ree) ey AMT Pusuisiine O| CHINESE MATHEMATICS COMPETITIONS AND OLYMPIADS 1993-2001 mzPublished by AMT Poousians: oni 2005 ANT Pubicing “Telephone: 461 2.6201 5137 eemcamtadat AMT? Hite ACW 08 950 241 National Litayof Austr Crd Number an S30 ustalan Mathematis Tt Encl Series ISSN 1326-0170 ‘hinec Mathemate Competitions and Okie 1992-200) Book 2 UE AUSTRALIAN MATHEMATICS 1 RUST + ator Prose Tamas, Caner Asean + Ass Tiitor Aon Story, Cane AURA ‘ames Arans, Canberra AUSTRADA J Bea, Toronto Casann Rov Duran, Waterloo Cane ‘nue E Miura, Lieut USA 80 Uy Eamanton CHAD oso Fase, Sofia Bukoxn Toy Wenn Cape To Sart Arica The books in this Series are selected for their mothating, interesting and stimlating sets of with a hed expository ‘atonal or international contest tthe secondary school lev ‘They ave intone tobe sufcenty detailed at an clementary level the same time, be ineresting and somedimes challenging to the ndergradiat and the more advanced mathematician. It believed that these mathe jn problems: area posite inftence ‘on tne tearing ana enienment oF matremacs‘Tue AUSTRALIAN MATHEMATICS TRUST ENRICHMENT SERIES 2 Moyewren Toot Tet oF Toms oss mo Samos 1984-1909 Sorte 4 Asai Manes CourION BOOK Z1945=1991 ‘prov, GPa & 2 Tar Tu oF Tos aso a Sous 1880 aor Tomer of Tos anne no Susons 10 fet Prone Maus Ooms 19992000, Mr OP Sane Raw 11 USSR Manuan: Orns 198 2 Asmat Maranon Oxy 1979-1995 ‘tach Par “oause Mayen Couermons 8 UNAS 1851-1 |: Poss & Asus Marcuse Oana 1981-195 ME Roca EWinccer 15 Tout o os sons am Sonos 1989-1997 Piaor® Aa Stra Ast Manes COMIN BOM § 192-15 TA oro Tar 7 Snes Som (1 101 Pomc Aan 20 Hao Maen Cen Te Ft Tne Ys 21 Bue Mayers Cour 1992-2001 Apso at PT AAS 22 Comes Manesntes Cones Ao Oaoues 1982-2001 Be 2+ FOREWORD. «PREFACE x 1993/98 3 1387/98 0 zov0tot > tases I 998138 m2FOREWORD 1 ns teen area pleasure for tie Austraan Matiematies Trast wo be associated wit te publication of tis second book on ho ational Chinese Oiympiads, adding further to the amount of problems mati valle through ur enrichment ere 11 te poney of se trust, rong ts eres, o puoash nigh quay ‘robles fom national and interaational compecions, and eer this Iateril fm Chinn one ofthe once trong svi throng 1s fo yore tn che Ineretional Matheatiel Olympiad, il add 9 ‘The book was made particularly posible afer an aurement between the Chin Chane Phere nt ne, which wl len gee hin Chae height 4 Chine ‘Tisch eo Ue psu rato Cis by Andy La, Liu. On « peraonal basi, he fad collaborated with me cloely in the pubtieation of our Tourameat of Towas books ad enue to do so ‘with my colleague Anti Storoeter In conclusion, publication of tis eeond ak fae boon a very happy ter Tvlor Canberra 12 May 2004PREFACE Notes to the Reader im ction Ue ele ue ie iene Aatieice Compestions end Ulyngiaas 1951 1208. Xe souree materia comes from the Journal of Hah Schl Mathematics, ubbshed by the Tianjin ‘Nowa! Univesity [Asm the etier volume, 1 wish to acenowedge the dict and niet ‘ontibutione from CHEUNG Pal-Hong, SUN Wen sin, QIU Zong- Tio, Petar TAYEDR ant Mury KLAMKIN, Amy Lin anno 20 ‘Alt probe Papers Hal te Oui Papers sie wlan From 1981/9 to 16/4, Paper I dit not have Section (Questions reauiing Fall Soto), ewe ace ew olan ad teak thal ney bent wa tar The traditional greatest nteges function 7), denoting the greatest Intager les than or equal tothe feel number, i moderniged into the {nor tietion [x] which hs the same mening. We th mation [> denote the area of a polygen P. The sybils 2, Rand C dnote epectiely diesels of nega, fal asain od enape aaa By ‘tice points meant a pont all coarduates ot which are mega.THE PROBLEMS 1993/94 Section 1. Quaetions with Multiple Chofecs 4. What de muna of pie (9) of lubes stay Lung fois =D an a? +9? 28 or we ee ae 2. Lata and bbe rel bare nd ot Se) nine bOI. ogtogs 1) = 9, la io al of bgt SHA # B, then (4,3) 4 (B.A). What i the mumbor of pls (A,B) ot ets ak AUB = fer0aes}! (we ae 20 wr hon ofthe eave (@~ arouna)(e~ areosa) + (y~ arene + arco) = 0 long the ine 2 = 5 4 oe e lr ‘5 tne engen o ne altitude onthe side AU of tange AL equal toAB™~ BC. What isthe vale of ain cag FA fa oa or“THe PROBLEMS 6. Let ma be non-zero real mumbers and = be a compe wanabie ‘Which of the following diagrams ean represent the sropbs of l-+ til [sil = and fens me ren ee ae apes ood YP nawors Only, Oat Orgs rao ts two iment rots. what i the range of the real mumbe X 2, Let and yb el numbers such that 4a? — Sy +4y? = 8. What ie the sam ofthe repeal of the masta and te minima fen of et | g? 2. Bor which comple numer + daw haan arg(s? = 4) = 3 and ot 2 4 What are the lit to dite ofthe gent ater es than 10 ma 9, bet 2p >.2) > 49 >t be any psi real aun angst vale ofthe eal ume sh hat Jog 198 Hoge HI Hg 19 > hog, 19902 ” each on x ferent card Wlaas ies ‘ein uichanged, the digits © and fur sto each other, wile th vrai st oe ttl How many os of cards Imiapoine of AB. Let DD bine pra wo SC. ee 993/90 5 (a) Prowe that DIY ntaete SM a sme pat (©) Prove that 0 is the eeumcentee ot SAC: ‘2 Leta nd 0 be rel numbers sue that 0 <0 Oe Paper 11 1. Only one intron angle of the core quadelteral ABCD io ot- versows other tan A, B, C aad D are msde ACD. Prove that ‘hiss possible if and only ifm > 4 2, Noneof the suits Ai. An ‘sother. Prov tha Syss ie 8. A ine m ges thnsh the canoe a ele A, Ban ae three pointe otside the cle. ‘They hs om ine # perpondilar tom onthe samme sie ofm with A futst fu ya tal © wee vote AP, Ba and CH ar tangents to the al ‘Ac of an element st tans (e) Prove mat aus-C2C + BU AP = Ca Mia tangent to the cine () Piove tha AB“CR + DC-AP « CA. BQ if éimerers the ‘url neo pons (6) Prove thot AB CR | BC AP > CA. BQ tin dnt fom cide‘THE PROBLEMS Atympiad Ponce T = Lot ABCD bao quater with AB parallel to DC Tot he pain A el Fw ys CD. Tn segues AP ad DE Iutersct st, wile te agmaais A and CE meres a (a) Prove thatthe ara of BGFHE i et most one-quarter shat of ABCD. (b) Ts his contain nil wala ABCD to sbi even ‘gotta! There are atleast 4 smarties randomly distribated among a: ast 1, sai zien) rey huey 9 Soe ‘ee hth geen Ye) —at beeper Eb hey it sce copies utes, Prove at hse ets a cmap member ‘Erect 1 we (2), 2a + Te EeCOa)- CP) tetphea prime, Determine he mmr of ight range ach hat {in meat (0), the ort afthe right angle’ (1004p, 7 299), Prove eat for any postive integer n | | | | | | L 1994/95 1994/05 Paper Section 1. Questions with Multiple Choices condition fr enn + booms te 0 wl ian seal mnie! (anb-oes0 GY VETB-e TP (a) Vat 4 > 2. Let, Band ¢ be complex numbers. Consider the following two (Pl Mat 48> Athen oh 20 (Q) Wet 42S 0 then a HP oe Which of thems 4) Rath om sent QQ) Only Bie ere fe} Na (4) Onty Qis core. ‘4. the sequence (a5) 1s dein by 0) = 9 and Sons n> 1. lat So dente th ah of theft tres Wha the ‘Slept ng ah that 1 ennai ws we or we let = Geingieeane ¥ = (enainens tnd 2 = Geinaltone bere 0 < 0-< 1 and 0-< a < $. What ave the relative ses of 2ivand2? G@je 3 bo an intoger and let «3,005 rmmbers sch tha, a ayn De ea 0.6.) = 05,06 0p Sy a fr 14 Su—2, ant Bt Bag O and Sag = Sai, Let 1S be the eum of the fet tari or which valve of mi Sy w 2, The complex numbers. 25....2 represent the vertices of ne lar Mgpn ie nthe wit eee he ror lan Wh ere wa wa won ws we 1. A is sid to be no weaker than B if A is itor taller or heavier ‘han B Among 100 prope, i same Se na mto than any Ue thas th this psn isd tobe atzoag, OF the 100 people, ‘a most how many ean e strong? 2 wo ow («) 100 wn (oo fak>o mocks 5 = logan tan lg sint 2 loft, shat are the lative ies of 2, and 2? rere wo: oe cycecs | Mycrcece Wececucy cS 1905/06 2 6 ak ADC to a eat lagi wth ents O. P i wp sca tat UP is prpeneula To the plane ABC A varale plate through O inarseets the rays PA, PB and PC mt Q, Rand S resprsinly What ean he ail abit Pat PR (6) hac a masimum but no minima, (6) 1 het mini bt no maxim. (6) W hae hath maxim and inns whieh ee dsint 2. Questions requiring Answers Only rmmber and fa~ p= 2. What isthe value fla? 2, Wht isthe ratio the volume of spe to the mamma vlume 8. What ithe nner of val rat of (ogai? Doge} 2-08 4. How many ice pons ar inside theron which is dfn hy yote yo dads by 2 1002 $s Solus if nl vert awe iene te? ©. Als wus of (2. 1800} steh that wienover ism A, then Te is ot, What the maximam aunber of lanes aA Paper 2 The equation 2nd — cos +3}2*— (Seine + ea88 + 2y=0 represents family of parabols with parameter @, Determine the“ ‘The prosLems 2B Dube al sel mule po Uk Un ae ae Sa Hip et (Tip Te (Hp 1-0 ABCD ce, F, Cand H seopestvely. M, N, P and Q ete poste tn AB, BC, CD wand DA respectively sch io MN eget torte ate Bana PY i tange to Ue ae GAN. ove sk MQ parallel bo WP. 4. Bach point ofthe plane painted in one of two colours. Prove that thon oe tn inl rangle sich Hat the longthe of the side fone ar 1005 tines the lng of the corsoponding ide of she Olympiad Paper 1 the points of tangency being.” and ( rexpectively. Prove that POH and Q soe lien 2. Lat $ = 11.2... Determine the salest postive integer & sch that Sor any element act of Stee are to dlr ‘laments a nad b for which 1 divids ab 3. A function f fom the oot af cl aan Ho 98) = (eal sla = Faso) + (FW)? shore x and y ate arbitrary ral numbers. Peow thal Sor ay rea 1 He eniice Olympiad Paper It number of corer In whi a palr of singers pelvis together the same for every pat. Determine the minimum munber of 2. Teen hea pesto inter, Ror 14m ot ye ape el smumber, where ay Hy = 1s Take 29 = 0. Prove that 1) Lviearn Vata Pe 1005 06 15 Bn igle ABC, £0 = 907) CA — 3 ea BG — 1. Desa the minimum lenge of the longest eso a tings whe tes i espoctivly on the thre sides of triangle ABC:1996/97 Paper L Section 1. Quethos with Multiple Chutes 1, What the convex ul fee pont of intesetlon ofthe cle ay 9 +(y HF (0) segment (0) nonomusteral tingle (e)equlaersl tingle (6) qua 2, Tho geometric prosrsion {ae} bas fis erm a} = 1598 and com 1 we iwc tae yA ye eg” wu wnt 4. Let (ejammee —(@) gpeatr than 1 but nate a = ceolsias), sexs), 24 — cslele 1) <2 60 Wie ae te reve aie fo, op aa? (han a2 <0 (0) a3 < 05 The seme he) it deed yy = and fr > 2. Determine the rang af asf th wel ra sich that fer3-+2sindaney + (erasing uae)? 