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    Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power
    Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power
    Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power
    Ebook248 pages2 hoursIAEA Nuclear Energy Series

    Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power

    By IAEA

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    The decision to establish a nuclear power program is a significant undertaking by any country. Such a decision should be based on a commitment by the government to use nuclear power safely, securely and peacefully. This commitment requires establishing a sustainable national infrastructure including robust safeguards infrastructure supporting the functions of the State system of accounting for and control of nuclear material (SSAC). The IAEA has developed the Milestones Approach to help Member States embarking on nuclear power to plan and develop the necessary infrastructure in a phased way. Safeguards is one of the 19 infrastructure issues described in the Milestones Approach. The primary objective of this publication is to provide guidance and references for safeguards related activities that need to be carried out during each of the three phases of nuclear power infrastructure development in line with the nuclear power program implementation. This publication includes several case studies from different countries on how they developed their national safeguards infrastructure to meet the requirements of their nuclear power programs.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInternational Atomic Energy Agency
    Release dateNov 17, 2023
    ISBN9789201325235
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      Book preview

      Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power - IAEA

      1.png

      ENHANCING NATIONAL

      SAFEGUARDS

      INFRASTRUCTURE

      TO SUPPORT THE

      INTRODUCTION OF

      NUCLEAR POWER

      IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NG-T-3.25

      ENHANCING NATIONAL

      SAFEGUARDS

      INFRASTRUCTURE

      TO SUPPORT THE

      INTRODUCTION OF

      NUCLEAR POWER

      INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

      VIENNA, 2023

      COPYRIGHT NOTICE

      All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at:

      Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section

      International Atomic Energy Agency

      Vienna International Centre

      PO Box 100

      1400 Vienna, Austria

      fax: +43 1 26007 22529

      tel.: +43 1 2600 22417

      email: [email protected]

      www.iaea.org/publications

      © IAEA, 2023

      Printed by the IAEA in Austria

      November 2023

      STI/PUB/2063

      IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      Names: International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Title: Enhancing National Safeguards Infrastructure to Support the Introduction of Nuclear Power / International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2023. | Series: IAEA Nuclear Energy Series, ISSN 1995-7807 ; no. NG-T-3.25 | Includes bibliographical references.

      Identifiers: IAEAL 23-01967E | ISBN 978–92–0–132323–1 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978–92–0–132423–8 (pdf) | ISBN 978–92–0–132523–5 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear energy — Management. | Nuclear power plants — Design and construction. | Nuclear power plants — Planning. | Nuclear facilities — Safety measures.

      Classification: UDC 621.039 | STI/PUB/2063

      FOREWORD

      The IAEA’s statutory role is to seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. Among other functions, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy. One way this is achieved is through a range of technical publications including the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series.  

      The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises publications designed to further the use of nuclear technologies in support of sustainable development, to advance nuclear science and technology, catalyse innovation and build capacity to support the existing and expanded use of nuclear power and nuclear science applications. The publications include information covering all policy, technological and management aspects of the definition and implementation of activities involving the peaceful use of nuclear technology. While the guidance provided in IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications does not constitute Member States’ consensus, it has undergone internal peer review and been made available to Member States for comment prior to publication.  

      The IAEA safety standards establish fundamental principles, requirements and recommendations to ensure nuclear safety and serve as a global reference for protecting people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.  

      When IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publications address safety, it is ensured that the IAEA safety standards are referred to as the current boundary conditions for the application of nuclear technology.  

      An appropriate infrastructure is essential for the safe, secure, peaceful and sustainable use of nuclear power. IAEA Member States considering the introduction of nuclear power face the challenge of building the necessary infrastructure for their first nuclear power plant. The IAEA supports these Member States through increased technical assistance, review and advisory services, workshops, and new and updated technical publications.

      The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series publication, Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, No. NG-G-3.1 (Rev. 1), first issued in 2007 and updated in 2015, divides the introduction of nuclear power into three phases and defines three milestones, each of which corresponds to the end of a phase. It provides guidance for each phase and milestone for 19 infrastructure issues, ranging from a government’s position on nuclear power to the procurement of specific equipment and services for the first nuclear power plant. The guidance provided in that publication is referred to as the Milestones approach. This guidance is supported by a set of technical publications such as the present publication, which aim to provide additional, more detailed information on activities related to the various areas dealt with as part of the Milestones approach. This guidance when transparently applied can help States create an enabling environment for nuclear power and reduce programmatic and project risk.

      Safeguards is one of the 19 infrastructure issues to be addressed. Any country considering a nuclear power programme needs to plan to develop or strengthen its national safeguards infrastructure so that it can fulfil the increasing safeguards obligations associated with the introduction of nuclear power in a timely manner. Existing information relating to safeguards infrastructure is published in the IAEA Services Series and covers the full range of safeguards obligations, which are broader than those related to the introduction of nuclear power, and describes the desired end state and resulting outcomes. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series also provides information on the concept of safeguards by design for different types of facilities.

