre des câbles limite le coût du génie civil.
 Le retour sur investissement est plus rapide.
 Rapidité du déploiement

• Bande passante partagée entre les abonnées d’un même splitter => baisse du débit
pendant les périodes de pointe, sauf à évoluer vers des technologies telles que le
WDM-PON
• Portée < 20km
• Sécurité des échanges : nécessite un chiffrement afin de garantir la confidentialité des
données des utilisateurs empruntant une même fibre. Ce chiffrement est pris en charge
par l'équipement de terminaison, dit ONT ou ONU.

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 Architectures Active Ethernet (AON)

 AON : est une architecture utilisant un équipement actif (routeur – switch)

installé dans le réseau d'accès, grâce auquel jusqu'à 128 utilisateurs peuvent
être regroupés sur une fibre arrivant au NRO.

 Bande passante dédiée

 Portée = 80 à 100km
• Utilise des équipements actifs qui consomment de l’énergie.
• Parce qu'il nécessite de l'énergie, un réseau optique actif est
intrinsèquement moins fiable qu'un réseau optique passif.
• Coûts de déploiement d’exploitation et de maintenance plus élevés

17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique 132

 Standards xPON

Il existe différents standards PON, qu’on désigne par xPON.

 APON (ATM passive optical network)

• Un protocole PON basé sur ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).

 BPON (broadband PON)

• Broadband PON (ITU-T G.983 ): Une évolution du protocole APON
• WDM (une voie montante 1490nm , une descendante 1310nm); la bande 1510 nm est
réservée pour les services de TV.
• Chaque terminal reçoit toutes les trames mais ne peut lire que celles qui lui sont
adressées.

17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique 133

 BPON (broadband PON)

ONT

ATM Protocol/TDMA
OLT WWDM
Tx Coupler
1490nm Cable
1310nm Optical Fiber
Rx Splitter

Vide Tx
1550nm
o Optical
Amplifier 1550nm Rx
1490nm Rx
1310nm Tx

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 Standards xPON
 GPON (Gigabit Capable PON)
• Norme ITU-T G.984
• Optique de bout en bout, pas d’équipement actif
• Débit 2,5GBs symétrique ou asymétrique
• Encryptage EAS
 EPON (Ethernet PON)
• 1,2Gbs
 WDM-PON
• une évolution des protocoles PON précédents basé sur le multiplexage en longueur
d'ondes.

17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique 135

 CÂBLES FTTH IMMEUBLE, MAISON ET ABONNÉ

1 Câble de distribution : G652B ou G652D

Immeuble
2 Câble montant ou aérien : G657A ou G657B ou : G652B ou G652D

3 Câble abonné: G657A ou G657B

3
Maison Maison
2

Fibre optique G657 « ITU G567 »

 Afin de rapprocher la fibre au plus près de l'utilisateur, ce sont des fibres moins sensibles aux
contraintes de courbures; elles répondent au standard G657 de l’UIT-T.
 Elles sont préconisées dans le câblage intérieur du PR à la prise de l'abonné ainsi que pour les cordons
éventuels de branchement de terminaux dans la zone d’abonné. 136
 Pour les applications à très faible rayon de courbure, on pourra utiliser la fibre G657B3
17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique
 OLT, ONU et ONT

An optical line terminal (OLT) device resides in

the central office or cable company head end. It
generates or passes on signals via fiber to an
optical network unit (ONU) in the field.

The ONU provides the optical to electrical (O-E)

and electrical to optical (E-O) conversion between
the fiber and the copper wires that reach homes
and offices in a "fiber to the curb" (FTTC) or "fiber
to the neighborhood" (FTTN) scenario.

When the optical line goes directly into the

building for "fiber to the home" (FTTH), an
optical network terminal (ONT) is used to
terminate the fiber. Fiber to the home is also
called "fiber to the premises" (FTTP).

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17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique 138
 Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
 An ONT (Optical Network Terminal) is used to terminate the fiber optic line,
provide Fiber To The Premise (FTTP) Triple Play services (voice telephone,
television, and Internet) at customer premises.

ONT
Typical home network connectivity

Residential Gateway
17-janv.-19 Haut débit et dispositifs tout-optique 139
Un exemple de point à point : le P2P en bi-fibre (tel que
proposé par Free)
This is the sheme of the FTTH_GPON optical fiber deployment. This is to be compared with the FTTH_P2P sheme.
The Gpon is an easy way to bring optical fiber to home users, but that technology splits the broadband between
users. The p2p technology ( point to point ) is more costly, but is the only way to give the home user a dedicated
optical fiber.

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