2b for any rea numbers = and ¥ where USB <‘THE PROBLEMS ‘The ows ofwansle ABC annette Cis tanent to the line BC St Bond the line CA at @ Tho serele of ABC opp Bit fageat tothe ie BO os Fad the ie AB ot 1. M the ee BG fd PH toxersct a P, rove tae AP i pepe w BC, ‘ere aren 2 © poop at & pay. Ea sat gia atleast [9] others. Among any [3 of ther, eter two of tem re ronal arsine tun ofthe remaining 2 ~ [BI are tual sogenitances Prove that there ae the pope the olympiad Paper 1 = Let 1.0%... 20 boreal numbers dh that —y 2%) — FM. Innerpet £09(17) a8 £00), Suppose that fora byseton J: A+ Avther exits &potive integer such that 10051 $006 for D416 and form < A, we hove FERN =L%|] AL (mod 17) for 0-<1< 16, Determine the maxim valve of taken ve all Vilions A> A with the above properties 2. Let fay.) bea nee en-neztive momen sch that on tt oe al adm rove that fr all > esse {2s» ‘THE PROBLEMS 1997/98 Paper I Section 1. Questions with Multiple 1, The soqvenee (za) is such that 21 = a, > = band for n> 2. Foowing taerent fs crret? (a0 aan Seo = 26~a pola of the le CD, ofa regula etrablson ABCD suc at EB” FD~ lt 19) denote the sum ofthe non-ebtuse ange beween I and AAC and the anle hetween FP ae BD Hom doo #1) bebo (6) inves. (0) doemain (eometant (4) trevousng om (0.1 andrea (1,0 S. How mary five aithmetle progressions of length at Hast 8 ae therewith th et torn and the common direc blag postive integer Ut Un ota of alleen 87 4 What isthe range of mf mgt ty says) = eas) isan clipes? (eto. (010,00) (os) (a 6.00) 1997/90 a We) = ns, 1 a- ‘Wat are ee reianve sizes of Fay fH), Jy) ana J (6) He) > 100)» HO)» $e) ) Hoa) > 1) > £8) > 40) I> Kel = OH) WG)» He) Lo HO) (}0 LG) iniive (4) reer shan tbe nite Section 2. Questions requiring Answers Only. 1. Let ay be ea numbers ch hat cod HP samy) Aine tvough the ight focus of We byes r 1 Intescts the hyperbola at And B. IF the number of such fines fie which AR) texts wha eth vlan of 2: ee sop: 1H feta rr en re en2 ‘THE PROBLEMS 4 ABC ia right soca tango with hypotenuse AB = 2. SABC ‘sw ctaberon with eiramoentre 0. What isthe distance from Oto the plane ABC SA SB SC~ 2? 1. A fiog stots of verte A ats aly hewagon ARCPER an pe ‘etx Doe wa nr ve hopes weve smi. Wht Js the mumber of dierent soqueners of bop” Lees, 4nd # be pst mrs Lt Abe 6 rg dogs +tos(£ 41), tbe} +otove +1 wt gy tin( +1) ‘Wha the mina wa FP Section 8. Questions requiring Full Solutions. 1 Tok. yan be al ars ch Uh 2 > > = > fe and styteeE (1) Determine the manu value of cass yoo 2 (x) Prove that not ll of the verti of an eater enna can the eae branch ofthe hyperbala ay ~ 1 (0) tone vertex of an equilateral triangle at (—1y—1) aod the cathe two lie onthe brane of 29 = 1 fr which > 0, deter fain tho scodinate ofthe other Yee n,n ge nanser comple ree ech that ma ‘were 9 roa umber seh tha 9 <2 (4 and ae are cone ee 1997/98 23 Paper IL 1. Two eres with unequal radi itorset at MF and Thy ane feed a sire wth contr O and tangent to at § and P. Dove 22 What conditions must the real numbers 2,2},..0.2qsaisy to raranoe the existence of rel amber t-te such eit (a0 + fF = Done +a tthe su of the 29 umbers in ea Tow Bae moet 1. Te 100 numbers in ach column ate rearranged from top to boom in Aewontneneder Deter th alot wn fae tha the olympiad Paper 1 1. Let ABC be a noobtse tage with creumotnze O and incen- tre WAR SAG, CR = 45 and Bor=aB ac, esis 2. Las beater yr U1. De naa it 2 iis oalve iter 0503,» BsB-n0y Suh Eat Oya bag =e eb cod Ries 019 al pe {Peer he ogee ‘Mater lw ny edie we mle fie suc ‘ota an eleeat relatively rime to each of te ote our, whe {he other met comtai an erent no telatiey ee to aay af‘THE PROBLEMS soma me Q6-0)0) 2 Let U be a poi ide an ate tingle ALC. Charatan geo- neceally the se of possibeleations of the point D if satisies DA.DR-AR4 DR. DO ROD. DA.CA AR. ROCA 3. bot 22 po an integer, Let 21,205 tha be real numer sch or any sod 1. k-S n,devrmtne the masta vale oe | | | | | | | | | | | L 1999/99 2 1998/99 Paper 1 Section 1. Questions with Multiple Coes. 4. Let a> Land > 1 be sch that loge | 8) age | os Joela~ 11+ — 1) (2) caual to log (4) dependent on a and b Tet Aa (9021 6. The 8 vertices. the midocnt ofthe 12 ees. the ents af the 6 foes ls the conta the be frm srt af 97 points How many eubcte oot of 3 colinear pint? wm oo oe oa Section 2. Questions requiring Anewers Only 1. Tat flr)he an even peri funetion with patiod 2 On heaters eats. What ave Ue icv nem of FB}, SCR sno 8) 2, The pains P, Q and A are represented by the complex numbers 2, (0 + fle and 25, whare # = conB + isin with 0 <8 < 3. iter ew ates lire ee fot sete he parallelogram PQSR. What ic che maximum dtanee betwen 8 id the origin of the complex ple? ns many aubets of die 8 of {Oy 45,0,7)9} awe ove, 4. What he maxinatsaamber of tects at ante progres: ‘Son wth common tarence sich hat ee ate the st erm ‘ls the an of al the oes te at nt 1? 15. What i the range of «if the ellipse 2 + ly ~a)* = 4 iatarscts Pho paral 2? 9? 6. In trianle ARC. (C= oP 198 = a ant AZ = 9M spin of AB. The rangle folded alongCM al he distance Tetween A and Tis 2/3. What is he volun of the etalon ection 5. \uestions requiring Pull 1 Les # bem real umber suc that $< 0 Neo) for all 220 whenever f(a} has Urs on-neeaive st. (0) Date za tor the maaan for which fi). 3. Determine the number of waysof constructing a 4x43 block rom ‘uit cubes. exactly 16 of which ara rw that thei every ‘one red eve within each II tsa ia ny etetatane | | | | | | | L 1999/00 Paper I Section 1. Questions wills Multiple Chaise 4 ec fog} Hem oot presi wit coma ay i tet a form > 1. Wise Kind of equence 8 {242 (9) artamenie progression (0) secre progesios wid conan eat y (2) either aiuto nor goomere progression ow maay Iti pole see contained in the eon dane by (el + (yi <2 is eo ow (as ai (log28)* (lg) = lgg)* (og 2)"% G@etv20 Wetycd @e 0. | | | | | | | | | | | L 1999/00 a 1 asia pit on the se 16735 As the pst ( 2,9) an Pe he fc ofthe ge wae 2 Yor minim 4. Letn bea postveintger and AF be positive rel mane Aus sll withmtie progestins fax} satiting aaa SM etre Ue ma ai Paper IT 1. The diagonal AO ofthe qundilterst ARCD Wiaets AD. ie torn al cava flay a 1. Let n bea postive intoge. We wish to construct ct of tokens, ‘teach being a integral number of erams, sue that any object whos mela ban intra amber f geame upto = a be load byw ule re in, Sm nny ‘be placed in te same pa asthe obo (4) Determine ta tems of the minut valve of Ue aber takes, Olympiad Paper 1 In tringle ABC, 0 << ewhare a = BC, 0 CA and e= AU. ‘Tha crcoaine fat aon = What rnb shot (Oia |b 2R Brie (0) pasties (0) 90 (0) neat2. The seauence fa, is defined by ay = 0, az = 1 and for n > 2000/01 aaa tea INU Section 1. Questions with Multiple Choices. geen,” jarea(,” Ja Maa) *Mn a) 2, In a tabletennie tournament, all enmes are between pais of par participant ever playa against another if the two form « pale. ‘Two ais pay exact gain ech lea ng Ue preceding rule i tot volte. A set fa,on---san} 2 VER, Wheee 8 a Destine inteare and Das Can ooo as are nes o 6 What ste innmum number of participants so that af the ed ot the formar the ner of games paged onc partipant fey for some fan for cack tat one participant has played ‘olympiad Paper 11 1. Fat laste) Be any etmtation of 12... m: Ror k= 1.2 "ah din ig = mans Ie 82) Dotarmne the weer ‘alc the rst cara fall permstation for which tbe caquence isto cta) thom eae dint ve, 22 rina at poe tnegers Jor whic sere ex anaes my 2, neh greater than soc that 3. A mip oie examination hs qurstions ach with 4 cots Bach of 2000 stents pike erty | sire foreach qin ‘ayy sulle soe pati far any of soem ge te eases wo a ums 3 yun Determine the minimum vale of rt te ee (9 kr Pake te kez (Oe § 9ke +S) bes BE oben) ke 3. Ais the lft fous of tho hyperbola 24 — y# = 1, B and C are Ponte om the ight Branch of the hyperbola soc that ARC ie ‘laa augl What the ance of ADC? Xe Let psy & B and © be postive mumbirs with pg auch that em! @ frm n pri aurea wile pbc Tan arithmetic progresion. What can be sid about the ots ot te tar bent (a) two complex roots (b) opened rea root (6 ines el cot of ee sae sig (4) con ef oppose signe ft ss g. whlen quarcte polynomial bas wu" fd vss rots? (ter ee tett (2-2-2241 (yt Petre (Atte ed“ rite PROBLEM Section 2. Questions requiring Answers Unly. 1. What i the valu of arsin(sn 2000") 2. Ro n> 2 et ne th eis of the er term =n he Fys 9: Leta be any reat mamber. Ifa + log, + fag and + Log ‘om a geometric progression, wat comma at? 4 ues a> 0'e postive minbers. Lue eceennneny of rae empse er ie EEL at P he the ft fens, A he the point (a0) and Ae he pot (0,8), What the measure of GABF? What the volume of apse which is tangent to al i 6. Ba igi 0 fragt ber some of 1, 2 3 ml A. vey vo adjacent agits are dteret. Xe tit and the tsk gts a ‘ko diferent, Moreover, thes fo ereater than anyother {ig How many sch fared mbar are thee? Section 8, Quections requiring Full Solutions. ‘simu vale of sors 2, Determine the real numbers ata tat ‘n'te eps ahd ereumscrtba ebout the uni ce? rer er i » 2% Paper tL B an P ao points onthe side BC ofan acute triangle ABC, with, 2 cloer to B than to P, such thet ZEAE ~ CAE. Paani slate PAC ad Pave dey fn Pty Un side AD wd (AC, especie. Ine ine A mrss te creamer of ABC ‘ain aD. Prove thatthe ara of ABC i equal othe aren ofthe ‘piblterl AMD Ost Ton 16by 8 Dy = Bag bby 4 form 20, Prove that dy is the sguare of a inkger fran 2 0. Any two of m tends bave © phone conversation at most once Antong any 1 —2 of them, the total numberof phone eourersa- tions te postin saat pre of Detarinn al elon of for hich hs posable iympiad Fapor 7 ‘The qudslatral ABCD is inerib in the uni le such att enti traf th eel ae the Inet ox ewan ide ADC te the qumiiatral deter by the tangent tothe ture at 4, B, © and D. (o) Detemine tHe manimum value f the rato ot the aren ot ABCD o that of ABCD. () Determine the maximum value of che rao of Uke aces ut ATSC D to that of ABCD. Desert Ue smallest postive integer m such that every subset arth, 2001} of ae contain to elements, not pees Shen rt apn oe ae joo eateries, at tt ly fo their orginal postions. Prove that there exist three Dlue Jays ‘ich that the trinele determined by thr err positions and the hat both cate, both ight or both btu.Pa ie PROBLEMS lympind Paper IL 1, Let, b, 6, btema, cta-b a+ cand asb+-cbe seven distinct tiv ire with that nh 8N0"Thermine the avin Slur of the ditronce betwee she eget an the salto thie 2. On the czcamferene of were ae 24 poms whieh aide tio 24 ares of length 1. hn how many ways ean we choose 8 of thase lest neither are dtr! hy my ee Is length 8 o 8? 