Slipstring Drive: String Theory, Gravity, and "Faster Than Light" Travel

SlipString Drive

String Theory, Gravity, and Faster Than Light Travel

Copyright © 2006 by Galactic Graphics (Andrew L. Bender)

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

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©2006 Galactic Graphics (Andrew L Bender) All Rights Reserved.

Edited by Dr. Lee Bender, David Bender, Dr. Carol Schilling, and Norma Torney SlipString™ and SlipString Drive™ are Trademarks of Galactic Graphics.

ISBN: 978-0-5954-0822-1 (sc)

ISBN: 978-0-5958-5206-2 (hc)

ISBN: 978-0-5958-5185-0 (e)

iUniverse rev. date: 11/03/2015

Contents

Acknowledgments

Preface

Chapter 1:   String Theory Preliminaries

Chapter 2:   M-Theory, where M Is for Membrane (also Mega, Magic, Matrix, or Mother-of-All…)

Chapter 3:   The Motions of Isolated Volumes of Spacetime or SlipString Drive

Chapter 4:   The Behaviors of a Gravity Wave Ship, and the Possibilities of Alien Life

Chapter 5:   Exploration Opportunities Using SlipString Drive

Chapter 6:   How To Detect Gravity Waves

Chapter 7:   SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) and How to Fix It

Chapter 8:   How to Complete a Theory of Everything by Modifying M-Theory with a Membrane Theory of Gravity

Chapter 9:   Life, the Universe and Everything, or: How the Universe Will End…But Must We End With It?

Appendix Preface

Appendix A Hypothesis for a Membrane Theory of Gravity

Notes

Appendix

Bibliography

For my family

To my parents, brother, and grandparents

who have inspired me and without whom

this book would not be possible.

The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.

—Albert Einstein

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Dr. Lee Bender, David Bender, and Dr. Carol Schilling for all their work of editing and revising the book while in progress and for helping to refine my work.

Thanks to Norma Torney for her final proof and edit of the book.

Thanks to Samuel T. Swansen, PC, for his faith in my work and for pushing to get it published.

Thanks to Theodore C. Nason Ph.D. for helping to refine my theories and for a critical analysis of them.

Thanks to NASA, ESA, R. Sahai and J. Trauger (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and the WFPC2 Science Team for the image of the Boomerang Nebula used on the front cover.

Thanks to the WMAP Science Team for the WMAP cosmic background radiation image in chapter 8 and in Appendix.

Thanks to Dr. Debra Elmegreen for her critique of the Membrane Theory of Gravity.

And thanks to Drs. Fred Chromey, Debra Elmegreen, James Lombardi, and Sophie Yancopoulos among other faculty and staff, for their help and inspiration while at Vassar College and for their continuing friendship.

Preface

Ever since I was six years old, I have been fascinated by how the universe works. I was glued to the TV series Cosmos with astronomer Dr. Carl Sagan. When I was about nine years old, for a class project I wrote Andrew’s Galactic Believe-It-or-Not with the latest astronomical oddities and interesting objects that had been discovered by the late 1970s to early 1980s. I was especially intrigued by pulsars, quasars, black holes, and the vastness of the universe. I was always asking myself big questions about how the universe was really put together.

Recently, I have been developing new theories about the universe and how to take advantage of these assumed properties to do things like escaping from the end of the universe and possibly to travel faster than light. I speculated in 1999 that in order to avoid ending with the universe we might be able to create a bubble of strings (which compose our universe) around a ship and leave this universe for a younger, healthier one. In 2003, on TechTV’s Big Thinkers series, I was encouraged to learn that Dr. Michio Kaku postulated the same idea about leaving our universe within a bubble of strings.

After much thought on the beginning of the universe, I also had a hunch that the universe had begun through a collision of massive proportions rather than the much more popular belief—the big bang theory—that the universe started from a single infinitesimal point that inflated into our current universe. I had problems with the traditional big bang theory because of its lack of explanation for how and why it occurred and thought that only a massive collision could produce such an event. This idea was later supported in a Science magazine article in 2001 that postulated the idea that string theory (M-Theory, to be specific) could explain the big bang through the collision of huge membranes (or branes for short), which float around in the higher spatial dimensions proposed in M-Theory and could cause a big splash when the membranes collided, creating a new universe.¹ According to M-Theory, these collisions were not necessarily uncommon either. Although I could not yet see the mechanism by which the collisions occurred (without a fuller understanding of string/M-Theory), I appreciated the possibilities. The idea that an entire universe could sprout from an almost one-dimensional point for no particularly good reason seemed unlikely, but a collision of membranes of massive sizes and energies seemed much more plausible. Plus, this theory avoids some of those nasty infinites that keep popping up in cosmological theories and are usually a sure sign of difficulties with a theory.

