Practice of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Among Health Professionals in Malaysia

Copyright © 2020 by DR. MAGFIRET A. BOZLAR,

PROF. DR. SYED ALJUNID.

ISBN:      Softcover      978-1-5437-5721-7

                 eBook          978-1-5437-5722-4

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1   Introduction

Background

Definition

Classification of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Malaysia

Current Status of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Malaysia

Traditional and Complementary Medicine Integrated Hospitals

Traditional and Complementary Medicine Overview and its Importance in Malaysia

Potential Benefits of this Study

General Issues

Research Questions

Research Justification

Objectives

Reaseach Hypotheses

Chapter 2   Literature Review

The Practice of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Conceptual Framework

Chapter 3   Methodology

Introduction

Background of the Study Location

Study Design

Study Locations and Population

Sampling Frame

Sampling Unit

Sampling Method

Sample Size

Inclusion And Exclusion Criteria

Study Instruments

Sampling for Qualitative Study

Study Variables

Operational Definition of Variables

Data Collection and Analysis

Chapter 4   Results

Socio-Demographic Factors, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice of T&CM, and Reasons for Practicing or Not Practicing T&CM

Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Characteristics Of Health Professionals and Their Use of T&CM and T&CM Referral to Patients and Family

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis to Predict the Use and Referral to T&CM among Health Professionals

Qualitative Study on Practice of T&CM

Summary

Chapter 5   Discussion

The Rate of T&CM Use and Referral

Modalities of T&CM

Association Between Use/Referral of T&CM and Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Health Professionals

Association Between the Use of T&CM Among Health Professionals and Knowledge Regarding T&CM

Association Between Use of T&CM among Health Professionals and Attitude Towards T&CM

Association Between Use of T&CM among Health Professionals and Perception About Education/Training in T&CM

Reason for Precticing and Not Practicing T&CM

Factors Influencing The T&CM Use/ Recommendation

Strength of the Study

Study Limitation

Chapter 6   Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

Recommendations

References

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful. First of all, Alhamdulillah and praise to Allah for grace and his mercy in giving me the health and strength to complete this book. First of all, we express our sincere and heartfelt acknowledgements the following individuals: Imranjan, son of Dr. Magfiret Abdulveli Bozlar and her husband Ahmet Bozlar, her brothers Muhammad Yusup Akhun, Yasin Akhun, Memtimin akhun and sister Ayjamal and Sahipjamal who understands and encourages her. Without their support she would not have completed this book. She would like to express her deep gratitude to her late father for his love and constant encouragement and motivation. He taught her the value of education, a value needed to pursue her academic goals. The word gratitude is not enough to convey her profound appreciation and respect to her late mother for giving her the gift of happiness and for working so hard to get her a good education. Her love, encouragement and support gave her the spirit to continue learning in the area of Traditional Medicine, the profession of her grandfather, great grandfather and so on.

We are so grateful to Associate Professor Dr. Zaleha Md Isa from National University of Malaysia for suggesting the research, her continuous interest, her generous guidance, her constructive criticism, never-ceasing opportunities for insightful discussion and her invaluable supervision throughout the course of the study. We would like to convey our deep appreciation and heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Sima Barmania, Assistant Professor Dr. Nametjan Memet, and also Tan Sri Dr. Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Yasin, Professor Nur Hassim Ismail and all the Medical Research Secretariat Officers (UKMMC) staff for their support, kindness and friendly advice. Special thanks are also extended to the Members of The Medical Research and Ethics Committee of UKM and also the Secretariat Office. We also wish to extend our gratitude to Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Words cannot adequately express the feeling of appreciation and gratitude we have for those who helped us to complete this field of study in Malaysia. We are deeply grateful to the all the Departments of the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Hospital Putrajaya, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Hospital Duchess of Kent and Sarawak General Hospital for their active participation, continual discussion, and valuable assistance in the collecting of data. Lastly, We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all participants of this study in the mentioned five hospitals in Malaysia. Without their assistance and generous cooperation this work could not have been fulfilled.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

Malaysia is situated in Southeast Asia, neighbored by Thailand in the north, Indonesia in the south, and the Philippines in the east. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 330,803 square kilometres (127,720 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo) (Wikipedia). Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area. It is a multi-racial country which comprises of different ethnic groups such as, Malays, Chinese, Indian and indigenous people with a population over 30 million (Wikipedia). Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia is located in the Federal Territory, which is one of three Malaysian Federal Territories, surrounded by the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Malaysia Peninsular. Fifteen decade ago, Malaysia was almost completely covered with jungle. Today, it is one of the richest and best developed country in Asia. Malaysia’s economy was ranked 6th in Asia and 20th in the world in 2014-2015 (Source: IMF & World Bank 2012 – 2014).

Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) has been gaining acknowledgement and acceptance all over the world including Malaysia. It is the most invaluable treasure of the oriental civilization and has been developed over the course of thousands of years in the quest for human wellbeing (Chaudhury & Rafei 2001; Eisenberg et al. 1998). Almost all Asian nations have developed a certain system of traditional medicine based on theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illness (WHO 2013; Koumpouros & Birbas 2013). Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multicultural country that has rich various traditional practice modalities.

The primary health care recognizes the importance of T&CM. It is a known fact that majorities of people in developing countries still depend on the use of traditional medicine for their health care needs (Odugbemi 2008; Tindle et al. 2005). T&CM is already widely used by most countries especially herbal medicine; therefore expenditure of T&CM is getting higher year by year. However, not more than half of the populations of developed countries and as high as 80% people used in developing countries use traditional medicine (WHO 2000; Shmueli 2004). Between 70–95% of the population rely on traditional medicines for primary care in majority of the developing countries especially in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Middle East (Molly & Xiaorui 2011).

In Germany, 80% of physicians prescribed phytomedicines, which account for 27% of all over the counter medicines and more than half of adults first turn to natural remedies for treatment of illness. The same trend applies to other European countries with Canada 70%, France 49%, Australia 48% and Belgium 38% as regular uses of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) (Payyappallimana 2009).

WHO estimates that half of Canadians and more than two third of French have tried CAM which often includes herbal remedies (Aschwanden 2001). In the USA, it was estimated in 1990 that at least one in three Americans utilized one CAM, and in a 1997 follow-up study, the percentage of CAM patients had increased from 33.8% to 42% of the U.S population (Eisenberg et al. 1998; Molly & Xiaorui 2011). Every year plant based anti-cancer drugs save at least 30,000 lives only in U.S. The large majority of people in Africa use traditional medicine regularly. In Sub-Saharan Africa for example, 85% of the population go to traditional healers (Hanssen et al 2005).

In Brazil, nearly 90% of cancer patients used TM/CAM. In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, herbal medicines are administered at home as first-aid treatment for 60% of children with high fever caused by malaria (UNESCO 2010). India is one of the richest countries in the world in the field of ethnobotanical knowledge. Around more than two thirds of the population in India relies on these systems for primary health care. The proportion of use of plants in the different Indian systems of medicine is: Ayurveda 2000, Siddha 1300, Unani 1000, Homeopathy 800, Tibetan 500, Modern 200 and folk 4500 (Barnes et al. 2008; Pandey et al. 2008).

T&CM including herbal medicine has grown substantially in public awareness and became one of the prime agenda of medical researchers across the world. In China, traditional herbal medicine played a prominent role in the strategy to contain and treat severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) (WHO 2008). A traditional herbal medicine, Africa Flower, has been used for decades to treat wasting symptoms associated with HIV (WHO 2008; Abuduli 2011; Buono et al. 2001; Tilburt & Kaptchukb 2008). Uyghur herbal medicine succeeded in treatment of hepatitis B in Xinjiang nearly 30 years ago (Abuduli 2011).

Many hope that traditional herbal medicine research will play a critical role in global health (Tilburt & Kaptchuk 2008). Interest in practices of T&CM has grown considerably in recent years. In the modern era, some sophisticatedly developed medical systems still in wide application in treating certain chronicle ailments. T&CM is not only viewed as having clinically beneficial but is also generally believed to be safe (Mills 2006; Shih et al. 2010).

T&CM developed before its inception and it is not easily understood by modern medicine, often due to the lack of scientific evaluation (WHO 2000). Practices and forms of traditional medicine, however, vary greatly from country to country. The role of traditional medicine is also different among countries and areas of the region. Although T&CM may not be fully explicable by modern science at the moment, its further development and a possible merger with modern medicine in the future should not be ruled out (WHO 2000).

Being aware of the important role played by T&CM in preventive, promotive and curative aspect of health care for large populations, especially in developing countries; WHO has been increasingly supportive in tapping its full potential and wide application in various countries. T&CM including herbal medicine is going to be a new and fast growing industry at an international level and continues to be patronized by the community on treating the disease and preserving well- being (National Policy of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2001).

Different types of T&CM treatments are applied and practiced by the public increases but ignorance about T&CM poses a communication gap between public health and the healthcare profession. Most western-trained physicians are ignorant of the benefits and risks of this healthcare modality and assessment of acceptance and knowledge would identify appropriate intervention strategies to improve physician-patient communication in this area (Clement et al. 2005).

About two thirds of Malaysia is covered in forest and some forests are believed to be 130 million years old (Wikipedia). More than 35,000 plants have been reported to have been used for medical purposes in various human cultures around the world (Taid et al. 2014). There are around 12,000 plants and there are many medicinal plants that have been used for thousands of years (Wikipedia). It is recorded that not less than 1,300 plants have been used in traditional medicine in Malaysia (Jantan 2004).

Today, because of the therapeutic efficacy of many of those herbs, they can be found in herbal products and as part of the traditional Malaysian health care system. Many herbs have been use by