The Golden Goblet: Selected Poems of Goethe

THE GOLDEN GOBLET

Selected Poems

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Translated from the German by

Zsuzsanna Ozsváth & Frederick Turner

Deep Vellum Publishing

Dallas, Texas

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Deep Vellum is a 501c3

nonprofit literary arts organization founded in 2013.

Translation copyright © 2019 by Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner

First edition, 2019

All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-941920-79-4 (paperback) | 978-1-941920-80-0 (ebook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951693

This work is published in partnership with

the Ackerman Center for Holocaust Studies at

the University of Texas at Dallas

Cover Design by Justin Childress | justinchildress.co

Typesetting by Kirby Gann

Text set in Bembo, a typeface modeled on typefaces cut by Francesco Griffo

for Aldo Manuzio’s printing of De Aetna in 1495 in Venice

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

by McNaughton & Gunn

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION: Goethe the Revolutionary by Frederick Turner

FOREWORD: Biography as Poetry, Poetry as Biography by Zsuzsanna Ozsváth

THE GOLDEN GOBLET: SELECTED POEMS OF GOETHE

Epigraph for an Introduction to The West-East Divan

The Luck of Love

Dedication

Maying

Welcome and Farewell

Wild Rose

The New Amadis

Wanderer’s Storm Song

Mahomet’s Song

Prometheus

Ganymede

The King in Thule

To Cousin Kronos, the Coachman

On the Lake

The Artist’s Evening Song

The Bliss of Grief

Wanderer’s Night Song (1)

To Charlotte von Stein

Restless Love

Winter Journey in the Harz

To the Moon

All Things the Gods Bestow

Take This to Heart

The Fisherman

Song of the Spirits upon the Waters

Song of the Parcae

Wanderer’s Night Song (2)

Night Thoughts

Human Limitations

My Goddess

The Elf-King

Divinity

Joyful and Woeful …

Morning Complaints

Five Roman Elegies (1788–1790):

The Nearness of the Beloved

The Silent Sea

Three Poems from Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795–96):

D’you know that land where lemon blossoms blow …

Ah, none but those who yearn …

Who never ate his bread with tears …

The Sorcerer’s Apprentice

The God and the Dancer

The Bride of Corinth

The Metamorphosis of the Plants

World Soul

Nature and Art

Permanence in Change

Night Song

The Sonnet

The Metamorphosis of the Animals

Farewell

The Lover Writes Again

Eight Poems from The West-East Divan

Talismans

Blessed Yearning

To Zuleika

Ginkgo Biloba

Limitless

In a Thousand Forms

The Higher and the Highest

Elements

from Parabolic

Limitation

To Luna

Lovely Is the Night

Muteness

Proem

Ur-Words: Orphic

At Midnight

Refinding

In Honor of Luke Howard

Always and Everywhere

The One and the All

Trilogy of Passion

The Pariah

The Bridegroom

A Better Understanding (from The West-East Divan)

from The Legacy

from The Chinese-German Daybook-Yearbook:

Twilight from the heights …

Full Moon Rising

Dornburg

Ten Poems from Faust:

  1. Dedication (To Faust, Part 1)

  2. Prologue in Heaven

  3. Faust in His Study

  4. Faust Translating the Gospel

  5. In Martha’s Garden

  6. Mephistopheles Speaks

  7. The Bailey

  8. Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel

  9. Faust’s Remorse

10. Chorus Mysticus

AFTERWORD: Natural Meanings: On Translation by Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner

List of English and German Titles

Goethe the Revolutionary

Frederick Turner

Why read Goethe now? Or let’s say: What is wrong with us now, that we might require the help of Goethe?

Perhaps the most dangerous feature of our times is our inability to speak to each other. That inability takes two forms, both of which have the same root. One is basically social. Everywhere we see cultural suspicions, misunderstandings, and hatreds: East and West, North and South, Muslim and Christian, rich and poor, black and white, native and immigrant, traditional and modern, young and old. The other way in which we dangerously fail to understand each other is ideological: any reader has run across the alienation between science and religion, art and science, technology and environmentalism, business and the humanities, even between disciplines like anthropology and economics, political science and sociology, philosophy and theology.

We became specialists, and, though we knew more and more about the bits of the world, we came to know less and less about the world as a whole. Is it any wonder that once we gave up any attempt to include in one view all the viewpoints and languages and jargons and dialects of the world, we could no longer agree on social, cultural, ethnic, and political issues? If there is no longer a shared language, or even an attempt at one, we stumble along blind to each other, with eyes for only what we have been trained to see; when we bump into each other, we can do nothing but fight.

Mallarmé, the great French poet and arguably one of the fathers of modernism, declared that the role of the poet is to purify the dialect of the tribe. Sadly, we ended up purifying a thousand specializations and losing any connection between them and to the human tribe as a whole. Mallarmé was wrong. The work of the great poet is to create a common language that can connect all the thoughts and feelings of the human tribe; a supreme act of adulteration, one might say.

