L.P.M.: The End of The Great War (WWI Centenary Series)

L. P. M.

THE END OF THE GREAT WAR

By

J. Stewart Barney

Copyright © 2016 Read Books Ltd.

This book is copyright and may not be

reproduced or copied in any way without

the express permission of the publisher in writing

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Contents

Introduction to the World War One Centenary Series

A Timeline of the Major Events of World War One in Europe

World War One in Literature

Rouge Bouquet

Chapter I.

Chapter II.

Chapter III.

Chapter IV.

Chapter V.

Chapter VI.

Chapter VII.

Chapter VIII.

Chapter IX.

Chapter X.

Chapter XI.

Chapter XII.

Chapter XIII.

Chapter XIV.

Chapter XV.

Chapter XVI.

Chapter XVII.

Chapter XVIII.

Chapter XIX.

Chapter XX.

Chapter XXI.

Chapter XXII.

Chapter XXIII.

Chapter XXIV.

Chapter XXV.

Chapter XXVI.

Chapter XXVII.

Chapter XXVIII.

Chapter XXIX.

Chapter XXX.

Chapter XXXI.

Chapter XXXII.

Chapter XXXIII.

Chapter XXXIV.

Chapter XXXV.

Chapter XXXVI.

Introduction to the World War One Centenary Series

The First World War was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than nine million combatants were killed, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents’ technological and industrial sophistication – and tactical stalemate. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, paving the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the world’s great economic powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were both reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. Ultimately, more than 70 million military personnel were mobilised.

The war was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Yugoslav nationalist, Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, June 28th 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to Serbia, and international alliances were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. By the end of the war, four major imperial powers; the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires—ceased to exist. The map of Europe was redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created. On peace, the League of Nations formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such an appalling conflict, encouraging cooperation and communication between the newly autonomous nation states. This laudatory pursuit failed spectacularly with the advent of the Second World War however, with new European nationalism and the rise of fascism paving the way for the next global crisis.

This book is part of the World War One Centenary series; creating, collating and reprinting new and old works of poetry, fiction, autobiography and analysis. The series forms a commemorative tribute to mark the passing of one of the world’s bloodiest wars, offering new perspectives on this tragic yet fascinating period of human history.

Amelia Carruthers

A Timeline of the Major Events of World War One in Europe

World War One in Literature

In 1939, the writer Robert Graves was asked to write an article for the BBC’s Listener magazine, explaining ‘as a war poet of the last war, why so little poetry has so far been produced by this one.’ From the very first weeks of fighting, the First World War inspired enormous amounts of poetry, factual analysis, autobiography and fiction - from all countries involved in the conflict. 2,225 English war poets have been counted, of whom 1808 were civilians. The ‘total’ nature of this war perhaps goes someway to explaining its enormous impact on the popular imagination. Even today, commemorations and the effects of a ‘lost generation’ are still being witnessed. It was a war fought for traditional, nationalistic values of the nineteenth century, propagated using twentieth century technological and industrial methods of killing. The literature written during, and inspired by the first world war provides extraordinary insight into how the common soldier experienced life in battle, as well as how the civilian population mobilised and dealt with these losses.

A lot of the literature written during the war was designed to inform and propagandise, and nowhere was this more evident than in literary works for children. There were many overt attempts to encourage support for the war effort, influencing children’s (future soldiers) attitudes towards armed conflict. An earlier example, encouraging children to be good citizens, fighting for king and country was Scouting for Boys, written by Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of the scouting movement (published 1908). The cover depicted a boy watching out for enemy ships on the shoreline, replacing traditional images of childish innocence, passivity and naivety with children ready, willing and able to serve their nation. These were activities full of excitement and adventure, including tracking, woodcraft, endurance, chivalry, saving lives and patriotism. Such tropes were eagerly expanded once the war had began, notably by A.R. Hope, with The School of Arms: Stories of Boy Soldiers and Sailors (1915).

This volume contained many stories about the experiences of young soldiers in battles, using historical accounts to make participating in war seen normal. In fact, such actions were often depicted as a fundamental part of any boys’ coming of age, thereby preparing people to accept the idea of their young men and boys fighting and dying in battle. In the popular children’s periodical, The Boys Own Paper, numerous stories of young war heroes also provided entertainment for its avid readers - instilling pride in ones own country and distain for the enemy. Despite these glorifying aspects of home-front propaganda, the war literature that is most celebrated today is that which highlights the grim reality and everyday experiences of the men on the front line. From Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, to Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, to the poetry of Sassoon, Graves, and Brooke, there are numerous examples of acclaimed writing inspired by the Great War. Wilfred Owen (killed in the conflict at the age of twenty-five), wrote in introduction to his collected poems, ‘This book is not about heroes... Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power, except War.... My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity.’