202m — ws (©) Determine the mama male ofee THF ANSWERS Section 1. Questions with Multiple Choices ‘question 1 1903/04 {d) 1094/98 fe) 1095/96 fe) 1096/97 fe) 4097/98 (3) 1908/90 fc) 1990/00) 2000/01 (4) Question 2 TOs/94 fo) 1994/95 0) 1995/96 (2) 1996/07 fo) Question 8. Tans (4) -1ON4/A f°) rH (4) Y9AR/7 (0) 4097/08 (c) 1908/90 (4) 1999/00 (3) 2000/04 () Cation 4 1003/9 (c) 1904/05 (a) 1095/96 2) 1906/07 (a) 1907/98 (1) 1998/99 1) 1900/00 (d) 2000/04 (a) “7005/04 (a) 1004/06 (a) 1005/06 (e) 1006/07 (0) 1997/88 0) 1998/99 [t) 1989/00) 2000/01 (0) 1907/98 (e) 1996/90 (2) 1999/00 (e) 2000/01 (t) Section 2. Questions raguiring Ansan Only Question 1 1008/0402, 1904/05 -S = sms =m the eaton ofthe branch Sf the hyperbola with foe (0, n) and (Oy) hich © cone to (0-7). Ti peas apwa Section 2. Questions requiring Answers 01 1 Suppose thee eal oot. then 0 = (ae Faroe ey Caen tir dy Paw a nir+ <0. A= =1, then Partie utr isnot se, Hence r= =1 and A In omer forthe equation not to ave & real root, all we needs aea Dtote atte 0 Het rm Foodland w= Faint Then Seo —fronfsin dren? A= 5, Sine js 1, we have 6 <8r—10.<5r 1 Sllons Pat| J ‘The minimum value is attained when # = 3 and the meamum vale atin when Th i of hele rsipnocals xoo “1M soLusioNs so3/oe 4 3. nthe complex plane et U be the ong, be the pomt 2, A be the point 2*— and C be the polat =" 4, Then AB = BC Morne, O mains an ala of 3 and OF mates an ale of § ith tbe postive a, Hence OBC ia an equator tingly so Section 3. Questions reaviring Pull Solutions: 2. Complete the reangs ASC", SAB'C, 514°C and the eta ‘ular Hock SAC'BCB'S'A. D is therfore als the midoint of Eman ay tab TP tb the rent af OS No 88 “ (CSN and DON are sinnilar, wo thas Wo tat cs fy ad a eco Weide ith hn ote M of wink ABC A. Tang division yields KT 4 Tet g| = fesse | ae aes he liars] = Se ae 4 7 | Th ba gu is er ae 0 ml 8. Lao | 7 BY ) a bn LAX 1 = bt = DN fi =1.2 Than the ennai ay een i A,i,2,__k d+i+de (a) Sinoe $A inersets BUF at 0, 0 das SM (0) 01 the cinumoente of the rectangular block Hance it ‘She te cst of Ue elon SABC. 2. Let the equations of €and m be y—ke-tha = 0 and y_ he ‘b= respectively. Then the equation of te conte econ pasing ‘Hough the ded four points of intersections ayn r totem) 28 5) Girne) om (i) Om ua lds it and ony it = ms = as x9. Za79 forms a vemetie proroon. Hence the maxim vale of Fie. (P= 2p) aly Reh nay n+ m9) =U 6. A thrndigt sme which ila name when inverted mt ‘This may be ewe as TaveOn iy 80rd arts tne gt ty 8 ora ends (+a =k + Hay bah? Nba + Ady) RKO B+ Te +Mkhad = 0. "Thi circle if and ony 1 + A= Akh and A(R +A) fret eatin show that #0. Fram the second equation. we meyer mae of aan ace Uses way up Sc er ‘must haveU, or Sass tend, andor each posse hanes Ait, there is «unig nite which makes the mmr sl Inverted Thave ae 3-4'= 1 edaverted thee dg amber the mmber of fein prs of rom morte oe ee ee|e SOLUTIONS Let we Tha we 1 Byes 1a parva, bn fB ar at aah nd eihraction yh y= Bnet aig ‘The chnracceritie equation i Ane Ne With chcnetarite rots Land 2. Hence by ~ 01 4 022% Bho, 1 ez and 8 = ty — ey 4, weave ey = -1 and eT at mara lays or m2 1, we nave fy = aah nF = a9 Pa? =e YF y= TPO a F forall > = 10-1 Paper IL = Aw use sang may be ave ita mbt triangles for aa 1 A. Lek ADaBy be such that ZAByBy > OP. Take pints Bs, Ba, on, Byes on Ble adjoin echt io A Thon we Ive divi ABB, atom abe ant be ve LL LL a | 903/98 a Tn the case n = 2. the cut mst e from one vertex to the oppaite ‘ie hore aon nn abt angle to ein With, ad at st one ‘on bo cent wero tho eut meets Ube oppoitoide: On the other ited, robe igh ea be divided {et the angi at A be the largest m anon obese trang. Drop etpendiule from A to-BC unt it rece some point D isle Hawonkelo with damier RU. ening D tthe wees of ABC sitet tangle, In the given qundeatra Fit cat of i ni Unie CAD. Tian we cl ie mruinine tangle CAB into # obtuse ranges. Thus ALL can be eu nto 4obbase tangles. 15 cuing wp one of the obtuse tangles inthe manner deserbe oye, wei obtain sis sane for ayn > 4 easing raion We now establish nec, If each side of ABCD belongs to 9 eenttlanle, we sendy have n> 4. Honea ee tingle song one of ue agonal Ie wo cut along AC, we bavecae btu rangle CAD, bt pombe went the tuurnse wiae CAB in 2am cee tho out along 2D, ot loc one of tingle BAD and BCD te otro, ai cai Deca ly 2 ane igh 2 (6) Rete that ira) ota Ue deste esi equals to Saas aston = 4p" tha, witht emery. Th Ai lente A, ae ated “ways They ave fullowe by the elements notin Ay, which can, te permite among themselves in (n= |4))! as. sty Ay and Ay, We Suppose the ame permutation {yy wich corral Ue hypothesis52 ‘THE SOLUTIONS (0) The deste result may be derived from Cauch's Insult allo ‘5: Wenove wy at tHe pout or terscetson oad (@) 10s angen othe dele, chea AP = AM, BQ'= BM and CH= CM. We have AU-CKAP YE = all-UM+(aU +UM)H = (ase BoyeM + Ac-Be AGICM + BC) ‘This nwa ae Ptolemy’ Thoorem fr cline points () Suppose ¢ erscts the ele at Land # ‘nen wo have AP = AD“ AB. BO! ~ BD" BE and CR! = CD Ci ‘sine Ptolemy's 'Thenrer fo linens pin we base Actng! —(An.0R + Re. APE = AC-BDIAC-BE)-AB*CD-CE~BE"AD AE 2A. nOveD-CE-AD- AB = AU-BU{AB-CB + AK-BC) AB CEB CD) BO ~2AB- BCVCD-CE-AD: AB = AB-CE(AC- BD ABCD) +AB- BC(AC: BD ~ BC-AD) = AR-CE(AD- RO} + AR-ROCAB-AD) POWER TE Jen ae Ae(ae AD) 1993/96 @ ) Since AD-CB=AU-DE+OD- AE > eD-Ae, the magquaby i tree, Hance Supper non rn eel. Le MS Lage ed let Ibe the point oom ini the cnciesuc that Mi = 1) Tt be the ert of the ele ad he ud. Then AP = On Aue ou? 2 AME + MS* Ane ner are Hence AP = AP: Similarly, 8 = 1 avd Cie C1. Since Tod, Band C arate colinenr nor conve, Piles AR.OP 4 ROAD ACT Olympiad Paper T Te the dingram on the eft, let INN. /\ we tle (DFG [ac = By the Arithmetic Geometrte Maan Inst (22-41) > Be follows that |EFG) < )IADFE) cece Sane cn (EFS) = [DAG] — & aulsa ‘THE SOLUTIONS (0) The answer nortive and we construct couste-earnle ‘falls. Inthe diagram onthe ght, we have switched the ibe and F in ADEE. Thon [BPG] > {ADP Fisted AF tn Phan DF to 1 tat cra «tera sore, "Then we have [ROPH] ~ BPO} ~ HLARCD 2. Setution 1 (Choose any box and cll t B. If tore are no smarts outside B. eet fr noma oentuily, threat moet one other son-mpy bon X. IC Bae Fast 2 enti, take 1 Gan X ul 1 an Ban yu ro i ‘sara box. Thon sake anosbar 1 am X and one trom tit third Sax and put them in B. So the numberof smartns n B ncrenses a Byetualy. there tony 1m tse Tha taken hone (0.1m) + (20,0,n—1) = anna) Solution 2 We te induction on swe saree be mabe famine ume Uk Raw mele aia) the bass estas. Suppose the result holds or some n>. et ee 1993/98 3 Consider the next case with n+ 1 smart For now, trent one oft se omeitent. Hythe indution Hypotis, te tbat ‘hn be put ito I bow Ish (oI) at mae le havo ae wll we Tne dig acti Wd (0.4m) + @0,0,n-2) (22.83) = Ont) + (Wn ‘Tis comoletes the induction argument 8. Solution 1 Webave Soy? =ssie +041 Subtracting (2+ 1) om both sides, Gea myiyerstartles Neem, Since 1 fla) £ Ale 1 and ts fle tn) £32 bn 4), we Viewer s tetera net! sy ver a- era ate wenerern) a+) zen [rtn)tetmet)) Since m may be arbiter large, we must have f(z] = 1, an it ipeuy tn eri thatthe bas all the desta propertiesTHE SOLUTIONS Solution 2 Lae yo) ata) ~ £0), FR (le) >a eset he ae-+n) > (te) Stee may be abituaiy lage, thio eoteaicts ya) <2 IE (2) <1 fr some > 1 then we have ae+N< (ata eh rating this now vids olen) tole cota (sa) ne Se) a3 ction a al the desea prpectics LL 1903/98 st tympiad Paper IL Fs") = med +e (Ctoose 30 tat 9 =H and A has the same argument acy "Then 2S ua cyX" + cal = f+ lel Late = lal | fn use wo supose that cy #0. Las ot ite mats he te tolls that a east one 00% sss | 0 ( Fe) eau [fll ~ ba nl Wo sow suppose that cy =. Let“THE SOLUTIONS et os be 20 Sy To freon — [|= "tows tat oto ot ses a Sa 1) =a) 91 = = fa + Ha - (rs - ai = (ety iezey" = Fate vse ze BG ° ()-E-Od)-E En) ur n= “ILis) I | | | | | | | | | | L 3999/04 %0 Solution 2 Consider the mumber of mays of chosing ofthe 2n +L abjects a ». First we chose ofthe pais {es wh pate The mbar of wn pas (ej) pls Cif hunk ‘his can be done . Met) says Sine the total mimber of ws i eonly 24), ma have C2)-2e0 4) las ake 1(194p,7- 2904p) a8 the ince and O(0,0) wo the tere ofthe ght ange of tangle OAB. Since te lope of OF is rth slope of one side say OA is tanjacetan? — 49°) ‘Te arabe of side OB inf We can dace fo (shyt cay = (6a that the datas of any ltice pnt om Oo OF from Oi 8 ttuldple uff, Tota about O so tt Od falls on the poitive ‘Panis and Ul onthe postive yan Take wow ait uf gs times the old one. The the new eortinate of Fa 7) Waere et the naw coordinates of A and Pha (v0) and (e+) ID | band we bare“ine sowusioNs ‘We clam chat 1 aay pair (0) of postive tegers such tat Dr =v, the tangle OAB with O at (0) A at (ru and B at iets) bas incentive He). Sine 1 Gri Griat We lave AB 2 jute, Taio ge ly Joa son—4n)—~ “Ths juste the claim. The problem now beces finding the number of pais (0) of postive nese sch that sm tet = mori For p= 2, the numberof pat of pxtve divisors of 2007 Brnern=1 or p~ 997, the numberof pic of patve dvi of 2°09 x (or nery =m Fr any prime p other than 2 and 997, the umber of pairs of rite divin of 072 Le 1994/98 st 1994/95 Paper Section 1. Questions with Multiple Chotecs. cyt ner) + a Now sinfr +8) > =1, with aqualty We = = Hone the Ho=h=0, thn the condition fo O-= VaR 2. Wat 418%, thn bth 2 £98 and? are rel and we ena area? | aif |B ds Olle = VO(1+4). Then a? 4-0? c= 2> 0, but neither @ +0? = 2+ tor = 4s real. Thus we cantotcorelide that of +5* > ¢ et By = oo ~ 1. Thon by = Band boas = —y. Hence Hy} rometeie progression with common ratio ~}. Summing the fst ‘terme ye eae 02 “THe SOLUTIONS 44 sco 0<0< 1, tomy 2 a coromsny tunction Sinee Ua have Ocsina Cais Hee Ing, sine logon (sina) fina ee (cana 5. Let the regular r-gon a to bas be fixed and et the vertex move upand down along the axis, Aton end, the pyranid deeeuerates jm its ba, and the dibadal angles nr x- AL the oer ead, the Pyramid degenerates int a