The old Enlightenment consensus—Reason, the Republic of Letters, the language of Jefferson, Hamilton, Franklin—did provide a shared language for a while, but it was shared only by the elites and had severe limitations, amply pointed out by the Romantics. The point of view that can transcend the shortsightedness and cruelty of the purified dialects is not just a dry Enlightenment abstraction. It is a made thing, an achievement that combines every aspect of the human being and draws on copious historical wellsprings.

Goethe is both the supreme exemplar of that perspective, that point of view, and the supreme shaper of it into an artistic whole that can serve us still. He is one of that pantheon of the great poets, the mighty adulterators of language who reset the boundaries of what humans can think or do. Their names are clichés: Homer, Vyasa, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, and their like. In retrospect, the great poets, adulterators all, often look very much like purifiers, so marvelous is their magic in seamlessly fusing such different fabrics and materials as they choose to weave together. But we should not be fooled. When people first heard the great poets they must have felt a shocking combination of absolute familiarity and appalling strangeness, half exhilaration and half indignation. You can’t put words like that together! It’s gauche, wicked, nastily attractive, embarrassing! Realms that we had kept comfortably apart for reasons of specialization, ethnic or religious prejudice, professional territoriality, avoidance of controversy, moral scandal, or cognitive dissonance were being embarrassingly and dangerously brought into contact. The new whole was more alarming than the sum of its parts.

Goethe’s uncompromising need for a coherent and comprehensive worldview—an idea we now call consilience—is an ideal that is both the core of science and the most demanding goal of poetry. It virtually enforced the adoption of a view that was revolutionary, and not just for Germany. It is only now that scholars are beginning to register the shock wave that Goethe produced in the poetry of England and America.

Goethe was faced with a Europe that was already breaking up, not just on the national scale, with the collapse of the unifying ideals of the Holy Roman Empire and Christendom, but in terms of the proliferation of new sciences, disciplines, trades, philosophies, and cults. And so he set out to create a German that would do for the world what Shakespeare’s English did: unify all human visions and passions into one, without denaturing any. His vision makes possible a vocabulary that can include the sciences and technical disciplines; the worldviews of cultures as diverse as those of Italy, Arabia, Persia, India, England, and China; and the whole gamut of religious passion, from defiant atheism through animism, pantheism, polytheism, and Judeo-Christian ethics to a sort of ironic philosophical monotheism of the All-Father. His vocabulary spans also the deep history of his own language, and that of the classical languages of Europe, as well as a wide range of social class, regional dialect, and generational patois.

Goethe’s color theory inspired Jan Evangelista Purkinje to commence the studies of the eye that gave birth to neuroscience.¹ Goethe is known in osteology as the discoverer of the human intermaxillary bone, in botany as the originator of the idea of the Urpflanze, anticipating the work of D’Arcy Thompson,² and more generally for his concepts of Strebung, Gestalt, and Bildung. Goethe grasped the vocabulary and the core ideas of a daunting range of polymaths that he knew, read, or both. They include the Humboldts, Cuvier, Young, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Buffon, the meteorologist Luke Howard, Leibniz, Leeuwenhoek, Linnaeus, and Kant. Goethe may be the most recent plausible claimant for the title of last person to know everything.

A large part of Goethe’s poetic magic is performed by his unerring and always elegantly ornamented meter and rhyme. Goethe was as much a virtuoso of meter and rhyme as Mozart was of harmony and counterpoint or Corot of tint and shade. Although he wrote in dozens of metrical forms, and in the Odes invents and then discards free verse a century before its time, he returns always to a perfectly rhymed alternation of feminine and masculine lines, iambic or trochaic, pentameter or tetrameter. He makes infinite variations upon that pattern, from the balladic simplicity of Wild Rose to the massive hexameters of The Metamorphosis of the Plants, but it’s always there. The music of that alternation is so compelling that he can fit almost any odd combination of words or worlds into it and make them feel as if they always belonged together. Part of it, I believe, is that it is a real dialectic, masculine and feminine being more than metaphorical terms for lines with heavy and light final syllables. The lines are yin and yang, thesis and antithesis, question and answer.

More specifically, Goethe exploits German’s marvelous facility for inventing compound words. Goethe, like Gerard Manley Hopkins, is notorious for this, but it is not just a stylistic idiosyncrasy but an explicit sign of what Goethe is up to: making a vocabulary that will transcend the ossified categories of a culture that is falling apart.

But for all of Goethe’s metrical and grammatical conjuring tricks and his stylistic control of dissent, his determination to keep all of the vocabularies of Europe (and beyond) in play must imply a larger substantive vision—a philosophy—beyond a mere eclectic ease of expression. That vision cannot but be a challenge to the