The autobiography of Robert Graves perfectly sums up this mood, his ‘bitter leave-taking of England.’ The title, Good-Bye to All That points to the passing of an old order following the cataclysm of global war, the massive inadequacies of the patriotism which the government tried so hard to sustain, the rise of atheism, feminism, socialism and fascism as well as a whole host of other social changes. The unsentimental and frequently comic treatment of the banalities and intensities of the life of a British army officer in the First World War gave the author fame and financial security. It also provided an eager public with detailed descriptions of trench warfare, including the tragic incompetence of the Battle of Loos and the bitter fighting in the first phase of the Somme Offensive. The spread of education in Europe in the decades leading up to World War One meant that both soldiers and the public, at all levels of society, were literate. As a result, authors, both professional and amateur, were prolific during and after the war and found a market for their works. Literature was produced throughout the war but it was in the late 1920s and early 1930s that the real boom in war writing took place.

Erich Maria Remarque’s best-selling book, Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front), was translated into 28 languages with world sales nearly reaching 4 million in 1930. The book describes the German soldiers’ extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front. Remarque’s book was also partly based on Henri Barbusse’s 1916 novel, Le Feu (Under Fire). Barbusse was a French journalist who served as a stretcher-bearer on the front lines and his book was very influential in its own right at the time. The year after its publication, it won the prestigious Prix Goncourt and by the Armistice had sold 200,000 copies in France alone. Other novels, such as the The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek, have since become national emblems. This darkly comic tale, and its main protagonist Švejk, has developed into the Czech national personification, exploring both the pointlessness and futility of conflict in general, and of military discipline, Austrian military discipline in particular. Many of its characters, especially the Czechs, were participating in a conflict they did not understand on behalf of a country to which they had no loyalty.

Aside from literature directly relating to combatants’ experiences, some pre-existing popular literary characters were placed by their authors in World War I-related adventures during or directly after the war. These include Tom Swift (Tom Swift and His Aerial Warship, 1915 and Tom Swift and His Air Scout, 1919), Sherlock Holmes (His Last Bow, 1917) and Tarzan (Tarzan the Untamed, 1920). In addition, there was a massive amount of literature written by those ‘left behind’ on the home front; Vera Brittain’s Testament of Youth (first published 1933) has since been acclaimed as a classic for its description of the impact of the war on the lives of women and the civilian population - extending into the post-war years. As is evident, the literature of World War One is an enormous field, encompassing a wide array of styles; propagandistic, poetic, fictional, autobiographical and comical. It provides a glimpse into just what this terrible war meant for the everyday population, as well as the intelligentsia. It is hoped the current reader is encouraged to find out more, and enjoys this book.

This book is part of the World War One Centenary series; creating, collating and reprinting new and old works of poetry, fiction, autobiography and analysis. The series forms a commemorative tribute to mark the passing of one of the world’s bloodiest wars, offering new perspectives on this tragic yet fascinating period of human history.

Amelia Carruthers

Rouge Bouquet

In a wood they call the Rouge Bouquet

There is a new-made grave to-day,

Built by never a spade nor pick

Yet covered with earth ten metres thick.

There lie many fighting men,

Dead in their youthful prime,

Never to laugh nor love again

Nor taste the Summertime.

For Death came flying through the air

And stopped his flight at the dugout stair,

Touched his prey and left them there,

Clay to clay.

He hid their bodies stealthily

In the soil of the land they fought to free

And fled away.

Now over the grave abrupt and clear

Three volleys ring;

And perhaps their brave young spirits hear

The bugle sing:

"Go to sleep!

Go to sleep!

Slumber well where the shell screamed and fell.

Let your rifles rest on the muddy floor,

You will not need them any more.

Danger’s past;

Now at last,

Go to sleep!"

There is on earth no worthier grave

To hold the bodies of the brave

Than this place of pain and pride

Where they nobly fought and nobly died.

Never fear but in the skies

Saints and angels stand

Smiling with their holy eyes

On this new-come band.