infinite ren and the dibdcal angler 6 Use the tines y — 5 and y — — We dive he ple ino our ‘quadrants. The equation becomes “eo sn tbe wort quant, ie ane wc ners dandy = zat (6.0), Int east auadrat. we have a (eve) tn (hb) to the sonth quant te ine fui 8) to (Ca, e), and the rhombus Jo clas a the west quran, Since (27, Ue ci qr Section 2. Quoetions requiring Anowero Only A, The i 4 + ap $1 = © pneu Un pint (1) a ‘na slope ~The ime has sop fan the ine i hae lope 2. In orde for + my + gu = Oto interact the extension of PO, Somnt ham fob 2 fr Reme 2. Tet 0) test Then Sle) — Ya = (By) eink 26) = f-2) he anak are = By ur ‘8. (2,9) salattice pot inside ecto A, then <2 BF TO+IAGIC svarnanas+4eaon) = wWikean s+ < 2VIkenTHE SOLUTIONS sino" +18) Re wtp ESAS _ 44 v5, a4 8 5 Tt fallow that snTs* = on15*=! Hence 1OFIASIC cs VBR (0) Serer m2 2 Wai tha (6) seme Indeed, their iterenoe i since m—1> mt fellows that the 1904 pists should be Cisrinted among thes ste as evenly at posable When 1904s vided by 83, the quotient 2 and the remainders 2, Ths we shoud have et of le 2 al 2 es of soe 24, andthe miminimn nuber of tingle aif) 2 of?) — reseae ws) () Allen emda to show thatthe a cam he aso Ich with 25 pole, The are edn wa nas be apd vo eacho te ose, suppressing array pounce arwonly 24 points, Label te pons (2,9) where <9 <4 | | | | | | | | | | | L 996/99, or Fe two ont (24) and (zs) is ~ > = (mod 5 St jing thr na = +2 (8), gent green Hn = (ned 8), colour it low gnepe tl (un 5), al cava bee iy. ~ po = 22 Coser any the points (24) (sui) and (eae) HE ‘hey have diferent acorns, then all se stds 8 rod foreroen. However. (e.—m) + a) + a—m)= Sine no combination of hres +1 and na rmination of thre SLB ea Ln lo Mus at ase one rod side sade ‘ree sie, erat two -notinue are sie i iw Join these to pots wil be eo yellow we te oer fro ale wel be prem ot ‘aly, they ave the same senordnats, then alt eee ‘Skles ae yall cele at there ast beat est one of each Ga) te whi Ge Olympiad Paper L bya foe 14m, Then contin imandiataly, orn —3,if6, <0, For =9; thio ldo Fe, 2 ata=tatata)-a>v. oy 20, ta 2 ey amd eg = tea 2 Oyo that obey > Suyyose Una he snl I fn Lad n ® Considr Ube ent case wit te numbers = yGn4ae HE tet tent sty‘THE SOLUTIONS then eaten la tabes tena) la beat bee) 30 1" er benbes be 20, Zea 20 ty he ison Ips ant by the induction hypo allows that + Suny yen 1)~ 2) = pean) <0s%my, follows that f(2n +1) ~ 20) < 2. nee f(n) an s(2n) are both postive, f+ 1)~ fn) > 1. I flows that f(2n) = 3710) Pot f1on.01) = fUn}-41 hw ative inesersn We now pe So) a ‘01 for soe 2 2 Consider Det pat pene Then = 1m) BER ES Eg =P Lio) = fomay) srim+t ene ee re er ee ee ee ee ee et 1999/99 oy "This eompleten the innetion neuen. Now b= DP md De. Then : fhs)=2 Yes DP De ia J) + =I = 8 Laat eal LIA, ‘we must have BIC = {0,2}. Seek < ¢, we must bave 8 € C ‘There are four wavs to ditsibe Land 8 between and. ven bP 425, faa aly — an, Lopes IPTG PsP u, RaPyREe ea, CaP d EE Poe, 3. Lat, P, .... P: bo pointsonalinein that over. Wealow P, = Pa We with omiinon PLAN Ton Py ohne Xa IF Ison th weet FP and geeate ocerwise, Simba, te ‘minimum value of X49 + XP is Py attained if and only HEX cm th rome PsP etl tha fn Don te Pia PP Bitte t poi oad too Blev We have ten plas 10,2, 100. The micitnam vale o Fe.) 1o(40 40484746) (L424 BEAT 8) =250, attained if and onli 50-< 2 + < 60, For ate.y) = 3h — 6y 63,0 ‘THE SOLUTIONS sev hav tn ins 12, 24, 12, Th elim vale of ol.) 6(00+94 84748) tained and only 0 (112181418) =900, 79 Finally. or Me) Se witae 959 958, or yee ints consisting of one af. tm a 10 thr at TE ard oom, to tn a 0. Th entyaighth point ete last one LF Hen he man val of 9) S5((W" +98") (OT HO 497 HP 487 2 91) = 10080, rained If and oniy +59 = 30. 18 eney to very that (55, sates all thee coutitions. Henoe these minimum va- ‘an beatae simon no hd the i le a tympiad Paper 1b 1. Let the centre ofthe small sphere be (an ts radius ber Let A ‘el Fhe th conte ofthe sper fv 3, and Cae D be the ‘else ofthe apne of ear 2 Eat be the oid of AB ‘oxbee wth respec tote plane CDE, we Cand with spect tothe plane ABP. These two planes intersect along FRE" Riyrrimsry, cm tha arent RP New cn JAP AB ~ JB aut or on Yor AB STO PVP oF = VOP=CE = \OFFHB - Ve Surg bot es of he tn VATE AWS VE, nc nn ee 1994/99 n wwe have 19m = AT Sauating both ses azn, we have 0p +0309 +--+ 039+ 000 We may acre that an = xin. We claim that ether aso 21, Suppone om the contrary that 21 — ay oe some jee 29 Define by eytiy Or 14 Sj and yay forj +1 <4 S10 Then (eyes +0209 ++ ann + ena) (bite Baby 11 yb | bok) (eases +a faayes + a,00) >o. ‘same angus ychlsan ay wa saut a4 ‘2, as = 2p alas = 25. We ow determine postive tages py cnc crin ih Hn 105 sch Ct PETS Tay 2) tt eo tnd ig sive styand saith aes tye 2 121i en itd ade ose Tice fas bee + vv yn + Sane nen) tome vat)‘THe soLUTIONS ‘This sa contnton, and the cla sf, fol that roroeie Tie 5GHe4 Let Aa... AS be a rela non with centre 0. Label A” ot symmesry pasong through U ana perpenaear vo aa For k > 1, let A be the midpoint of AS* "A(t," for 1 Si ayy the common diffrent 8 negation rab nbered> 0. We have sxe, = 10) 7 sa Hee eo=a-iued wi sou Ie follows tints aman when = 2, 2, Since the gestst common divisor of 1995 and 20s 5, the mumber dict sauce 20-88 = Bs nt the 100 pple lve if ght and fi rt the eigen Yeverso oder of eer Wei te trone nthe oy mk Hamer 4. Chery, 0 WE 0, than Now te parabola y = (2 —2nj? and the stig fine 9 = ez ma intersect tie ot the interval (2n = 120-41} We rst have on)? > Be shea 0-1 al Bayt Dee at 2=2n41. The stronger ofthese two inequalities ism ne sovus) bs simoo j <1, oust ‘This i ecient to (2-4 8)(2 ~2) <0 0 that ~8 <2 <2. The ‘anlntn val of | 8. Hence the sania distin ie VETTE = v5, “The given equion may ba factored a (e= Ge" — Spe +009 1)—0. ence one of root i 14x the omer wo be wv, The1 “THE SOLUTION: Hence 25m = S30(u-+9)—5 (54 6650 66) = 4851 = 19-220, since wana ware postive tages au bo = 19 and 30 = 22 Heace w= 1, ©= 39 and panto, let be the centse ofthe circle and et the pola of tangy ‘ofthe cee with ALN. Since we have 14. We now construct a digsam which shows that B= 1 wert | ago Reoreset Ue 8 singers by the verti of @ eube, the 14 concerts seerpesentd by the faces c 1) 6,7.9) (0.25,8)(847.81, 004,58), 0.3.8.0) 1.8.5.7), 468) (1278) 0,49,04(1-407). 235.8) a the etobden (1..68). (248.7 ‘2 Ry the Arithmetic Goometie Mean Inequality, we hare arr atm tan tet for 28 Tene laa co may lt Bm aelaley 42, boob) Then 0% 95 Fe Now contig = fina Viclntn tote? (On the other han, = nd, ~ ind‘THE SOLUTIONS The Inst te follows fom sina < ¢ whenever 0-< 2 < $, Final Warns ea wie < Eu wea <2 Sct a oot den with © (00) A (and at it) Tot bang pat on BO ee BD" Tae on 4 soe dat CB Ban ae Fon AB such tat By Fytugori There, pe = una'+ (BY) Bena Br La fins, be = and Sig dat Une any wo fom toy has meen MAE we een twaysuseribe en eqatera tiangse DEF in Afonso pol Pop AB such that < BP <1. Now z, 1, putt Teh 1. flows at te minimum value of DE = ros fie Fn in pio AB with pon fan be pom om AD wit conte 9. Tina he met BO ee 1998/96 85 Let XY°Z be any trang inseibed in ABC, with X on BC, ¥ on And Z 00 AB. IZ bes on the sozoant BP. then a> Vi 12 ton he segment AQ, the Suppo Z fico on the sogmant PQ. ‘Thon ‘ee ty inribe an eguieal ate Now the grootante of iy greater than that of Land the = nordinate of Zarate than that of. FX lies on the sement CD, then EY te on the segment CH, then fp. vezezs EX ison the segment BD and ¥ ison the segment AE, hen fg XY > DB> tere 4/3 i the desiees minima, Hone fF the dsc6. ‘THE SOLUTIONS 1996/97 Paper 1 Section 1. Questions with Multiple Choies. 1, Biminating x rom 9-01y 1/8 a4 Hy On oF My 18 4ey uy 2) When y = 2,20. When y — $, 2 —29/4 Itis ngy to verify ot Uw Knee pone detest equate igs 2 Let Py denote the proc of the frst frm, Sno 1596=2, ‘weave a= 3, a = jad ap = "7. Hence UI < al > Hal > Sluce Pio and rs are negative while Po = Fy > O, Py is max mm when 1 VeTR A Vi VETIF VB ba, 4 Let v= —2, Then we have 0 < v < fas = cowsinnu > 0, gm n(omtzy) > and my = nlp} ©. Sn LW eget sinsu-t own visin(u+}) e< v2 5. weave 0< ary < § —snzy < fT follows tat on (1.3) wid equity osc a ee SN Se | 1990/37 or also ocurs at = 72 which not an endpoint. I flows that ito p= 293, Moreover, te minimum value i 1% 805, so tet eked oe nt a) stile 10) $12) ~ J) = 3-219) 0, he musa val of fe) om 250 sSimsu 6. 1e.0 etn neat nel pb, eel ere Seca ein iat Se a ee Exacta lor pesae sgh Sse Spl ve Cus lg’ eprint 0 a ea Sete Ss Sime Jp <9 St oboe wr ceramn ‘THe soLUTIONS "The total numberof lant sere that ean ft i es ean Section 2. Questions requiring Answers Only: Since 1 ion w= ‘he eonality nine the at & ian to ene 1m, 1 follows thatthe set has 99 cements and 2” —1 nonempty sub- 2 te the comple plans, it O, ©, 2, and 2, be represented by ‘entre Cat passing Uhrough U. Since ex con -E L040 low that ot ee ee so oe ee Hee See See ee 1996/97 3, Let O be the origin ad € be the point (20, Hor any point on the polar eure, CP! = OP'+0C*—20P-OC caso Ctomor ie at a Fert) at — as 4. The maximum value of CP ie fy, oes y [Now the region swept ver ale of ais. Hence is aren 4A. Lot the common hase be ce) cos Hence ot AF be the midpoint of AB. Than PAC = QM. PM PB aN ~ AB ~ Be The dibdral ane LANC betwen tn fits on these side of cepste ln im 7 = i goww ‘THE SoLUTIONS Henoe the srclstrantes ANC and FAM are similar to each other. I flows tnt ence so that Since < 2m we have) = 2nd 2a =i Hence PY = 2V4—2< 3 fan the erent distance between two verte is AB = 3. 