Génie des Systèmes de Télécommunications et
Réseaux
Télécommunications
Tout Optique
Pr. Yassin LAAZIZ
Université Abdelmalek Essaadi
ENSA de Tanger
1
1-déc.-19
Bandwidth demand
2 1-déc.-19
Internet of Things (IoT)
3 1-déc.-19
Bandwidth demand
The bandwidth demand follows the Nielsen’s law (+50% / year) for more
than 20 years.
Copper networks limits
LES TECHNOLOGIES DSL
Mode de Distance
Technologie Définition Débit Download Débit Upload
transmission maximale
High data rate 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps
HDSL Symétrique 3.6 km
DSL 2.048 Mbps 2.048 Mbps
High data rate
HDSL 2 Symétrique 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps 3.6 km
DSL 2
Single line
SDSL Symétrique 768 Kbps 768 Kbps 3.6 km
DSL
Asymmetric
ADSL Asymétrique 1.544-9 Mbps 16-640 Kbps 5.4 km
DSL
Rate Adaptive
RADSL Asymétrique 0.6-7 Mbps 0.128-1 Mbps 5.4 km
DSL
Very high data
VDSL Asymétrique 15-53 Mbps 1.544-2.3 Mbps 1.3 km
DSL
The attenuation of copper's transmission lines grows with the length of the cable,
the diameter of the wires and the frequency.
5 1-déc.-19
Specificities of the optical networks
Properties Consequences
Transmission of information Extremely higher transmission capacity
using lightwaves
Lighter cables
Weaker attenuation of the transmitted energy
Optical fibers as wave guides
Insensitivity to the external interferences
Confidentiality
Optical routing / switching in Little delay due to the treatment
nodes
6 1-déc.-19
Optical Systems Evolution
1ère génération (1975-1978)
• Fibres multimodes
• DEL et DL MLM à 0.9µm (1ère fenêtre)
• Problèmes de dispersion modale
• Amplification électronique en ligne
• Débits quelques Gb/s. km
• 1 seule l
Optical Systems Evolution
2ème génération (1978-1989)
• Fibres unimodales (SMF)
• DL multimodes à 1.3µm
• Plus de problèmes de Disp. Modale mais Disp. Chromatique
• Amplification électronique en ligne
• 1 seule l
• Fibres unimodales à dispersion décalée (SMF-DS)
• DL monomode à 1.55 µm
• Atténuation minimale du verre (~0.2dB/km)
• 2 l : 0.85 µm & 1.3 µm ou 1.3 µm & 1.5 µm
• Débits : 100 Gb/s. km
Optical Systems Evolution
3ème génération (1989-2000)
• Amplification en ligne : EDFA
• Multiplexage en longueurs d'ondes : systèmes WDM, DWDM
• Compensation de la dispersion : Fibres DCF
• Fibres à dispersion décalée non nulle : NZ-DSF puis NZ-DSF (LEAF)
• FEC
• Modulation formats
• Débit 100 000 Gb/s.km.
Optical Systems Evolution
4ème génération (2005 - 2010)
• Routage et commutation tout optique OXC, OADM
• Compensation de la pente de dispersion
• Amplification Raman : objectif s’affranchir de l’amplification en ligne
• Objectif 10 Tbit/s/fibre; les limites théoriques de la fibre monomode
classique étaient estimées aux alentours de 100 Tb/s
• 5ème Fenêtre optique : Fibres LWP Fibers (G652C & G652D)
• Coerse WDM (CWDM)
• FTTH
•…
OXC is a l router
11 1-déc.-19
Optical Systems Evolution
5ème génération (2010 - ….)
• Transmission cohérente
Coherent optical transmission is a technique that uses modulation of
the amplitude and phase of the light, as well as transmission across
two polarizations, to enable the transport of considerably more
information through a fiber optic cable. Using digital signal
processing at both the transmitter and receiver.
• Débits > 100Gb/s/l…
• Multi-core fiber (MCF)
WDM Records
2012 NEC a testé avec succès une liaison monocanal - sans répéteurs – fonctionnant à
1.5 Tb/s sur une distance de 10.000 km. C’est la première fois qu’une seule source laser
envoie un tel debit sur une telle distance.
Le laboratoire a réalisé en plus un debit de 4 Tbps en rassemblant 4 cannaux du même
type à l’aide de la technologie WDM.
2013 L'opérateur Orange, avec des équipements Alcatel-Lucent, a mis en service une
première liaison fibre optique à 400 Gb/s entre Lyon et Paris en utilisant une
transmission cohérente.
2017 NTT a réussi une transmission par fibre à 1Pbit/s sur une distance record de 200
km. A multi-core fiber (MCF) having 32 cores in one optical fiber + Polarization division
multiplexed 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (PDM-16QAM) digital coherent
technology.
13 1-déc.-19
WDM
(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
STM – 64 : Synchronous Transfer Mode (10 Gbit/s),
C’est un standard SDH (Synchronous digital hirarchy) obtenu par multiplexage de 64 canaux
STM-1 (155.52 Mb/s)
Bandwidth capacity increases rapidly with the multiplication of
channels.
