Interacademic Collaboration Involving Higher Education Institutions in Tlaxcala and Puebla, Mexico. Presented in Collaboration with Université Clermont Auvergne (France): Case Studies of Collaborative, Multidisciplinary Applications.

Copyright © 2019 by Jose Victor Galaviz Rodriguez. Alexis Christian Charbonnier Poeter.

Roman Daniel Romero Mitre.

Library of Congress Control Number:   2019912964

ISBN:   Hardcover     978-1-5065-3001-7

              Softcover     978-1-5065-3003-1

             eBook             978-1-5065-3002-4

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

First Edition

Rev. date: 04/09/2019

Palibrio

1663 Liberty Drive

Suite 200

Bloomington, IN 47403

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Chapter I   Designs and Molds for Testing New Paint Pigments – A Case Study

Chapter II   Optimization of Containers for Christmas Tree Ornaments Through Differential Evolution

Chapter III   Comprehensive Communications Plan - E.J.K. Chemical, S.A. de C.V

Chapter IV   Innovation Focused on the Agro-industrial Sector

Chapter V   Implementation of Corporate Financing Projects in The Trade Sector: A Case Study

Chapter VI   The Application of Information Technology to Special Needs Children: The Impact of Learning Media Objects on Mentally Disabled Children And Youth at C.A.M. No. 4

Biographies of The Coordinating Authors

Acknowledgements

Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecamachalco, Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de la Sierra Norte de Puebla, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de San Martin Texmelucan, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de la Sierra Negra de Ajalpan, Université Clermont Auvergne (France).

Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala

Process Engineering, UTTLAX-CA-2

Business and Marketing, UTTLAX-CA-6

Information Technology & Process and Service Management

Universidad Tecnológica de Tecamachalco

Industrial Process Optimization UTTEPU-CA-5

Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán

Industrial Process UTTEH-CA-7

Instituto Tecnológico Superior de San Martin Texmelucan

Strategic Management, Innovation and Education for Competitive Organizational Development ITESSMT-CA-3

Manufacturing Systems Optimization ITESSMT-CA-5

Instituto Tecnológico Superior de la Sierra Norte de Puebla

Engineering Sciences ITESNP-CA-1

Instituto Tecnológico Superior de la Sierra Negra de Ajalpan

Technology and process automation ITSSNA-CA-1

Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand (France)

Département de la Gestion des Entreprises et des Administrations

Coordinating Authors

JOSÉ VÍCTOR GALAVIZ RODRÍGUEZ

ALEXIS CHRISTIAN CHARBONNIER POETER

ROMAN DANIEL ROMERO MITRE

CHAPTER AUTHORS

Jonny Carmona Reyes

Roberto Avelino Rosas

Yolanda González Díaz

Simón Sánchez Ponce

Noemí González León

Leticia Flores Pulido

Edgar Alfredo Portilla Flores

Lorena Santos Espinosa

Susana Monserrat Báez Pimentel

Ma. Luisa Espinosa Águila

Julissa Tizapantzi Sánchez

Adriana Montiel García

José Luis Méndez Hernández

Clara Romero Cruz

Roberto Vega Rocha

Laura Gutiérrez López

Esmeralda Aguilar Pérez

Katia Lorena Avilés Coyoli

Sergio Hernández Corona

Romualdo Martínez Carmona

Sonia López Rodríguez

Margarita Lima Esteban

José Arcángel Zamora García

Eloina Herrera Rodríguez

CHAPTER I

Designs and Molds for Testing New Paint Pigments – A Case Study

Jonny Carmona Reyes, Roberto Avelino Rosas, Yolanda González Díaz, Simón Sánchez Ponce

Abstract A strategic model is used in Mexico in order to create business projects in collaboration with universities. This model is called the Innovation Incentive Program. It finances a percentage of the total cost of a project through which a company plans to innovate a production process or product. The requirement is to collaborate with at least one university. One part of this project was the design and manufacturing of a plastic injection mold which is needed to test new paint pigments in a company. The collaboration began by researching the fundamentals of the plastic mold injection and manufacturing process, which were then implemented into mold design and manufacturing. The project ended in success and the company was pleased with its collaboration with the university.

Keywords Molds, Manufacturing, Design.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Design and mold making are very important industrial activities to produce goods, so working on a project that involves such areas is a good opportunity to apply knowledge and acquire new skills for participants.