5. only tree oo se ore wed each tat be ted td does oe matter How they are app. ely our colours fae used, two mist be use to pain two pais of opposite faces. Ty ean br hone in (2) 18 wn. Tae me se he ice tds not mater how the colors are appio,the mune of ‘wayei his ease as 1a, nt five colour are uae, one mus be Used to pat peo opposite faces. Tt gan e chosn in 6 ways ‘The other four colours can be chown in late two pale in aye, sac pal beiog wed to pain palr of of wage lesa oO 5 3 80 ‘analy, suppose al sx colours reused Tey canbe dade nto 15 wavs at air beine used to pant a pale Fence the number of ways inthis ese be 19 2 = 30 wage The total nunber of ways i therefore 6. The four lattice points (0), (190,199), (398.0) and (198.199) (2-199 y= 199% Po ce ne ee ee see ee Soe ee 1996/97 o ote that 18 prame. enoe (2 — 1, y, 1) AS primiive Pythorean trip Te falls that However, we havea camradiction since 199 ‘here are only four iatie points on this ete. (wo). Hee 4 Hom a; = 2a) ~ 1, we have =. om 2 = (2ae~ 1) (aes =D sre Base Sn = 2a from k= 1 v9 mw have gs = Bag 1 by Surmming Bays — a tbe +2 2. The naity Gay etet BY >} say be rewsten ‘his olds for lle numbers and only sae eSB 1 (asap Mt Hh equivalent apy (24 Bein ond ~ ind — acon)? >Ime sow riuns 4 Bendel sind rand sin! 0+ Dein ond + com? a 3 ind rom (sind cost) By the AMLGM Inequality, the minimum vale of he lst expres: ion a 2/3 = V6. Hence « < V8 34 2sindoa Thea ee Gut reas beg he minh aa of te funton Hoyer t cxnurat = Vf Now Frloind +e} ~ sin (6+ Ford <0< sn(0+3) <1 1 [8 ta] Note that 3 $ since the row sun 18 i ot @ mule of, et mee ny ATER Arh ann = 42) be herons otis ‘asic are, Consider the 39 aera [ate O32 228] ese oa fis 6 mae wu) =| 2 eo 4 2 ww a] whos} La 2 aw 1's easy to vey that has all the dsred propeies. We cae that on © 8 thea Sm € Stil then fallow tha sine eet eta an pion inoue a that fine ‘To juny te eit, etsy fg st Yn be the rows of © 3% array wth all the dese props. As before, we rst construct a3 xc3m ary | "Pam Oe de FO [52 b6m ag ham "8, ea all the desired oroerties except thatthe row and column, tne arent dil hy BL am mad Yo Be the r0W8 of ‘hs ern. Tt ory tower that the 3" 9m array [sim atte are]% ‘THE SOLUTIONS Ys all the dred properties, Ths the eam susie, Solution 2 Let $ be the set of postive inter with the desired property. As {he condition tht k= (ned 8), thereon or which wl Tue ea We Gin ons uc Use aiming 2 (8h +8) aay fa 4 7 ow GES 1248 Ok42 kes Devo ches kie 6e kue—2 akbL wue-+6 wak+ 1 ] wet ATE ate | omega kee. Fo ean fas am 8k 18, "Thess of he te ome ae ie 9 bec be 2 ad 9, fa ponte tg Tc Zea omnes ro sue thats the th ro 3 Switching these two terms wll ot change any oun su, but wl tha tae 3 (124-48) aay Teas aan +0083) sa +310843)] J anastasia | [oeitedtss) ue rae) a | 1 sited prope lympiad Paper IL PR inte the cre ngnin at and et (he the ft of Tron Q t0 PP. Now LADO ee eet se nee eee eee ee ee ee ee ene et 1990/97 99 ‘Then both PRCB and QDCR ar cycle quadristrals. I llows = PQ PR—PC POPE PF nd Pq-QR=QB-QC=9F* Addition viele POUPR+OR)=PE'-PF +08 Wence B®. P= Po? OF* = Pr? — 8? = PR(PA—CR) 1 follows that PRE = PCC or op -po— pr ar "This meane that 20 pases through te sate ofthe cle ane inspusuctke wo P wth respect to GQ. Hence B? = B end P, B tnd ae nde eatin 22 We ast gave an exampie where = 6. Take fi) = Sk — 2 fo TM), with and 1—2 bot in A Ha) 79}, hea = 3 (mod 17), tat fined a ijetion. Teuton se (0G) 2 ah-34T Te mol0 ‘THE sowuTIONS Now lef: A> A be a biection wth the langest posible Let PP... Pre be w convex Trg. For any m, 1 Sm < BM HOG Li) = wand FG) — be connect P, and Sines ob LE, Pals odin aly 17 dg ae “drown, and two are desea, We en tat tne agonal are distinc for diferent values of m. Suppose on the contrary there fest p and g, 1 p< g my we can iterate this proce, rental ther ate os 1 So Som su Beil Since a 8 and a — 3 2 4, Weave 2 Se8¢ 2)%6 ap "Thi caulalent to onset (1) om NS SN SS ne ne 1990/97 101 Solution 2 Note tat 0 me ad use induction {Sproat the deed cee hl for ily vn =e haw asc (-a) au ‘caulent 0am < may which We have already proved. Suppose for some m > 1. Consider ayy, Suppose n-< mines we have fun < ln Tas abd as ~ 82% 0, Thi i uate ‘Suppose m 2m, Then m+ By the induction hypothe, sm 2 a dng S dp fn. dos mays (22E m_\ = 1) tm (a SS SS SS SS102 ‘THE SOLUTIONS allt to AC and FG ie parallel to BB” Sinco AC ond BD are peipailiala, CEGF = 90" Now te sale ben BE al AC SS LGEE whe the ange beween 2 and ML £GE2. itr sum is 1 = ZEGE = etm be the numberof tems «be the fist term andthe coramon Aino. The nf all tre sothat n(00-=(n—1)4)—9 vor? Since 97 is prime and m > 3, n= 9, 238, OTF or 2 OF, a0, then Dots ne Mente 2, "This leads to (nad) = 97. 49,1) o (9731.2). On the other band. iF thon nn = 72a hi ade Inn) = (0,0 Note that FFP FEY FT i the ditance fom any pit (28) ‘on te curve to the pot (0-1). The distance from (zy) wo the Tne 2-29-4305 e=2v4.3) ve ftom tha sa fs imo stan nthe onstant yf ny ‘The graph of f(z) parabola whieh opens up and has z= $ as ites. Henee f(2} inane as ~ 3 Inceass. Note that Boge bebe ye ecg St casket ope teers Bel cool, wore Hence a Ho} > 110)> 109) se) 6, Tet the nee hf, fy and f, We ma choose a coordinate stent Tet P be anyother plat on and et Ibe the plane dateeminod by P andy, Te planes si == Titec a ive wih iv nt parallel tof a oes fp and would be paral to each fer. Hence t ners I ata pont. Since P and 0 have difrent coordinates, PQ is nt paral vo Section 2. Questions requiring Answers 1 Let ft) =©°+1907, Then i is an eresing teen. since Set) =-1= 40-0), 2, The rovordinate ot te ght fous is VPF WP = vB From me 2 swe he y = £2 Ut dae eng of the verti focal chord i This se minunum lenge of any chord whose cadets are on ‘hexane bra. By sane. one ofthe tre aces either the evtcal foal Phord the hornmtal acs Ty the Latter ee, we Tas hove A= 3) the dite Berwen the two veetie Hor, "here are nooner uv of tsb ev N'S'isand there are wo other cords, wath eadpots on dere Trane, that have ths length A, Tat rseleoa ind) Then pe er res een SSR eS SSR SRE Se ee ese ene108 ‘THE SOLUTION: ‘as lds ad oiy i the two roots 45 and a of the qusdeat 43 (1 deoemH)a41—0 ae toth positive, Assume fr pow that they ae el. ‘Then ther Ive the nme em ae tors = E'S Tac othe gt he ea tan= 4 —seoe2e) or 1—soone > 0, ‘Now the dseriminan of the quadratic equation is (0 eon)? — 1m order for 40 be now-neganve, we mst have Py 5 Sinem eee so be ene of ABE. is aly line pujetion of 5 once ABC: “Moreover, U bes on 18 segment BS. Since US = A= OB, O is the centre ofthe equlateralteanale SAB. ence There are 2 = 8 ways for the os to make the fst tree move ‘Ta of the ways ed i "In the aor ie ways the fone il ‘the fourth move. Hence the total 3. Wear comparing the logasithaisat 4+, get Lat ty bab ‘wet Mog. We Have (B+e)+(G+-)ee 1m = 2 Te ftom sae 1997/90 03 Section 8. Questions requiring Full Solutions A. (a) Nowe that a bevs coarsingoons = Hine +9) sins —yNomnz Vater peas i Seats peers Thiet aciowd by (0) Note tat 1 Sensztaniy 2) +in(y = 2) i [patter ee pee eee ee ee nee ee ee |oo He SULUTIONS The seteved ty Sodan Aichi sey PEt cemdn Sao ws Tee (en ~ a)" + (02-25)? —(@a—n Lon — oe)? (oe — 28)? — fs) ea ~ tea — a) + 2m — mee — ws) Hence PQR i an blaming ad sont be eyaler (Fat. Play an). Qe an) aad =A, th th sspulteral tengo, with 0 <.y < 2. The the dope of PQ in AS Hence the equation a Ue alder 090 PQs Sine it pases theonsh th mint of PO, we have ox euilenty 2) vena (22241) (-aymaMl pani + na) +200) #0, Sine the second ft epi, we haves — Vo 2, = "Hence P sd @ a aplenty Now the slope of sequal to tan 5? =2+ 3. Solvine ry = 1 and wate wehavexr = 2-VB andy =2+-V5. Hee the onsite or Pare (2-V4.2s v4) while thow ofQ are @1 v2 v3} 2. Webs Sautmtetaetas=alraere +4 +g) SSS SS | yomje wee q = SO te a, atta 8) a reeeeeet Lhot dad se Hence jg) = 1, 0 that ial faa =i ‘whic ans tha he pois repeating hem alton sme ele ‘ent atthe orga. Suppose lease eg sate. ‘Then ag! = 4 or as = #2. Moreover, ozesj 1 Tk Iotlows that > 0. We now prove sit k= ST. Les te een ofthe 97th tow ater fearungement be =, 1) © 2. We wish veh Hhat hae a tI. Now the boom 3 rows afer Teac thet is a original ow ach tnt cach entry gy) 1 J £25, ‘Sn the top Wf rows afer rearrmgemant. Then xj < yp 1 = F225. 90 that 2y-bae-bo tee Sethe ys SL“THE soLuTioNs Otyampiad Payer 1 Let the inci of iangle ABC woud BC at XGA we Y and Att 2. Ue.D Ww te pot ot MC ad F beth mio of AB ior = ap—ac (ae+20)~(av +¥C) zB-ve flows thas we have 1 Roos that aa) samy Soeshk L zl a =(M fof 1) and = MOM — n(n =) ro that ay 0g ay = (MEM Din = ‘Then Since ‘rhea M i mle lace, we hav the dated tower bound ee nm | 1991/98 mn 8. Solution 1 Since 5 contans a even numbers a subue wit ns 49 elements ‘may consist only of even mumbers. and wil not satis the desired envitnne fe Fllowe that A Wo ye pe tha an aa ‘the desired aalitinis, Ket eustute tte numberof even ements jn 1 Hor any odd number #105, lt (2) dente the number ot wo element nS which are not flatly rie to In particular, fs prime, thon fe 39) te] Wo claim that if f(e) < «= for any odd number = in 7, thon the Sule exis This Lewse me can take and 9 of the f= sla) even numbers m relatively pre wo to form A. Thus {he la ated. ‘Now in there ae (3) = 16 od mimbers having 36 the mast ime dca Thor are f(5)-2 = Todd umber vine 8a he Silly, there axe /(7) 9 — 4 odd ons aving 7a tbe sunt prime viv, wl vly H vil aes vig 7 te tnt prin divin oe any p> % namely, pte. We eonader fe ones Case 1. © > 25, or any 04a number we nave Sta) $00 “The dived conchion fellows from one ei ela. 4 Boos Case 2. 16 <0 <2 ‘The mumber of ed eloments in wat ast S028 > 141647, the fst tem in the sm aesoutng for the number 1, Hence s) 550)a ‘THE soLUTIONS and we my appeal to oar eal lam again ase 8, 10< 6 <18. "he munber of od elements 1 at lost 01 BO 1FI6S TEES 6-1 Hence sontane sn ad washer whose smallest prime divine 1 fallow that f(a) £ (81) —1— 30 8 Case 4. =. ‘he umber of od element Hence” contsins an odd umber z whose smallest prune disor Fat ea 88 I flows tha (al © (50) =e Case 5. 