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解决Linux中文乱码问题:convmv命令使用教程

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### 知识点:解决Linux中Windows文件编码导致的中文乱码问题 在进行跨操作系统文件共享时,特别是从Windows系统拷贝文件到Linux系统时,常常会遇到中文文件名显示乱码的问题。这是因为Windows系统默认使用GBK(或GB2312)编码格式,而Linux系统则普遍采用UTF-8编码格式。由于编码不一致,导致在Linux环境下直接访问Windows拷贝来的文件时,中文字符显示不正确。 #### 解决方案:使用convmv工具 要解决这个问题,一个有效的方法是在Linux环境中使用命令行工具convmv。convmv是一个专门用于转换文件名编码的工具,能够将文件名从一种字符集转换为另一种字符集,从而解决乱码问题。以下是安装和使用convmv的详细步骤: 1. **安装convmv** - 在Red Hat系列的Linux发行版上,可以使用`yum install convmv`命令安装。 - 在Debian系列的Linux发行版上,可以使用`apt-get install convmv`命令安装。 安装命令会自动下载convmv及其依赖包,并完成安装过程。 2. **获取并解压convmv安装包** - 从互联网上下载convmv安装包(版本号为1.14的tar.gz格式)。 - 使用命令`tar xzvf convmv-1.14.tar.gz`解压安装包。 3. **进入解压后的目录** - 使用命令`cd convmv-1.14`进入解压后的目录。 4. **编译安装convmv** - 在目录内使用`make install`命令来编译并安装convmv。 - 注意:在某些Linux系统中,可能需要有root权限才能执行安装。 5. **使用convmv转换编码** - 执行转换命令`convmv -f GBK -t UTF-8 --notest -r ./`。 - `-f GBK`指明原文件编码是GBK。 - `-t UTF-8`指明目标编码是UTF-8。 - `--notest`选项用来执行实际的文件名转换操作。如果不加这个选项,命令只会模拟转换过程并显示哪些文件会被重命名,但不会真正进行重命名。 - `-r ./`表示递归处理当前目录及其所有子目录中的文件名编码。 在使用`--notest`选项之前,建议先不加这个选项运行一次,查看哪些文件会被重命名,确认无误后再执行实际的重命名操作。 通过以上步骤,可以将Linux中Windows拷贝来的文件的GBK编码转换为UTF-8编码,从而解决中文乱码问题。这个方法一劳永逸,避免了手动一个个文件转换编码的繁琐过程。 #### 关于convmv的使用技巧 - **备份原始文件** - 在进行编码转换之前,强烈建议备份原始文件。以防万一转换过程中出现问题,能够有原始数据的备份进行恢复。 - **测试转换效果** - 使用`--notest`选项前,先运行一次命令查看转换结果,确保转换后的文件名正确无误,再进行实际的编码转换。 - **处理大量文件** - 如果需要处理的文件数量极多,可以考虑在低峰时段执行转换操作,以减少对系统性能的影响。 - **日志记录** - 考虑将转换过程中的输出重定向到一个日志文件中,方便日后查看或出现问题时进行诊断。 #### 结语 掌握convmv工具的使用,可以极大提高Linux环境下对文件编码问题的处理效率。无论是日常工作还是面对跨平台文件共享时出现的乱码问题,都可以利用这一工具快速解决。此外,了解文件编码知识也是进行有效系统管理的基本技能之一。

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NAME SYNOPSIS OPTIONS DESCRIPTION Filesystem issues HFS+ on OS X / Darwin JFS NFS4 FAT/VFAT and NTFS How to undo double UTF-8 (or other) encoded filenames How to repair Samba files Netatalk interoperability issues SEE ALSO BUGS AUTHOR NAME convmv - converts filenames from one encoding to another SYNOPSIS convmv [options] FILE(S) ... DIRECTORY(S) OPTIONS -f ENCODING specify the current encoding of the filename(s) from which should be converted -t ENCODING specify the encoding to which the filename(s) should be converted -i interactive mode (ask y/n for each action) -r recursively go through directories --nfc target files will be normalization form C for UTF-8 (Linux etc.) --nfd target files will be normalization form D for UTF-8 (OS X etc.). --qfrom , --qto be more quiet about the "from" or "to" of a rename (if it screws up your terminal e.g.). This will in fact do nothing else than replace any non-ASCII character (bytewise) with ? and any control character with * on printout, this does not affect rename operation itself. --exec command execute the given command. You have to quote the command and #1 will be substituted by the old, #2 by the new filename. Using this option link targets will stay untouched. Example: convmv -f latin1 -t utf-8 -r --exec "echo #1 should be renamed to #2" path/to/files --list list all available encodings. To get support for more Chinese or Japanese encodings install the Perl HanExtra or JIS2K Encode packages. --lowmem keep memory footprint low by not creating a hash of all files. This disables checking if symlink targets are in subtree. Symlink target pointers will be converted regardlessly. If you convert multiple hundredthousands or millions of files the memory usage of convmv might grow quite high. This option would help you out in that case. --nosmart by default convmv will detect if a filename is already UTF8 encoded and will skip this file if conversion from some charset to UTF8 should be performed. --nosmart will also force conversion to UTF-8 for such files, which might result in "double encoded UTF-8" (see section below). --fixdouble using the --fixdouble option convmv does only convert files which will still be UTF-8 encoded after conversion. That's useful for fixing double-encoded UTF-8 files. All files which are not UTF-8 or will not result in UTF-8 after conversion will not be touched. Also see chapter "How to undo double UTF-8 ..." below. --notest Needed to actually rename the files. By default convmv will just print what it wants to do. --parsable This is an advanced option that people who want to write a GUI front end will find useful (some others maybe, too). It will convmv make print out what it would do in an easy parsable way. The first column contains the action or some kind of information, the second column mostly contains the file that is to be modified and if appropriate the third column contains the modified value. Each column is separated by \0\n (nullbyte newline). Each row (one action) is separated by \0\0\n (nullbyte nullbyte newline). --preserve-mtimes modifying filenames usually causes the parent directory's mtime being updated. This option allows to reset the mtime to the old value. If your filesystem supports sub-second resolution the sub-second part of the atime and mtime will be lost as Perl does not yet support that. --replace if the file to which shall be renamed already exists, it will be overwritten if the other file content is equal. --unescape this option will remove this ugly % hex sequences from filenames and turn them into (hopefully) nicer 8-bit characters. After --unescape you might want to do a charset conversion. This sequences like etc. are sometimes produced when downloading via http or ftp. --upper , --lower turn filenames into all upper or all lower case. When the file is not ASCII-encoded, convmv expects a charset to be entered via the -f switch. --dotlessi care about the dotless i/I issue. A lowercase version of "I" will also be dotless while an uppercase version of "i" will also be dotted. This