St. Michael’s sword darts through the air

And touches the aureole on his hair

As he sees them stand saluting there,

His stalwart sons;

And Patrick, Brigid, Columkill

Rejoice that in veins of warriors still

The Gael’s blood runs.

And up to Heaven’s doorway floats,

From the wood called Rouge Bouquet

A delicate cloud of buglenotes

That softly say:

"Farewell!

Farewell!

Comrades true, born anew, peace to you!

Your souls shall be where the heroes are

And your memory shine like the morning-star.

Brave and dear,

Shield us here.

Farewell!"

By Joyce Kilmer 1918

The War was decided in the first twenty days of fighting, and all that happened afterwards consisted in battles which, however formidable and devastating, were but desperate and vain appeals against the decision of Fate.

Winston Churchill (1874–1965), British statesman, writer. Liaison 1914, preface, E.L. Spears (1930).

Image 1. US troops on the docks at Liverpool, England

L. P. M.

CHAPTER I.

THE MAN AND THE HOUR

The Secretary of State, although he sought to maintain an air of official reserve, showed that he was deeply impressed by what he had just heard.

Well, young man, you are certainly offering to undertake a pretty large contract.

He smiled, and continued in a slightly rhetorical vein—the Secretary was above all things first, last, and always an orator.

In my many years of public life, he said, "I have often had occasion to admire the dauntless spirit of our young men. But you have forced me to the conclusion that even I, with all my confidence in their power, have failed to realize how inevitably American initiative and independence will demand recognition. It is a quality which our form of government seems especially to foster and develop, and I glory in it as perhaps the chief factor in our national greatness and pre-eminence.

In what other country, I ask you, he flung out an arm across the great, flat-topped desk of state, would a mere boy like yourself ever conceive such a scheme, or have the incentive or opportunity to bring it to perfection? And, having conceived and perfected it, in what other country would he find the very heads of his Government so accessible and ready to help him?

The young man leaned forward. Then am I to understand, Mr. Secretary, that you are ready to help me?

Yes. He faced about and looked at his visitor in a glow of enthusiasm. "Not only will I help you, but I will, so far as is practicable, put behind you the power of this Administration.

Doubtless the newspapers, his tone took on a tinge of ironic resentment, when they learn the broad character of the credentials that I shall give you in order that you may meet the crowned heads of Europe, will say that I am again lowering the dignity of my office. But I consider, Mr. Edestone, that I am, in reality, giving more dignity to my office by bringing it closer to and by placing it at the services of, those from whose hands it first received its dignity, the sovereign people. ‘The master is greater than the servant’; and to my mind you as a citizen are even more entitled to the aid and co-operation of this Department than are its accredited envoys, our ministers and ambassadors, who, like myself, are but your hired men.

His face lighted up with the memory of the many stirring campaigns through which he had passed and his wonderful voice rang out, responding to his will like a perfect musical instrument under the touch of the artist.

I tell you, sir, he declared, I would rather be instrumental in bringing to an end this cruel war which is now deluging the pages of history with the heart’s blood of the people, whose voices may now be drowned in the roar of the 42-centimeter guns, but whose spirits will unite in the black stench clouds which rise from the festered fields of Flanders to descend upon the heads of those who by Divine Right have murdered them,—I would rather be instrumental in bringing about this result, than be President of the United States!

He had risen, as he spoke, and had stepped from behind his desk to give freer play to this burst of eloquence, but he now paused at the entrance of a secretary for whom he had sent, and changing to that quizzical drawl with which he had so often disarmed a hostile audience, added, And they do say that I am not without ambition in that respect.

He turned then to the waiting secretary, and letting his hand drop on Edestone’s shoulder:

Mr. Williams, he said, this is Mr. John Fulton Edestone, of New York, whose name is no doubt familiar to you. He is desirous of meeting and discussing quite informally with the potentates of Europe, a little matter which he thinks, and I more or less agree with him, will be of decided interest to them.

He chuckled softly; then continued in a more serious tone: "Mr. Edestone hopes, in short, with our assistance, to bring about not only the end of the European war, but to realize my dream—Universal Peace—and his plan, as he has outlined it to me, meets with my hearty approval.

"I wish you to furnish him with the credentials from this Department necessary to give him entrée anywhere abroad and protect him at all times and under all circumstances.

And, Mr. Williams, he halted the retiring subordinate, "when Mr. Edestone’s papers have been drawn, will you kindly bring them to me? I wish to present them in person, and