08 ‘The number of od elements in T i at ast, Hence T contain an add number « whoee eal prise divisor sti Tai ins Gh ows AU an 0 ‘dd mumbers an 8 donot belong to 1 Hence fonts at Tes dd les of3. They slo with = form A Solution 2 ry cont ony of ven numbers, and wll ot ati the derird ontons I flows that m2 60. We mow prove a any subaet {T with 50 elements ennai subset A of sue 1U wane sabes the dvd condone Partition the outs in $ into the flowing is ste: 0 = 48,58 50,1, 60,71,73,7,80,80,97}, Oy = (uh.17.19,23.20.31.97.41.48.47) 0 = {49,55,05,7,05,91,95}, Oy = {25.88.85 39,51.57.60.81.9). % = 6 8. We eae ve eas, | | | | | | | | | | | 1 1997/98, ns Case 1. PHO, #0. In3, tere re 0a mutes not dvsbe by 3. Hence T contains ai least 17 numbers which are eter even numbers rod nltiles [5 Ty the Piola Paige, Penta othr en hare {llr wit ut een of P90 PO, What P20, 2% Case 2 rumbere Let # © TOs Then of moot 8 of theo 12 even Imbers are maples of 15, the wore ease. Hee we ca ae A to consist of# and 9 even numbers which are not miles ol ase 8.111101 003) 7 cones a wat 28 od numbers and hence at 22 even mbes Let 21 190. te ates 2 — 14 = even mumbo ae eat pane 85, that cane: Hence we tale Af conto an ef an Case 4.710(0,110)U04) = Band 710. #4 7 ovine at moat 2 od umber and ence It 29 een tnbers a's ¢ P01: Sn |) 40) 149) (7 in] “ts 3, ent 29119 10 even mbes in ate relatively oxime to {he ware ave Hence we ny take to Gnas of ad Daf hase ven nue 1 contains at mont 19 eld mbors art hone a ac AR er dnautnus, Lk eT Os Since (Fh bs} bel 38— 22 — 1G cyt ste P ae sively ue 1) he worst ve Menor we may Take wo const of rand Yo Use fren merue. ‘THE SOLUTIONS OWmoiad Paver IL 1. Note that CC +C)G) - cae ae ho Aa * ha} ha} mint —3m8) 3 for some intoger > 3. Hence mot tm 18} 9.264 ‘suppose eat m= 2" or some ager > 3, tat rn =n $R RL Se that a Soe +8 OOO h Aides 22°", Spy hal on = 3 fos mtn aie age mt m48=2" he u to = k1 Mu A, we he 8 = 2 (mod 18. This contaditom > 4 If, thon m= 6hut don | B= 3B ie tots power uf 2. I'u=2, then m= 12 but m= —3m+ 8116 6 Dota power of? eter Hence u=8, m= and n=25, Indeed, (GGG) des 2, pes eee nee pen ene ese snes snes ee omnes seem ese 1991/98 un 2, Solution 1 ‘We prove w stronger esl hat the It side ofthe given eaton is always eveter than or eal to the right side. with equality Trhoente of telngle ABC" Complate F # “xO < \ 4 Lo ONY # ° Applying Pisleny's nogeality to the quadtltorls ABCP ant DO-BO+ AB: DA= AF -BC+AB-CF2 AC-BF ond DB-BF+DC-DA \B- BC LE. BF +AP-BE> AB-BP 1 lowe that DA-DB.AB4 DE-DE. BEL DC.DA.CA = DBA DA} BU-DL)+DE-DA-CA DD AC BP}EC DACA ACIDE BE + DC-Da) = AC-AB- Be, IM ABBUP sa ejeae pemagon. pine Bt r= 88 paraiogram, Heist be a rectangle, oo that BF and CF ave dlamators of the ‘omamcele Honea /RAP = /CAR (Eoule to CD ond AC to perpendialar to BD. Solution 2 1 the complex plans let the points . ja) =| = Inotter word ange ABC1. THE SOLUTIONS ‘sins inthe nit le. Ths ts orthoente Hs reoresented tym tsb. Define A, Alea) Taal eae) (=ale—0) n=} Seon ff) = f(8) = fq) = tt f(2) 1 forall. In parte, $10) =1. Now sere 9 =a) SMe ence + |P2:20} [pee aE aC = ro that DA-DB-AB-+ DB-DC. BC+ DC-DA.CA> AB-BC-CA. ality hole fan onl if ence Solution 1 De ah (a tan) + (aa tay) tt on tag) +a, 1 while the latter leads to a <9. Hence ened 84 = Sion Sint) fog > 1. Thon ty) fa geometric roe with amon ratio 7 Sine Tam pba thy hers, we have ce ty since o> 0, we must have ° =, Henoe 4. Note hat However, the sluton sot fora — ir +2 > O's (-20.1)U (2.00) seh that form tr DI (1.9) Hen et ef proportion. Hence «is bot necator Fee. | | | | | | | | | | | 1 1990/99 a 5. Let be the pont op BC such hat A perpenacaar to BS. ‘Thon EXC perpendicular tthe plane BCD. Sine EF is paral 240 whi PC te parle ta RD, “ERG = I follows that ie the conse of angle BCD. Taking, we ae AG = BG v3 a Honee . au — fa =H = 0°, a relay 6 a an Sime BP — AC — 1, we have vo that eK vB ‘Since CEPR ts che diaal aisle dma BPO ound DEG, the didralanle between EFC nd CFO is x ~ arent? (6. The munber of sch ne one two verti of the cube is 2 298 rarer of each ne ning the midpolnsof two parallel ‘get 89 — 18, Tho number af ns Jinng tho cantar of two ‘peste Cova ie 8! =3, Save Use ave mb aac ay Ue total aimee ssa sa. ew BF Section 2. Questions requiring Answers Only 1, Ry the proper off,)-1(8) (9). utlllogram, wt © 22 (0 I}s or w= 25 44%, Hence Iwi? = (25 riz}es—1) = 42m" — F) <5 —Asin20 <9, va equaty when = 2.1 lw tthe maxi dare ‘of S from the origin is 3. ‘° ‘ ‘The umber of wns shonin Yee aor f choscing one even and wu a digit ()( Gain a wd, (04.8), at (035), (2, zd] aad Aa hve su than 1: ten the tl mba ches WN Sy 4. Let m be the numberof terms and abe the fist term. ‘Then a lm Nat Ply =1) ¢ 100, Tider tha thane BEG Dat nan —100) <0, (n= HF a¢an? 20 — 100) 20 regula ‘Ts katt Kalvin tayo Dy 1990/99 325 tn onder tory to be rea, we must ave 09 — Sua 2.0 or & We allo asd y to be nonnegative. Thiel cartainly the case i Dees Y Soppeae ee 0 Then we nod whieh ons to 12°, go that “1 a <0. Ts de overall ange 6. Let V be the midpoint of EM and let F be the poi on BC sich that DE and CM are perpendicular to each other. Note that sews AM = BAF CM that GP = 1 Mine ao Bob AF aa AC! = BCA, wo that oe ACE = $5 =F. Now Ab? = AU + CBE —24U- CB eos AUD ence AE | CE* AC? Sinsa we ako have AB + DE2— AD? ‘The area of tingle BBC = TAC" BC = v3, Sine AD io ye ‘enfcnar to the plane coutahng ML, tbe volume ot ABCD sara 2a Section 8. Questions requising Pull Solutions: 1 sine toon = 1 x(a) aie (3—$) ~ tan = mls!) (mle -2uu(E g“THE SOLUTIONS tis, eidedown parabola with maximim 3? occurring at = =i Note that f(0) = 3 lcs betwoon 8 and 3 S51 5 syaothat 820.20, Thon f(a] < unt fis) = Ti the Het Ue afl «0, Hane Cu) de ae sok uation az* +82 +53, and we have $V on ieee <9 Suppose 3 ~ 8 < 5, so that @ <8 Then [f(a] < 5 wnt le) 3 fr tho fat tine ater = 0. Hone fa) he larger ‘ob of Ue doi a + Ba B= —S, ad we ae Ha) ~ (0) Siac #981 > th maxima vale of ae (he maxima val off) occu a= 8 Let M(zoal, Mis and Maza) be thre pits onthe {rab ht Ai pen th nd ner YM pe Boough B. Then www t ‘whic de to a Simi we have a ae ‘The eauntion ofthe Hine Mia (Cae — tahub + 20a sh + Bey — 290) = 0 | 1990/99 27 (4) Tae system, 2p — by = pha =) = Ply — 200) Iam unig sulin, Hee Aff pan Uuongh Bt pont (0) The unique soln is asses throu (a, 1, ad y =P. Hons Ms Paper Ih 1. Let BU =a, VA = 0, AM 6, be the oreumraisand rb the enradinn oomite A. The area of tranale ABC Ie seh by [Poin dae well ee, (-bena) Te fale tha sina Trea 2ftin Asin eine n+ and Now ‘thas ADI and OP are sma, wo Ua AL_ av _cxmbs 1 dh other hand, where 7] denote the are of tangle:‘Then we have Noe that. uKer flows ea ence 4 (| } BNE wean} LkAR VON L ace “THE SOLUTIONS .) (oe K ACs B 2 2 Dp ee tensa ens enemas ese nenamaeeie nen saa 1990/99 a9 ‘must be even and a = 1 occurs the same number of times 1 thot thre eet porte ae FalFay al“ (Fl@)))=1 Jor al postive mtogers a xy. ‘Ien A = 25. We sal determine 2 rcitsiely and show that iis lays even. For k'= 1, eboose Than F(t) = FQ) = 1 while y(t) = 2s that my 2 On the other hand, (2) — 2 ore 22. Hwee y= 2 and is ined eve ‘Swypone ya bee determined and is even. ‘Then 2941 ithe Tarra sateger sh tht tere exis pete integer oe whieh Fala) the cad BY take 0= 1 Tf ot ake by = Tsay a ~ hn and ‘Then 2m = ol? +H + yn, and FA slice large we wll Te 3 0 2 Ua the rota he Zi Eg Then wh Ay =n ad a i ea) . (Gaosorb=8? Meare? Slt oF g(t —a)®. When 9s <7, we have “ies = =0¥6-29—9 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1998) aa iw f(e) = ~~! When ere fory em serv We can tate A= since the ease of equality in () wll ‘how that no larger tle of A pie 0) When 0. 4 < othe meromry and sifu eontione ‘3. Clay each vertical 1 1 4 stack contains exaely one red abe Al we have to decide is whether Ie son evel 1,2, or 4. It we ‘epsnsnt the ha if hen afc table, we lin ach soa ‘Th number inciting the eel of thr eube that stake ‘Son ithe able canbe the mene The ret row cub find ways. nd by symmetry we onl neo consider the case when ‘von ane 1, and that er “The remaining entries ofthe frst column are 2,3 and 4 in sme eden They can he permed nt weg ad we ned cl eon hes the posnsttion 2, @ soda that cede, Now th enty te the second row i sed ala In, Sk Wi oO Femaining entries are determine nique it 1 te rer Ing entries inthe second rom and second column ae derived ll 1 1 Ala conta avn ane ree1 “THE soLUTION: og em ie ig In, he ine of ir Cite wae of seni teats atta] [sli lals Gopi Gispt Tjzlaia| etate TH Pte htt] BEE Sprery Gost | | | | | | | | | | | J 1900/2000 19 1999/2000 Faper Section 1, Quentin with Multiple Chofecs A. Let an = eg"! Then ali to+diie” Ty Tatra Tee Hence {84} 14 geomet progreion wilh cminon ratio soe ave Je] — Sly] 1) = (0A), (10), (1,0), (41) (0,1). The Bet yiels (ay) — (Ly 11) tho sosnd (ry) = (42.44, the thea (osy) © that) te fo (yg) — (L349) oad Bh (ve) = Ce, 0) The total maser ot sun ace psn is eaereeea=i6, tet (0) ogy3) ~ oes “Thea ff) a increasing Seton The gen inequality states foe js) odin omen ye y= 4. Leb abe a ine om whic terse cal pint A, ad eb b bea Nem which interes at point 2. 11 # 6, then a and b ies sh ohhh inact Hence P false. Hor any Paste internet te line fe the plane = and ave ope nee nes ane pie kw, Hence bo fae. 5. Let the number of gues payed among, tne nce payee "Tn he teal ner of ames played Is (Jerre zm, so that (= Rin 8) = 8842. Sine << 8 it oly wham r= 1 hat 8} Br = i the ‘prdct oft comer intern“Tue sowurions 1999/2000 an tthe coordina fn D be (0,21) al nme a Cn (0,25), 3. Nove that wes eet eo Tien the esaton ot " ot Aon R= SACD + co Baln ant or 9 (64 yt Bet 0. Since tps through (2) we have Gre) Now the sly of AB Pore vie that of AC is 1. tee mbes ees man be the fe cone, Then their sum = sana+ ROD , nn+t) 7 2 =o, we bave a +3061 = Wand 1952 aly, wen n= 62, we hve 620481 % 61 < 2000. Henoe «<1. vieling $= 1950. 2000. Heice a <2, ylding 2. We have seal Gy) eT FMI wear am Dy the Laws ofthe Sauna Csi, sete” CO) () ta 4. Since V-FF = 5, the equation ofthe ngs ducer = 3. ‘The ih focus Isat F160) and the left focus sat #3(-5,0) Tt be the dntance rom P tn the righ drectric. I Pon te tight Usa, tan Pe PP; = 8 wile PF, | PR, = 24. Hence ium the hit beaunh, Now PF, — PF, ~ 8 and 2PF, ~ 24-8. ence ratios aaa 1 fallow that d~ 16 wad the zcoordinate of Pie 6 i 1, The slope ofthe tne =. We my sue Ut > Od BO sothat a 2b, We mist alo buvea # #0, Ite 0, thee are 3 Shep thre a wt oe ewer the nes y = 0, 22 ~ 2y = 0 and 32.