Developing the project involved several phases. The first phase was research on plastic injection molds and the principles of these types of tools. An initial concept was established, because before a mold can be made, a mental image must be produced.

Once the mental image has been formed, it is brought to life by drawing it on paper in the form of a rough sketch. This rough sketch is transformed into a working drawing with dimensions. The working drawing is used to create the shape of the mold (Gingery, 2015).

In the second step, shape designs were drawn using CAD/CAM software for the plastic part to be injected for testing new paint pigments. The best adapted design was selected by the company, and work began.

Once the shape of the plastic part had been selected, research began on the mold design.

1.2 THE PLASTIC INJECTION MOLD

The mold is the most important part of Injection Machine Molding. It is a controllable, complex and expensive device. If not properly designed, operated, handled and maintained, its operation will be costly and inefficient (Rosato, 2000).

Under pressure, hot, melted plastic moves rapidly through the mold. During injection into the mold, air in the cavity or cavities is released to prevent melt burning and the formation of voids in the product. Thermoplastic temperature-controlled water (with ethylene-glycol if water must remain mobile below the freezing point) circulates in the mold to remove heat. With thermosets, electrical heaters are usually used within the mold to provide the additional heat required to solidify the melted plastic in the cavity.

The mold consists of a sprue, a runner, a cavity gate and a cavity. The sprue is the channel located in the stationary plate that transports the melt from the plasticator nozzle to the runner. In turn, melt flows through the runner and enters the cavity. In a single cavity mold, usually no runner is used, so melt goes from the sprue to the gate.

Molds are provided with different means, such as sliders, unscrewing devices, undercuts and knockout systems, to eject products as well as solidified runners at the right time. These basic operations, in turn, require control of various parameters, such as fill time and hold pressure.

To simplify molding, whenever possible, one should design the product with features that simplify the mold-cavity melt filling operation. Many features can improve the product’s performance and/or reduce cost. One example is choosing the mold-cavity draft angle according to the plastic being processed and tolerance requirements.

The industry has standardized many of the required elements for building molds. This standardization allows mold makers to order many of the components of the mold by catalog. This allows mold makers to pay more attention to the manufacturing of critical elements such as the cavity and the core blocks (Sapene, 2006).

Therefore, this project focused on working on the design and manufacturing of the cavity and core.

Through our research, we found that injection molds are assemblies of parts in which two blocks, the core and cavity blocks, form an impression or molding. The mold core forms the interior of the molded parts (molding) and the mold cavity forms the exterior faces of the molding. Among all the components, the core and the cavity are the main working parts. The molding is formed in the impression between the core and the cavity and is ejected after the core and cavity are opened. The pair of opposite directions along which the core and cavity are opened are called the parting line (Fu, 2004).

Parting line. The most favorable filling positions are at the parting line and at the low point of the part. Since the expanding reaction mixture displaces the air from the cavity, the displaced air must have an escape outlet at the highest point of the mold, which means that the parting lines pass through the same point, and venting outlets need to be provided at this point. The parting line position determines the location of the mix head, sprue, runner, gate, venting, and removal of the part with all the auxiliary adjuncts that polymerize and are attached to the molding (Dym, 2001).

The injection molding process requires close control over a variety of parameters in order to achieve high quality products at the most effective cost. One of the consequences of this is the need for precise alignment of the mold components to each other and of the mold to the molding machine. Without proper alignment, the mold halves might not line up properly and may cause deviations in wall thickness and improper (and inconsistent) dimensions of the molded part.

Alignment of mold halves. Commonly, the main method of aligning the two mold halves (A and B) is to use leader pins and bushings. There are a variety of designs to incorporate the concept, but the most common is the standard shouldered pin (with or without oil grooves) and a standard corresponding bushing. The shoulder design allows for a single boring to machine holes in both mold halves for precise location of the pin and bushing (Bryce, 1998).

This method of alignment was chosen for the requested mold.

Mold venting. When molds close, air is trapped between the core and cavity walls. This air must be vented in order to completely inflate the container against the mold walls. Venting is accomplished in two ways (Mucio, 1994):

• Most trapped air escapes along the parting line of the two mold halves that have been machined to allow air passage. In many cases, porous inserts are added along the parting line to assist the venting process.

• Vents are machined or drilled into the mold body. The most common position for one of these vents is at the furthest point away from the center of the container, which usually is on a shoulder. A small plug of porous material