German Influences in Louisville

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

BY C. ROBERT ULLRICH AND VICTORIA A. ULLRICH

Although Pennsylvania Dutch settlers lived in Louisville as early as the 1780s, the first German-born immigrant to arrive here was August David Ehrich, a master shoemaker from Königsberg, Prussia, who came in 1817. The first Louisville city directory, published in 1832, included Ehrich and twenty-four other German-born heads of household, including John Schmidt and Emanuel Seebold, who emigrated in 1819.

In contrast to the small number of Germans living in Louisville in 1832, the German immigrant population of Louisville in 1840 was at least four thousand, and the neighborhood east of the city center, known as Uptown, was completely populated by Germans. Similar dramatic increases in the German populations of Cincinnati and St. Louis occurred in this same time period. There are two main reasons for this.

First, following the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), the Congress of Vienna established the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 kingdoms, duchies, principalities and free states. While the Confederation was essentially the same alignment of states that existed before the wars, most Germans had hoped for national unity instead. By the 1830s, the lack of a coherent economy in the German states, coupled with political unrest, led to disillusionment. Many Germans seeking new opportunities saw the United States as an enticement. Unrest in the German states continued through the 1840s, culminating with the 1848 Revolution, which also failed to unify Germany and led to another wave of immigration to the United States. The wave of immigrants that came to the United States in the 1830s, known as the Dreissigers or Thirtiers, numbered as many as all of the Germans who had come in the colonial period. Whereas only 5,753 Germans immigrated to the United States in the 1820s, 124,726 came in the 1830s and 385,434 came in the 1840s.

The German Confederation, 1815–66. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Second, Robert Fulton’s New Orleans, built in Pittsburgh in 1811, was the first steamboat on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Very few steamboats were built to operate on the Ohio River before 1820 but by 1834, 304 had been built in Pittsburgh, 221 in Cincinnati and Covington and 103 in Louisville and Jeffersonville. The advent of the steamboat coincided with the first significant wave of German immigrants to arrive in the United States, and it enabled immigrants to move from ports of arrival in the East to the interior of the country via the inland waterway system. As a result, cities along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, such as Evansville, Louisville, Cincinnati and St. Louis, experienced a significant influx of German immigrants in the 1830s.

One reason that immigrants chose Louisville was the Falls of the Ohio River. Prior to the construction of the Louisville and Portland Canal in 1830, boats traveling upstream unloaded passengers and cargo at the Portland Wharf, located several miles northwest of Louisville. Anyone wishing to continue traveling upstream would journey on land to Louisville and board another boat at the Louisville Wharf. Of course, the reverse was true for passengers traveling downstream. Many immigrant passengers simply stayed in Louisville rather than traveling on. Even after the canal had been built, both Portland and Louisville remained important stops for travelers along the Ohio River, and many immigrants disembarked at the Falls and settled in Louisville.

In German immigrant enclaves along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, many immigrants wrote letters home, encouraging others to join them in America. And they did. From 1850 through World War I, 5 million German immigrants came to America, with 1.5 million of them arriving in the 1880s. Nearly 7.5 million Germans immigrated to the United States from 1820 through 2010—by far the largest number of any nationality.

Sketch of the Portland Wharf near its peak of steamboat activity in 1853. Courtesy University of Louisville Photographic Archives.

By 1850, Germans and their families represented one-third of Louisville’s population. German immigrants founded ethnic churches in Louisville as early as 1836, and by the end of the Civil War there were eight German Protestant churches, seven German Catholic churches and two German Jewish congregations. The first German-language newspapers in Louisville were published in the 1840s. By 1850, every brewery in the city was German-owned. A German lending bank was established in 1854, and trades and industries all flourished under German ownership. Germans were engaged in the legal and medical professions as well as the fine arts and music. In 2010 according to the federal census, one-third of Louisville’s population claimed German ancestry.

The chapters of this book were chosen to illustrate how German immigrants influenced Louisville’s growth and culture. The chapter topics range from the 1848 Revolution in Germany, which brought radicals and free thinkers to the United States and Louisville, to a series of profiles of German immigrants who arrived in Louisville in the twentieth century. Post– Civil War Catholic churches are examined as well as the strong Protestant Evangelical movement in Louisville. Other chapter topics include financial institutions, large industries, small trades and even the German involvement in mineral water and soft drink bottling. Finally, the strong German presence in southern Indiana is featured in all aspects, including churches, industry and trades.