14 1-déc.-19
WDM Advantages
Conventional WDM systems provide up to 8 channels in the C-Band
(around 1550 nm) but modern high performance systems can handle up to
160 channels.
WDM yield greater fibre capacity
by increasing the number of channels
STM-64 (~10 Gbps), can move to
STM-256 (~40 Gbps)
WDM is a cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fibre.
Incremental cost for a new channel is low
No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers
15 1-déc.-19
WDM Advantages
Easier network expansion
No new fibre needed
Just add a new wavelength by connecting a new transmitter and receiver at
the ends of the link
Transparency to protocols (IP, ATM, SDH).
16 1-déc.-19
DWDM Standards
ITU - G.692
ITU Recommendation is G.692 "Optical interfaces for multichannel
systems with optical amplifiers"
G.692 includes a number of DWDM channel plans
Channel separation set at:
50, 100 and 200 GHz
equivalent to approximate wavelength spacings of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 nm
Channels lie in the range 1528.77 nm to 1560.61 nm for the C-Band
and from about 1570 nm to 1620 nm for the L-Band.
Supervisory channel also specified at 1510 nm to handle alarms and
monitoring
17 1-déc.-19
Channel Spacing
ITU channel spacings are 0.4 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.6 nm (50, 100 and 200 GHz)
0.8 nm
1550 1551 1552 1553 1553 1554
Wavelength in nm
Trend is toward smaller channel spacings : 0.2 nm (25 GHz) and even 0.1 nm
(12.5 GHz)
But, this requires laser sources with excellent long term wavelength stability, better
than 10 pm (cooled lasers too expensive).
18 1-déc.-19
ITU DWDM Channel Plan
0.8 nm Spacing (100 GHz)
All Wavelengths in nm
1528.77 1534.64 1540.56 1546.52 1552.52 1558.98
1529.55 1535.43 1541.35 1547.32 1553.33 1559.79
1530.33 1536.22 1542.14 1548.11 1554.13 1560.61
ITU C-Band
1531.12 1537.00 1542.94 1548.91 1554.94
43 channels defined
1531.90 1537.79 1543.73 1549.72 1555.75
1532.68 1538.58 1544.53 1550.52 1556.55
1533.47 1539.37 1545.32 1551.32 1557.36
1534.25 1540.16 1546.12 1552.12 1558.17
Speed of Light assumed to be 2.99792458 x 108 m/s
19 1-déc.-19
ITU DWDM Channel Plan
0.4 nm Spacing (50 GHz)
All Wavelengths in nm
1528.77 1534.64 1540.56 1546.52 1552.52 1558.58
1529.16 1535.04 1540.95 1546.92 1552.93 1558.98
1529.55 1535.43 1541.35 1547.32 1553.33 1559.39
1529.94 1535.82 1541.75 1547.72 1553.73 1559.79
1530.33 1536.22 1542.14 1548.11 1554.13 1560.20
ITU C-Band 1530.72 1536.61 1542.54 1548.51 1554.54 1560.61
1531.12 1537.00 1542.94 1548.91 1554.94
1531.51 1537.40 1543.33 1549.32 1555.34
81 channels defined 1531.90 1537.79 1543.73 1549.72 1555.75
1532.29 1538.19 1544.13 1550.12 1556.15
1532.68 1538.58 1544.53 1550.52 1556.55
Another channel plan
1533.07 1538.98 1544.92 1550.92 1556.96
exists for the L-band
1533.47 1539.37 1545.32 1551.32 1557.36
above 1565 nm 1533.86 1539.77 1545.72 1551.72 1557.77
1534.25 1540.16 1546.12 1552.12 1558.17
Speed of Light assumed to be 2.99792458 x 108
m/s
20 1-déc.-19
DWDM Systems Performance
Typical high-end systems currently provide:
40/80/160 channels
Bit rates to 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s and now 100 Gb/s (with coherent transmission)
Interfaces for SDH, PDH, ATM etc.
C + L and some S band operation
Systems available from different manufacturers: NEC,
Lucent, Marconi, Nortel, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, etc.
21 1-déc.-19
CWDM (G694.2)
- An economical WDM solution.
- 20 nm channel spacing.
- 8 to16 channels.
- Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) not necessary.
- For metropolitan networks (MAN).
22 1-déc.-19
DWDM/CWDM
U-DWDM: Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
More closer inter-channel spacings: up to 10 GHz (0,08 nm).
23 1-déc.-19
DWDM Basic System
Receivers
DWDM
Multiplexer
Optical
fibre
Power Line Line Receive
Amp Amp Amp Preamp
DWDM
Transmitters DeMultiplexer
200 – 700 km
Each wavelength behaves as if it has it own "virtual fibre“.
Optical amplifiers help to overcome losses in mux/demux and long fibre spans.
24 1-déc.-19
DWDM System Spans
Power/Booster Amp
P
Amplifiers
Optical
P R Receive Preamp
R
160-200 km
L Line Amp
P L L R
up to 600-700 km
L 3R L
P Regen R
700 + km
25 1-déc.-19
3R regeneration
26 1-déc.-19