      This publication intends to place the relevant information into the phased approach of planning and implementation of a nuclear power programme used in other publications in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series, the IAEA Safety Standards Series and the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. This publication further describes in detail the actions in connection with the implementation of safeguards that the three key organizations (the government/nuclear energy programme implementing organization; regulatory body/Member State authority responsible for safeguards implementation; and the owner/operator) will ideally take during each of the three phases of the development of a national infrastructure for nuclear power.

      The IAEA wishes to acknowledge the assistance provided by the contributors to drafting and review listed at the end of the publication. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were S. Dunlop of the Division of Concepts and Planning and M. Ceyhan of the Division of Nuclear Power.

      EDITORIAL NOTE

      This publication has been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person.

      Guidance and recommendations provided here in relation to identified good practices represent experts’ opinions but are not made on the basis of a consensus of all Member States.

      Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.

      The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.

      The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

      The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

      The authoritative version of this publication is the hard copy issued at the same time and available as pdf on www.iaea.org/publications. To create this version for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including a the movement of some figures and tables.

      CONTENTS

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      1.2. Objective

      1.3. Scope

      1.4. Structure

      1.5. Users

      2. NON-PROLIFERATION AND SAFEGUARDS OBLIGATIONS

      2.1. Safeguards

      2.2. Export and import controls

      3. ENHANCING STATE SAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER

      3.1. Activities in phase 1

      3.2. Activities in phase 2

      3.3. Activities in phase 3

      4. RESOURCES AND ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE TO STATES

      4.1. Iaea support

      4.2. Other support

      Appendix I: SAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 1

      Appendix II: SAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 2

      Appendix III: SAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 3

      REFERENCES

      Annex I: CASE STUDY: BELARUS

      Annex II: CASE STUDY: FINLAND

      Annex III: CASE STUDY: TÜRKİYE

      Annex IV: CASE STUDY: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

      Annex V: CASE STUDY: UNITED KINGDOM

      LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

      CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

      STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      Safeguards and export and import control of nuclear material and technology enable international nuclear commerce and contribute to ensuring the peaceful use of nuclear technology. They provide the requisite assurances that nuclear material and technology remain in peaceful use. A nuclear power plant requires significant quantities of nuclear material to generate electricity over a long operational lifetime. Significant quantity is a term of art for the approximate amount of a given type of nuclear material for which the possibility of manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be excluded.

      A typical nuclear power reactor¹ will maintain approximately 65 significant quantities of nuclear material (e.g. low enriched uranium) in fresh fuel storage and 97 significant quantities in its core during operations. Spent fuel removed from the reactor on average every 18 months will contain approximately 36 significant quantities (of low enriched uranium and plutonium). In total, over a 60 year lifetime a typical nuclear power reactor will involve the use of something on the order of 2250 significant quantities of nuclear material.

      Safeguards are a technical means to verify that this material remains in peaceful use in line with international obligations undertaken by the State. They involve a combination of domestic and international nuclear material accountancy, containment, and surveillance and inspection. Governments need to ensure that they as well as the nuclear power plant owner/operator and the regulatory body are prepared to fulfil all safeguards obligations as the nuclear power plant project develops.

      National laws and regulations, and a system of accounting for and control of nuclear material, are needed to ensure that the requirements of the safeguards agreement, additional protocol (if applicable) and subsidiary arrangements are fully met. Infrastructure has to be developed in a timely fashion to ensure the provision of timely, correct and complete reports, declarations and other information to the IAEA, as well as the provision of support and timely access to the IAEA to locations and information necessary to carry out safeguards activities.

      A nuclear power plant represents a long term national commitment — on the order of 100 years or more — through construction, operation, spent fuel management, decommissioning and waste disposal. Safeguards obligations will apply throughout the entire life cycle. A knowledgeable commitment to nuclear power includes a commitment to establish and maintain national safeguards infrastructure that meets the needs of this programme at all phases of its life cycle.

      1.2. Objective

      This publication provides information on safeguards related activities that need to be carried out during each of the three phases of nuclear power infrastructure development. A country can use it to help ensure that:

      (a) It understands the safeguards obligations associated with the introduction of nuclear power.

      (b) The State or regional authority responsible for safeguards implementation (SRA) ² and the nuclear power plant (NPP) owner/operator plan and systematically develop the necessary technical and administrative competences on timescales consistent with the development of the nuclear power programme. This may require additional staffing and the development of training programmes and technical capabilities.

      (c) It has, in a timely manner, adequately strengthened the SRA and its associated system of accounting for and control of nuclear material to (1) regulate and control the use of nuclear material and related activities associated with the nuclear power programme and, as necessary, all other nuclear material in the State; (2) provide correct and complete information, on time, to the IAEA;

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