At least a half dozen times, theories I postulated years earlier were later promoted by other scientists, and most have been incorporated into current scientific thinking. So I finally decided to sit down (well, I am pretty much always sitting down) and get to work on publishing my latest theory of travel that could be effectively faster than light. I spent several thousand hours mentally modeling the universe and running simulations on those models. The more I understood string theory and the more my theories progressed on how it might be possible to create a back door around the limitations of the speed of light, the more eureka moments I had about the creation of our universe. I started putting the pieces of the puzzle together and eventually came across an elegant answer to what gravity might be. Once I had that piece, the entire universe started to make sense, and now every new astronomical finding that baffles cosmologists, such as dark matter, dark energy, and the universe’s increasing and changing rate of expansion, and many other discoveries, all appear to fit squarely into this new theory. If correct, these modifications of M-Theory should finally turn it into a true Theory of Everything.

You may be wondering why someone with a bachelor of arts in astronomy is working on such matters. Well, it is more a matter of time for me. I suffered a spinal cord injury as a teenager in 1988, as a result of a skiing injury. Not only am I a quadriplegic (although I did regain most of my upper body strength and function, some hand function, and near normal sensation everywhere), but I also developed chronic lower back pain. While all these factors have slowed down my work, I did have time to read and study but most of all to think.

In 1996 after six years of taking courses at a local community college (pain permitting), I was finally able to get my back into good enough shape that I could transfer to Vassar College, where I was the college’s first student in a wheelchair to live on campus. I received my BA in astronomy from Vassar in 2000 and have continued my studies in string and M-Theories ever since.

So here I am in my early thirties with my education delayed but itching to share my knowledge. I must get these theories to the public before another decade flies by, because I am not getting any younger, and I have not and will not come up with a practical theory for time travel!

I am also developing a video game based on the book that will span the life of our universe and beyond (in three separate and highly entertaining stages), so that readers can experience the travel described in the book for themselves. In addition, I would like to further develop my theories in an academic setting.

Chapter 1

String Theory

Preliminaries

I grew up in an Einsteinian universe. I could see spacetime being curved by gravity but was always wondering about the underlying nature of the universe. What exactly were matter and radiation, and how did they travel through a vacuum? I needed a more satisfactory explanation for what gravity was exactly and why light supposedly has a dual nature, sometimes acting as a particle and other times as a wave. Theorists struggled to explain this puzzling duality. Also relativity (Einstein’s theories of gravity and light which apply on cosmic scales as matter approaches the speed of light and where massive gravitational forces are concerned) and quantum mechanics (trying to describe what happens on a small scale among atoms, electrons, quarks, photons, and even empty space itself) are so diametrically opposed that they appeared not to be describing the same universe. Quantum mechanics is not as elegant as relativity, is often quite counterintuitive, and cannot currently be integrated into Einstein’s theories of relativity (it is similar to trying to duct tape a rabbit to a turtle and calling the outcome a single animal). Quantum mechanics has so much unstable quantum noise on very tiny levels (scales less than the Planck length¹ of 10-33cm or 10-35m) that the universe would be a relatively unstable place if it operated completely by this theory. Thus, very few physicists believe that quantum mechanics could possibly be a final theory, or Theory of Everything (TOE), to describe the universe, even though it has had a good deal of success in its predictive abilities of the statistics of the universe. For example, it predicts quite accurately the approximate number of photons that, when sent through a particular diffraction grid, will strike a given area on the other side of the grid. However, it cannot give precise predictions about what individual photons in the group will do.

String theory has been under development in one form or another since the 1970s, but it was not really taken seriously by many mainstream scientists until the 1990s when many of its kinks were worked out. String theory looked like the only feasible game in town for a TOE now that quantum theory was shown to have several weaknesses the deeper you looked into it. It made so much more sense to me than trying to unite two seemingly incompatible theories in order to attempt to explain one universe, a universe in which you cannot always tell what is a particle and what is a wave. String theory eliminates all the point particles. Everything is basically a wave, or string vibration, in this theory.

Previously, physics described matter, energy, and most forces as the effects of point particles. Light, for example, was described as photons which were individual points or packets of light. The confusing part was that light interferes with itself like water and other waves do, generating interference patterns of dark and light bands where the waves destructively and constructively interfere with each other, just like a wave does. Electrons and quarks were thought of as individual points of matter, and even forces of nature were thought to be transferred by subatomic particles such as gluons which hold quarks together inside protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. With string theory, now everything (all matter, energy, and forces) can be described as a wave function, or as the side effects of the vibrations of strings of energy which vibrate in ten different dimensions (or in eleven dimensions with M-Theory: more on that later).

Each string vibrates in the three spatial dimensions we know well plus a time dimension, in addition to six (or seven) more spatial dimensions. These exact numbers of dimensions were necessary mathematically in order to model all the forces of nature within the theory. Only with at least six extra spatial dimensions could the vibrations of strings take on all the characteristics of matter, light, and all the forces in nature. If there were any fewer dimensions, the strings would not have enough room to vibrate and therefore could not generate all the different forces and types of matter that we observe in our universe.

A precursor to string theory attempted to