—9y » 0 are ‘he same. Tw the moe of Fos in tls cane is? — 2 7. TE O20, ns an 8 way to ehoace a 3 mato cone Band | ways webbisec The the miter fi te cave 37S 36. Te totale 7436-18 6, Let BH intersect SC at P. Since I isthe orttocente of triangle S10, RP erento $0 Asn en the le thet lar Ur SBC. Nose in porticular that AB and SC are porpondiularaa "THE soLuTIONS sh tins. Lat te pane through SC perpenicuae to AM eu ALF: Then CP isan lita of teiangde ABC, and the pojetion oF Sevan it Repeat the above areument starting with Qa the point of ner- perpendicular sow tines 1 Fe the oi of oterection of AC ‘i Ue pe tng SE perpeniae to AC; ten O also les on to altitude 1 of tangle ABC. Hence i the orthoreatre ‘of ABC. Since ABC is equilateral, we have $4=SB=SC=2V'. Let F be the point of inersetion of CO and AB. Sinoe CP is ‘ihral angle betweon the plane ABW and AIC te LBRO 20" LECE ~EiP, fle that ‘inne BP is perpendinlr to SC, oc = Isc=vs, so = Sema tn — 200(%3\ 5 ola) Ua eva of SABC in ive by 1 capac YENI, daarat ¥5 1 Section 3. Questions requiring Full Solutions: 1 bet Jo) = Poet a1 =) 4 (= aint (2veesd (1 ~via) lo s)@¥ee0sa5 1), ‘he open interval (41, the equation aVoui0= (1 ~ avin Vout vant pete eee 1999/2000, uw Vent = Conversa 2Vinsfsin 0150, then fl2)>0 for 0<2-<1. This may be rewriten as sin28> 5 Now a8 —f(I) 0 ond sin =f) Ml sathat Oc Be F om aes 2a) Hees @ = 20 1 als that 20 < Hf wo thas <0 < 4B. The the entire range = ake Eco cate foreach iteger 2. The s-coordinate of the foi axe 257 ST tn the eat of th ese ae 2 C30. Let M and’ be the rept B to Ube davis « 25, the eee 2a Wenge F's fee of pepenticla frm A ad a Sor= AD N 2 AN AM, hick fl Henoe the minimum value occurs when 2 i the Fein of inrstion of AM weit tb lime, Hence Bis (28,2) 8. Let anys — = and It the ominon difeonce of the arithmetic ‘ogre i Ths we have Feayes = nett net), Sama | Ones | nena snthat 7 Let p be real uber to be chor Inter. We ave ied, = (ronda? Jeanaa ‘THe sowurioNs ‘The It ee daa cs nbn now unre if be ern so that ‘To show that thi maximum vloe canbe aioe, we dons Ak and = Moo that Lend 0, with te be sen aes sient) e ft MED seg Hoe treba e(( BAOENY” _o oat Secung ms equal to fy we hive & = aay ama 1 follows that if (%, twen -(Sorn Paner 1 4 Let BD intersect AC at. Appying Cea's Theorem to trance cD, HD EC GB 1999/2000 us Sine AA bisects (BAD, we have BH BA aD ap = BAC _ AD: Be DE Drow alin ng patel acing ve xen oA AUT, Sine tlanles BAG and C7G are smiles, BA.cO BA-08, ‘Daw fine thrgh parallel to AD, cutting the extesion of AB aw. Ae tafe, me ave follows that CF — CF LAO! =18" {BAC = 180" — LDAC ~ LAC, oingles ACL and AC are eangr. Hence (CAG = CAB,46. 3% ‘THE SOLUTIONS 0-4 isin sod gis Bs eani-0— 6) +150(-0 ~ 9), Sine the nm of these mimes 1 eave O40 ere 2g lost + be ea] =a +b] = VT OF Fe. ee ote posable vale are avs om the eases 2» (a) Let the weights ofthe tokens be the pastve integers 2,02, sae i no-deresing oder. Then the weight fan objec ‘at may be balanend w Ea tere 2; 1,Qor 1 he 12 52k, The poe acs of that 2-21 S38 go that n < B 1999/2000 ur {Lat m be such tat a ? ‘thw & > m, We ela that we may bave {ple ie =m, ca bale any object ot taking 2: eight wed can et ts base representation be Sua ssbere w =0,1or 2 "hen Sn S54, We know Unt de set of tokens of {ah work. The rset tokens ony tse Si ree abun nto eh fc nhonit tt gat yal ary eg apo See len ‘he mint et of ens sok unig. Consider now te remaining cave wie 0 — 5 Shares = Fo for Sg ms te only tnt st of tolens that works Since Jey wba ean represent any ofthe 2n'1 integers w rom v0 Seis egm, thee ace no dupa presentations yout, Now uswr hs ss set te nign npntain Spot, sulle siting aot yet ronnieus ‘THE SOLUTIONS is 1, Hence we mst have ay Vsigj Siw Suooose = 3! for Des Ene stethe based epi yon, YL wae ae induction Olympiad Paper T Te follows that the scond factor in te lat ipayed expres is sl pti (6) Mato 2K—2r=0, then 06 $ = sin or C= BO 1900/2000 10 (op a0 282 0th en sa oe £0 90% 2. Staton 4 We may ee oy = 1 "Teno: == ao = 1 We rove be undution on 1 that oy = nty—1 1 ( 1)" for all > 1 We have non = Ela EB (1-25) =~ ta tte Con sean ( fottiegs art le sicSuen( ee nh it ei n=) Ne th Soutealsbweite Boones anne (1) Sen ior fen guirn (jane Bafta Eero or wooo (Jor™ sor (ears insti tinenie st 2 oh ye— “THe SOLUTIONS Ie lows in 5 Inl= eT Solution 2 2 and tha the dered expression sequal vo Ina permutabonsof 1,2...) 2 sad oe 8 Axed pout in the rth place. The derangonat number dy counts te numer of permutations without fixed points. We have dy = 1 and Suppose n > 2. Thee are n—1 places where 1 canbe. Suppose it raining» 2 nur a be deranged in dye mee ‘Suppose a notin th fot place We oan pretend chet it ‘Ap in he sal saying putin nee pe se ein ‘n= mumpers cane deranged nd Ways follows that be = (2 Mdgas dy ‘ms may ve wren as (by — dy = dys —(~ Tea a - © Maen = ta ay car. In the Solution 1, weave shown that: the tau (ap) sates ‘he ene swourencerlalin and bao the eae iil vals, Tt Foo Mat ~ dy fr al We aia nt ses (F)ea Gear e Geta} ta)4 (Gh soto al ie with {aod pt and eon Ss ta 201 perma overall ao ie lyon no cae he ne wih ll pote Hed, we hve tie tee. Say (ar ea({)searnemnn(,")u mfeA) = G0. 1900/2000 1st 1 flome a Undiel enpcaon sequal to i= £4 n(n! 1) = ant G49) 13 We ist prove Ua he sues of pactcgants fe at est Consider» paruerpnt Who as payed ea ‘onl one pir, thet there are acter pats wi ve played sis pit Sint sac partipai in a mast two Das, thee ae a Tis ae postiponts im those a pai lang teal off a Gunde pra HX bi awe pan an ‘tn hve played ester of tac two ats soa eu en a layed 2 pais follows cat the foal numberof partispants We now give constriction that $8 +8 participants are sflcent. Wo usc ndosan on Bork yds the 13 participants inn bets of che, and any of Uc in ps. Pa erat Sets oye ler, "The numberof ges ec parbespant plays 23 =; dee Fork = 2, divide the % 43 partkants into wo subsets, with {Pin Sand ek other Aa 4 Sin T Pacha Sand Tie ved fest sts play eachother kes bull ae in 7. The number of tres each partpant in plays 25 = ay wile tbe numberof tres enh revit nS pawn 20) 2S ‘Acoume that eu «tourainent eis or some 1 with k 2 ‘Goniter touts wid ip! +8 plese. Divide them into nee sabeets, with Sin S, 252 -+:3 m1 and 5-8 mw ach of 87 nv i dived into sets of thee, and any two of the ver m pi. ai S pla all por nt tn the snes. yt ndcton hypoth thrcts min onan within 1 fore (up yt ach prtcpant im U plays 6 25 = oy. The munber of yaues ‘pave by a participant in who has plaved a; ~ ay gomes mn the IR tourement within Pe 98-4 (0g =m) as fd = Desa 2G date) y4) =a» "Thi omplets the inductive argument.wate sonurionss Olympiad Paper Th 4. Solution 1 Tote ht die sy (bod sim} 8 tomdeeeing and we oe Some ke Henoe me at ave 4 for some m ) Suppose m 210. Hei cy to dow thon that 2° —1 > 8. Hence 2 (mon im we RE Te flloms that m9, sl ie s0utne ko ec that only who ‘mado we have amber n= with the dered propery ‘3. Wefist prove that m > 25. Divid the 200 stents into 4° = 2b0 ropa secnfing tn rw they answer te fre four questions, Since 350 — 2702 < 200, at lest ono group canst of at Inet § rena. Take uf om sabe. Sie 7703 ~ 1004 wo can fle fide two more sets ot stent, en et fom one Oi rou Among any 4 ofthese 24 students, 2 of them mist be font ce ‘Shine rip and cat anver diferent a west ane custo. We iste chow thet won howe nM et te Groupe be av befor, an et tho soul shoeos be O, 1, and158 ie soLusioNs We discard 6 groups ab radon and put 8 of Ue 2000 stents in ‘ach ofthe remaining eons ‘Within each roup, we insist that the lst question be answered in ‘he ce wey fat ft othe Fe newer ila {rom ifieeat grou, sa ey aust auower east oe quai citeretly However hey answer exactly ope guestn dierent, at ast toe of the totals oftheir anwers wil not be a mlkpke of Tt {low th te desi vb n= 25, 2000/01 85 2000/01 Paes Section 1. Questions with Multiple Chaieos 2 os 2} Sino WP 22190 10,2 B. Heme ANT ~0. 2. Let be an arbitrary ieee. Fuse > 0 > conc wo der + $ care dort oF aR 2, this becomes wes Te Sead When £341, ne have Sbttuing ts to 2 — y= 1, wee nae ue seme + aie 2) Since B isto the right ofthe yas, 1s coordinates ae (2,3) "Twn of arn, id) ad Hh eof teanale ABC is 0 Cay aahe iegalty sce ses p Z q ‘The demi of the curate equation i 4a ~ te D and nether root real | Rete the equation ofthe ine as 262 ~ 1504-12 = 0. Then the {stan rm ten pint (1) thi ow Hence the rumerator iat lest 2, ae hs manumum value as ‘Allain wlan =p = 1. Honor the minimum distance is 8 6. We bane = Nee) (a (mh tbe (= Mew sence (enews ata HL Diving bon sits by 2—u8 = 2+ 1, wo have (ewe whew -w =a ee es Section 2. Questions requiring Anewere Onlyt 1. Noe ta 2000" = 3Ea + §. Hea sin 20007 = sin arsin(sn 20007) = ~ 2000/01 ast 2 From the Biomial Theorem, ay» (3 4 The eoordinaes of # are (~e,u) where & = oF 6, rom Gp, wu har essa Ye whic ade toc aco? = 0. Hanwe art — (ery? wate = yay 2 +40 +e Teflon nt ABP = 00" 5. Lek Gb Un eae of ne BOD. Than BG fagee ‘THE SOLUTIONS ot be the conten of the shee. The (40-097 = 00 Sines 04 08, we have WP — Hct Lek Ds es mat of AB, Then or = YOR AB = 25 the ros of he spre Hence its wtume is (29) we 6. only tw dent digit aro ed, hay a bo ean inf) — 8 ter Teresa Ge al eddie whe ote Serves asthe scond and fourth gts. I three erent igs are ‘wer they can be chosen in (3) 4 was “The smallest goes int Ht alo goes thin te oder two can be ermted in 2 was Ite smallest vit i ot repeated ten one (Fie ether rogue hed whe the ther goes send sa uth inl, euppoee all our digs are wed: Tho emallat gooe fiat rl delle Uwe cs be rst in 38 G ways, Hee Ue {otal umber of enoias sO 104025 Section 8. Questions requiring Full Solutions: 1. Bi the AME-GO equality we have (ob 3Sur _ (nb n+ 2) Se co saver 0. ence met (6308 0 2000/01 159 Forn=8, wove fo) 28 sary: Than) Scns Be aro SOT aja taki ef) be Bang fa Loncakioce) can ee Yeajery-t0-0 Prom (18 a2) — 2(4 a), we howe (a 1)(a— 9) 0. Hence aT und 6 = 3 Supymc es Ob The f(a) icon fm (00) ant creasing an (0). Hence su ale Is "fee minimum vale i ltr Bim iii fl) = MONA 18-0, Has Tyan 21 VP ge See Ta enn den fo=kia 2 so th 4:4a-+ 130, There aon el soe Tn summary, the cir vlan ae (0,8) — (1) (=2= V7.8) 3 Suns patallebgea wet Ue shosasebace cores fs ob fongin U- Suppese ese with Fas (@0}e Tha ue oppeste Sere i ab (00) ad the other two verti area (, £0) “The equation of the sde of the rhombus in Ue fist. quadrants Vat or betay—ab=0160 ‘THE SOLUTIONS Since iis ange bo he unter. we have 1 Adve couple ple by 7 (eum + sind), The a joc vertex (Qi represent by cafose land) 20 (erg) Ale tight nigh POG, te nnn a Obs PQ ie OOF Oe ence h = 1 and #4 x tangent vo the un ale. By spimety, ‘spate the other sides ofthe rhombus. Paper 1h awe ZAM = CAPD ail we have cana =~ canny ~ (ae = LANE = 9", where Is the point of intersection of AD and MIN. Hence the Tiifiatrny Sees tn LAN “AN Now AB hem Winnwace a the creamer of ange ALAN. Dy the Batended Lay af Sine, MV — ABPin CAB. Since the aren SADC in jun is FAD-ACa CAD, wo oly wok ADAP — triangles BAD and FAC av sila . 