SQL

SQL

The Ultimate Beginner’s Step-by-Step

Guide to Learn SQL Programming with

Hands-On Projects

Brandon Cooper

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Introduction

Who Is This For?

Working Through the Process

Chapter 1: Understanding SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Databases

Non-Relational Database

Relational Database

Tables

Primary Keys

Foreign Keys

Summary

Chapter 2: Creating a Database and Data Entry

Creating a Database

Creating and Applying Data

Setting Up the Database

First Normal Form

Second Normal Form

Retrieve Data

The FROM Clause

The WHERE Clause

The INTO Clause

The HAVING Clause

Summarize Data

Insert Data

Update Data

The Logic Operators

Delete Data

Alter Data

Sorting Data

Single Table Query

Ascending vs Descending Order

Expressions

Numeric Placeholders

Summary

Chapter 3: Data Manipulation

SQL Arithmetic

The Absolute Function

The Power Function

The Square Root Function

String Functions

The SUBSTRING () Function

Case Conversion Functions

TRIM () Functions

LENGTH () Functions

The Date Function

Built-In Functions

Summary

Chapter 4: Subqueries

Types of Subqueries

Non-Correlated Subqueries

The IN Operator

The ALL Operator

The ANY Test

Correlated Subqueries

The EXISTS Operator

Summary

Chapter 5: Grouping, Aggregating, and Filtering Data

Understanding Grouping

Grouping Data

The GROUP BY Clause

The HAVING Clause

Grouping Restrictions

The NULL Dilemma

Aggregating Data

Filtering Data

Parentheses

The NOT Operator

The LIKE Operator

Summary

Chapter 6: Joins

Joins and Two-Table Queries

Simple Joins

Parent/Child Queries

Inner Joins

Inner Joins: Equijoins and Non-Equijoins

Complex and Multiple Table Joins

Qualified Column Names

All-Column Selections

Table Aliases

Self-Joins

Cross Joins

Outer Joins

Left Outer Joins

Right Outer Join

Union Joins

Summary

Chapter 7: Views

What Are Views?

Creating Views

Types of Views

Table Join Views

Horizontal Views

Vertical Views

Field Views

Row/Column Subset Views

Grouped Views

Joined Views

Updating Views

Checking Updates

Dropping Views

Materialized Views

Summary

Chapter 8: Managing Transaction Processing

What is a Transaction?

Transaction Models

Transaction Types

The BEGIN TRANSACTION

The COMMIT TRANSACTION

The SAVE TRANSACTION

The ROLLBACK TRANSACTION

Transaction Logs

Concurrent Transactions and Locking

Concurrent Transactions

Locking

Locking Granularity and Levels

Shared and Exclusive Locks

Deadlocks

Isolation Levels

SERIALIZABLE Isolation

REPEATABLE READ Isolation

READ COMMITTED Isolation

READ UNCOMMITTED Isolation

Summary

Chapter 9: Stored Procedures

Stored Procedure Basics

Creating a Stored Procedure

Cursors in Queries

DECLARE CURSOR

OPEN and CLOSE CURSOR

FETCH CURSOR

Cursor-Based Repetition

Summary

Conclusion

References

Description

Introduction

THE SQL DATABASE CONTAINS many ins and outs that process queries in reference to the data fed to it. If that sounds like a mouthful, there is no need to worry. This book is designed to walk you through how to set up your own database using the SQL language and to create a foundation for your company.

This book is designed with your needs in mind. Once you begin your own SQL system, you can use this book as both a step-by-step guide and a reference for further questions. The examples and sample queries and tables listed in the table are included to make your transition to the SQL system as quick and painless as possible.

SQL is unlike other programming languages, as it was initially designed to only maintain tables within the database and access them over time. However, as SQL has improved over the several decades of its existence, it has evolved to create processes and store them for future use. SQL databases today format information through placing data in tables. This data is accessed through queries, the language used to communicate with a database through a relational database management system.

Who Is This For?

IF YOU ARE NEW TO PROGRAMMING and SQL, this beginner’s guide is designed to take you through how to complete simple and complex tasks with tables and sample queries included to make practicing easier. The book is designed to take the guesswork out of creating your own database and make setting up a business even easier.

If you are reading this book to learn more about the programming world, hats off to you. This book is designed to make the transition from knowing nothing about programming to giving you an in-depth resource into its system.

If you are an advanced learner with a solid base in the SQL programming, this book contains advanced elements throughout its pages to benefit you on your continued quest for knowledge. This book will be a guide from which you can base your own knowledge and gain more. If you are interested in the information found in this book, continue learning through other advanced SQL books.

Working Through the Process

MANY COMPREHENSIVE books about any subject are difficult to continue due to their high requirement for previous knowledge and lack of examples. This book works through the process with you, and its sections are broken down to more effectively allow you places to stop and practice. Perfect practice makes perfect, and this book is designed to give you the knowledge to grow this information on your own. Follow the examples in the book and create your own database. Steps are listed to get you through the portions of this book that are difficult to understand, so you can navigate wisely.

The Ultimate Beginner’s Step-by-Step Guide to Learn SQL Programming with Hands-On Projects is designed for beginners in mind, but more advanced techniques allow any reader to understand more about the SQL system and why it is still one of the top databases for business creation.

Chapter 1: Understanding SQL

SQL IS A TYPE OF DATABASE that manipulates data in the form of tables and queries, a form of data collection whose original database design was initially invented in the 1980s. Since it’s been so long since its invention, it may be difficult to believe that it hasn’t become obsolete, but continued improvements and use has made it a go-to for many companies, and the future is bright for its continued usage.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL, OR sequel as it is also pronounced, is a database language that submits queries to a database management system that receives its data from the database. Simply put, SQL, also known as a Structured Query Language, acts as a communication system to translate large amounts of computer-stored data in a readable and manipulative form to effectively manage the information in a database.

Information is stored in a database, which is read by a database management system. A database may be