is an issue for Turkish and Azeri. By the way: The superscript dot of the letter i was added in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter (in manuscripts) from adjacent vertical strokes in such letters as u, m, and n. J is a variant form of i which emerged at this time and subsequently became a separate letter. --help print a short summary of available options --dump-options print a list of all available options DESCRIPTION convmv is meant to help convert a single filename, a directory tree and the contained files or a whole filesystem into a different encoding. It just converts the filenames, not the content of the files. A special feature of convmv is that it also takes care of symlinks, also converts the symlink target pointer in case the symlink target is being converted, too. All this comes in very handy when one wants to switch over from old 8-bit locales to UTF-8 locales. It is also possible to convert directories to UTF-8 which are already partly UTF-8 encoded. convmv is able to detect if certain files are UTF-8 encoded and will skip them by default. To turn this smartness off use the --nosmart switch. Filesystem issues Almost all POSIX filesystems do not care about how filenames are encoded, here are some exceptions: HFS+ on OS X / Darwin Linux and (most?) other Unix-like operating systems use the so called normalization form C (NFC) for its UTF-8 encoding by default but do not enforce this. Darwin, the base of the Macintosh OS enforces normalization form D (NFD), where a few characters are encoded in a different way. On OS X it's not possible to create NFC UTF-8 filenames because this is prevented at filesystem layer. On HFS+ filenames are internally stored in UTF-16 and when converted back to UTF-8, for the underlying BSD system to be handable, NFD is created. See http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2001/qa1173.html for defails. I think it was a very bad idea and breaks many things under OS X which expect a normal POSIX conforming system. Anywhere else convmv is able to convert files from NFC to NFD or vice versa which makes interoperability with such systems a lot easier. JFS If people mount JFS partitions with iocharset=utf8, there is a similar problem, because JFS is designed to store filenames internally in UTF-16, too; that is because Linux' JFS is really JFS2, which was a rewrite of JFS for OS/2. JFS partitions should always be mounted with iocharset=iso8859-1, which is also the default with recent 2.6.6 kernels. If this is not done, JFS does not behave like a POSIX filesystem and it might happen that certain files cannot be created at all, for example filenames in ISO-8859-1 encoding. Only when interoperation with OS/2 is needed iocharset should be set according to your used locale charmap. NFS4 Despite other POSIX filesystems RFC3530 (NFS 4) mandates UTF-8 but also says: "The nfs4_cs_prep profile does not specify a normalization form. A later revision of this specification may specify a particular normalization form." In other words, if you want to use NFS4 you might find the conversion and normalization features of convmv quite useful. FAT/VFAT and NTFS NTFS and VFAT (for long filenames) use UTF-16 internally to store filenames. You should not need to convert filenames if you mount one of those filesystems. Use appropriate mount options instead! How to undo double UTF-8 (or other) encoded filenames Sometimes it might happen that you "double-encoded" certain filenames, for example the file names already were UTF-8 encoded and you accidently did another conversion from some charset to UTF-8. You can simply undo that by converting that the other way round. The from-charset has to be UTF-8 and the to-charset has to be the from-charset you previously accidently used. If you use the --fixdouble option convmv will make sure that only files will be processed that will still be UTF-8 encoded after conversion and it will leave non-UTF-8 files untouched. You should check to get the correct results by doing the conversion without --notest before, also the --qfrom option might be helpful, because the double utf-8 file names might screw up your terminal if they are being printed - they often contain control sequences which do funny things with your terminal window. If you are not sure about the charset which was accidently converted from, using --qfrom is a good way to fiddle out the required encoding without destroying the file names finally. How to repair Samba files When in the smb.conf (of Samba 2.x) there hasn't been set a correct "character set" variable, files which are created from Win* clients are being created in the client's codepage, e.g. cp850 for western european languages. As a result of that the files which contain non-ASCII characters are screwed up if you "ls" them on the Unix server. If you change the "character set" variable afterwards to iso8859-1, newly created files are okay, but the old files are still screwed up in the Windows encoding. In this case convmv can also be used to convert the old Samba-shared files from cp850 to iso8859-1. By the way: Samba 3.x finally maps to UTF-8 filenames by default, so also when you migrate from Samba 2 to Samba 3 you might have to convert your file names. Netatalk interoperability issues When Netatalk is being switched to UTF-8 which is supported in version 2 then it is NOT sufficient to rename the file names. There needs to be done more. See http://netatalk.sourceforge.net/2.0/htmldocs/upgrade.html#volumes-and-filenames and the uniconv utility of Netatalk for details. SEE ALSO locale(1) utf-8(7) charsets(7) BUGS no bugs or fleas known AUTHOR Bjoern JACKE Send mail to bjoern [at] j3e.de for bug reports and suggestions.