200/01 ‘The dasited result folows rom AB ap 2. Weleve Bay + Thy A a, +0 Substituting ein tae vote eee tun wen ania Wigs #6 gst ~ Hg Fy enga Wengs + 18‘he cuaractenstie equation 3s PM 4 15e—1 = feat Met) =0 tg =e, Felt + AVI" Flt 4Vv9" ‘Using the initial values, we have 1 = ntates a 4 = a teali-Wv) +at' 09, @ 49 — a texQ7 1569) gorse). Suberacing (1) from echo (2) and (2), we oben 2 = mls dA) 4 (6 AV, “ = ater v5} rete v5), 6 Subtract 6 48 tes (5) rom 12+ 75 tines (1, wave Sao ani% Sq = Mat ef Brom (i) me he = ft — Lakeway t nae fede nas de nay expanaing the canons rade te race se ne expen, tll the ieatlonal terms eanee! out andthe final valve fan eve Integer Hino ng the agar af a near oll 2 > ‘hone conversation exclly one then the total numberof phane fmverions among any 3 of them i 3. ence the seni Is ose with ‘We now prove ht tis ste only posible value. Hor 1 < i,j $m lure, be the er of pone comerstions btween the hat the j th Bend. The GeO and 2, — Boe rea teat te ‘2000/01 163 fae 15S yak wo any si hat pS Th {ota umber or paote conversions is TH Hates For any andj, Tok tasas™ foes constant m > 1. For 2S b=, we have bate = Hele te) (F=3" +4) (9 Fe0a) Wit. = Lothen 4 = Land cas = Ofer 2< kn. Henoe Lbe Det 21 Hemme fpf m= 2=1> 2 which 1 follows thot te hoe constant valve # for 1 Sm. From bo hs constant valve © for 14,9 Sal we must ase Tentheet= nad n ~ ain) implies to (nna) = 2-9, Sine and = 2 ar eave pre one ofthe ts at 19 2nd de aber = Wn 23, then nS Land m= 0. This {sot permite, Henge @ 32, n= Sand m= “Thin apse the poof that 2 = 5 the nly pete nn. Olympiad Paper 1 1. Tat 0 be te one ofthe unit cele. It we cut up A'D'C’D’ so, 214 NO and OD. we ca terre the our pies tng onde without aetng the onl he probleme104 “te sown ‘may assume tins AB = a wile BU: Let AX bea Aiameter of the cise oem ‘Then C= X since BX? = An? = Aa? = OBY are similar, we have * ae P08 oY > ae Now As 0R! Ra Re —008 =. Hence ce = The aren of AA'E'C is Aa'een by ADF CC" Sine ADC ‘moves avay from the midpoint of the semicirnlar AC not passing 78 Om the other han, the aon nf A" ceding AC is 2000/01 165 (4) The mim aio he ss of IFT" ww ABCD Pete ABC ad be ae (0) Since we must have in| AD, CD} > BC, the maxsnun ato se aD Re (10 = FC. ad we have 22, The sala per of 2 aneter than 2001 i as = 909 4 = 200+ 8 1 + 108, Leaving out 1094 for nome, the ext largest manber not accounted Foun 4, Te eect power of 2 grater than 46 i Leaving out 32 fr sav, we have 32-= 17 | 15. Loving out 16 for now, me ave (Only 1 and 8 ae ef, Thus we have divided the st 2001 postve Integers ini 008 ple pli th ve ile cement 1 8, 16, 32 ne ie nntnina any he five en I wl veto Metin lente wow eum es power of, ‘Utherunse by te Papi Primi i aust contin both ‘ments of oe of the WS pair Hee 1 ave sw dv ‘ments wos sun isa power of 2 To prove Lal 9 1 indcod ‘he ntnonn, we contrt ato IR alerts na Evo of which Shr prague of 2. We singly tale the larger lament fom ich ot te abe pin at xine wor, me ae 19,10 8,846,102, 1020. 2001} fume ener ta 2048 bo ow Ua 2080. Irony one eset168. 7 ‘THE SOLUTIONS 15, ther smi rete Uo A ut os than OAS. Heer is cr um greater than 16 an los hon 128, ad Keay tn verify tt i cannot be 32 or 8 ently cack bs jay by ental potion J and donate es now ‘nd 1 be tw ie ays whch are dampetnealy opposite. IFA and 4 axe sill dinmtricallyoppaite. chen any third ble av C wil sos LACE =P CE Otherwise, let be the bie jay such that Cis dlametricallyop- poste to A" Then ZACB =D" = CAC" Note that the rome Eivilly te fn at eaatral eclanghy whi ‘uple ews that ee ale form eee pean, AN AN ZI B Sse gH Ss < TF be lowing AS Ne * a ‘between he endpoints a hs diagonal, going the hurr Way. ‘ce sere are zn + 1 diagonals of each lenge she tt aes ‘of obese raga is (en DU EDEN) eC) fliegen at ins Dy th igeonooie Panepie, tere exist thee nie Jays wos mil en final petons both determine obtuse triangles 2000/02 sr Olympiad Paper Th 1. We may atsume that a m, Now Jann < amin —m) (0? ~ = (a my(sn0a = a=), , Ts flows that 409 — nm 0s Hat the gen exprenon (dior — mn) Bion 's postive, Abo, sam 8 = tam 0 (aun 2}, Jinn) = Gano) bts te pets 2000/01 168 (ood 2), Conder Bet {by teas > al 02 2) BQ 2.9) = ‘to maxinize the vale of (2), we waa wa Eto {ees near fer as posible Since ws bea itor 1. i muy to very that (mn) = (US) tise the By “eet mn) = (77 don nt, We hi that the TED I fhor wr 398 — 2V TOUR 0520320) ma “This jute the dan.1 Atkin WS, M GENERAL REFERENCES 8g, 104 Probleme Alva roo the Tine Sip ef fhe USA IMO Team, AMET Pubciogs Canbrr, 001 [Aalino RA, Gains AM ad Shall, The Contest Prolan Beok I Mathematical Asociason of Auman, 189. tks W2, Probe Soleng st te ANC, AMT Publishing, Can Tera, 1983 Arkin: WS. Edwards JD. King DJ, Oran #9 and aor Ps ‘usrlon Mathematics Competition, Book 1. 1978-1884, AMT Pulhing, Canberra, 1086 st 2000 JEM and tex Compenon, Book 5, Toa Avstaton Mota " 6, Barbeau BS, Poonal, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989. 1. Beckenbach KI ad Heliman 1, An snroution co Fueyuat a 2. u. Mathematical Associaton of America, 1961 and Manner SB, The Contest Probe Hoo V, Mate Durve JC, Soking Solotions, ANP Publishing, Canberra, 2000, ‘Chinn WE and Stenred NR, Piet Concept af Topmlon, Mate Coxeter HSM, fraction ts Geometry Joh Wiley le Sons, New Coxeter HSM ana Greer Si, Geomeiry Revi Maeuntnad Assocation of Ameri, 167 Fomin D and Kien A. Leura Matenal Opa Brn, Wesfrt Rascarttis, 100, Gratzer SL, International Mathematical Olmmpads 159.1977, ‘Malleaatiat Association of Ameren, 1078 Kear Asscition of Aurea, 1968,m 16, v. as. 20. a, 23. 25. 20, General References ‘eary JB, Dovey 3. Bdwards AR. Motors Nak A. Var Aeon Chtlenge 1001-7005, ANF Pubahng, 107 ton Dats Solve Some Math Prose Compesiton, Wateao, Otiea, 108 _ Carson Mathai: ogaberger Ry Frm Bid to Kio Matheson! Amelio of ‘America, 1906 sberger Ry Jngernsy 18 Matienatrs, Mathermscal Aso Jaton of America, 1970, Honsberger R, Methematicl Gems J, Mathematical Asoiation of Arvin 1, Honsbereer R. Mathematical Gems I, Matbumatcal Assoeiation of Amari, 1976. oosbergerR, Mathematical Morse, Mathematical Assocation of onsberger i, tanemanica Pum, tatvenatiat Assoeation of Avera 195. Honsberter R, Methematia! Chestaate fom Around the World Kean ND, Grometrs Inequalities New Mathematical Ase sion of Ameria, 1981, Matleaiaiea Aswcinion uf America, 1980 aula MS, C54 Mathentiot Olympiads, 1972-1086, Malle aserma ME, 144 Protems of the Austnn-Polsh Mathemates Comscttion 1978-1098. The Academie Distribution Caner. Pree- fant Margtand, 1004 Kczmna ME and WinishacherE, Polish and Ausrion Methert fea Olympiads 1981-1085" Sceted Problema wth Metin Sob fons, ANT Pubbshing, Canberra, 1208, arson LC, Fraciem Soanng rows Froioms, Springer-Verng, New Yor, 181 Sonera Referens im £82, Lacs hua Banh Gia G, Asian Pac Mathematics Ogio, gsbany, AAT Fain, canoer, 18, {3% Lanse Hand Taylor Pd, Ausraltan Machematicl Olympiads 1979 ings. AMT Pushing, Canberra, 197, 34. Lin A, Chinese Mathematics Competitons and Utyrpiaas 191 Sg, AMT Peblshing, Canberra, 1097 86. Niven fay Mathomatisn of Cee - How to cunt iho count ‘ng, Maliennline Amos of America, 1965. 18. Ore 0. Grol nd Tair Uses Mathematical Associaton ot Amet- ten, 1948 snd updated by Wilson 1280 80, Oe 0, Foiation to Number Theor, Matematica Association of Amica, 1067 40, Plank AW and Wiliaons NH, Muthomatia! Toichest, AMT Pad Taig, Casterca, 1902 and 1006. AL, Raina Ines to Mathematical Prods pro rs, westiora, Nimans, 3995. 42, Rapaport, Hungrton Pre Book f Masbematiea Asocnton of Ameria, 1063 43. Rageport E, Hongorcn Howe Booe 1, satiemacen) ase int of Ameri, 1963 1984, Matt Salind (PF, The Contest Problem Book, Random House 161 Salknd CT, The Contest Problem Book I, Random, House, 100 48, Satin CP and Earl IM, The Cones Prolem toot i, Kandom Howe, 1978 RE “AP. Schwiee LI, The Contr! Pro Bak Vi, Mathematical Asso- Ciation of Armin, 108. “48. Sauygia IP, Plame ix Plane Geometry, Mir, Moscow, 1088 Sharygin IF, Prolems in Solid Geometry, Mt, Meso, 186,ws. General Keferences 5U, Simo AM, USSHE Mathematical Upmpiads 189-1048, AML Pub- Tshing, Canbarrs, 1097 S51, Tabor JB and Tarlo PY. Methods of Pofiem Solna, Boot 1 ANE Pushing, Caner, 1008 59. ThplorPS,futermational Mathenatice Tournament of Tame, Prob lens and Solutions, 1980298, AMT Publishing, Canberra, 198, 8 Thor PFs Mathie Fo nn of ean, Phe lems aa Soitons,ro-r400, AaTT Pubuetung, Canberra, 1345, 54. Taylor, Internationa Mathematis Tournament of Touns, Pro lens and Solutions, 1990-1988. AMT Publishing, Canberra, 1904 55. Taylor PJ and Stowhev A, Inerational Mathematics Towrna men! af Towns, Proms end Soitons, 1989-1007, AMT Pa f chore 108, Got of Aeris, 1902, Yaga IM, Guometic Tanirmations I, Macnee 58. Yaglom IM, Gsometne IransJormation Il, Mathematiel Assoc sion of Amerson 17,Tue AustRauian Marnemarics Trust ENRICHMENT SERIES Andy Liu eamed his Doctorate in Mathematics and viploma in Elementary Education simultaneously (1976) from the University of Alberta where he is now a Professor of Mathematical Sciences. His research interests ate in combinatorics, geometry, mathematics education and mathematics recreations. Since 1981, he has been running the Saturday Mathematical Activities, Recreations and Tutorials program for students in the 12 to 15 age group. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of High School Mathematics in China, Mathematics and Informatics Quarterly in Bulgaria and Crux Mathematicorum in Canada, as well as the series of books of which this is one volume. From 1981 to 1984, Andy was the deputy leader of the United States IMO team (under Murray Klamkin). In 1990, he was an honoraty member of the IMO organizing ia. In 1994, he was a member of the IMO Academic Committee in Hong Kong. In 1995, he was chairman of the IMO Problem Selection Committee. He is a vice-president of the Intemational Mathematics Tournament of the Towns. He is serving or has served on the problem competitions. In 1996, he received the David Hilbert International Award from the World Federation of National Mathematics Competitions. Committee in C (ees Of varivus national ard local ISBN 187642016-2 9°781876 420161