Readers should note that in this book immigrants from the various German states that became part of the unified German Empire in 1871 are called Germans. German-speaking immigrants from areas outside the German Empire, including those from Austria, Bohemia and parts of Switzerland, are identified by their nationalities.

Chapter 2

GERMAN RADICALISM AND THE FORTY-EIGHTERS

BY JOHN E. KLEBER

Every European immigrant who came to America brought something to the melting pot. In the mid-nineteenth century, Germans composed an increasingly large number of those immigrants. As they boarded ships in Bremen, Hamburg, Rotterdam and other ports of embarkation, they carried tangible possessions such as clothing and money—the number and value depending on the individual. Less tangible were the varied skills such as farming or trades. Even less tangible were each person’s unique ideas that were formed in the environment of the Old World. Some came with liberal ideas. Among those was a small group of German radical intellectuals known as the Forty-Eighters. As with their possessions or skills, their idealism enriched the melting pot and contributed significantly to American thought.

Between 1803 and 1815, Europe was ravaged by the Napoleonic Wars. At its end, Prince Metternich of Austria established a new balance of power, called the Concert of Europe, at the Congress of Vienna. This restored monarchies, reflected conservative principles and prevented widespread European war for a century. A German Confederation was formed, replacing the Holy Roman Empire and including thirty-nine states with a federal Diet. By the middle of the century, most of Europe lived under regimes of political repression, autocratic governments and aristocratic privilege. But by then, the system was beginning to fray, and republican principles—a heritage of the French Revolution—started to stir among the middle class and in the minds of intellectuals. Revolution was brewing across Europe, born of hope and discontent with the status quo.

Richard Wagner noted, Europe appears to us as a high volcano, and it spewed forth as the Revolution of 1848. It began in France in February when Louis Philippe was deposed, and a Second Republic was established. Almost immediately, Germany was infected with calls for constitutional change and reform. From an advanced age Metternich observed, I am an old doctor; I can distinguish a passing illness from a mortal ailment. We are in the throes of the latter. To make matters worse, a cholera plague ravaged Europe through the summer and fall of 1848 and appeared shackled to the violent popular uprisings.

The history of the revolution in Germany is complex and open to varied interpretations. Prussia was one of the most powerful German states, and in March 1848, with a sense of nationalism in the air, there were riots in Berlin where three hundred were killed. This left a legacy of bitterness. Although workers’ societies sprang up in many German cities, they did not result in a revolutionary dictatorship by the workers. They were simply unprepared to assume control of the government. Instead, it was hoped that a constitutional monarchy would bring reform. The Prussian king was Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who assumed the throne in 1840. He proved to be a romantic, mystical, artistic, idiosyncratic man who believed he knew what was best for his people. Shocked by the riots, he initially gave in to limited reform but bided his time as the revolution played itself out.

Important to German liberal thought was the idea of a constitution. The idea had been present in Europe since the ratification of the United States Constitution. The drafting and writing of a constitution lay in the hands of delegates elected to a national assembly in Frankfurt. Almost six hundred representatives, mostly lawyers, wealthy landowners and members of the upper middle class, met at the Paulskirche on May 18, 1848. From the beginning, there were significant divisions and competing ideas.

They set about their work: the product of a moral idea, of reason, logic, sentiment, and of a desire for a better order of government and society. Issues of nationalism, internationalism and republicanism were debated. The work resulted in endless litigating until it seemed to be only an assembly of professors who lacked the instinct for power and the capacity for cooperation. Members were discovering it was easier to overthrow the past than to construct the future. Ahead of their time, they failed to carry a majority of people with their republican view.

They persevered, however, and completed a constitution on March 27, 1849. A copy was sent to Friedrich Wilhelm with an offer of the crown of a greater Germany. Soon after he refused it on April 28, the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, and the constitution was never implemented. But what they wrote shook up German society and, for a time, held some of the strongest European powers at bay. It would later resonate in the United States among Forty-Eighters and in the Louisville Platform.

Berlin riots, March 1848. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Session of the Frankfurt Parliament, June 1848. Painting by Ludwig von Elliott.

It was a remarkably modern document that reflected the idea of greater freedom. Section one laid out the geographical boundaries of the Reich. Section two listed the rights of the Reich Authority and the individual German states. Section three made the head of the Reich an Emperor with limited powers. Section four defined the nature of the Reichstag and defined its powers. Section five established a Supreme Reich Court. Sections six and seven guaranteed the basic rights of the German people. It recognized all Germans as equal before the law, provided free elementary education to all, abolished serfdom, protected property, granted the right to assemble, demanded representative voice in taxation and impeachment, gave the right to vote to every person at