50 Python Concepts Every Developer Should Know

Introduction

This Book is wonderful because it has not only fundamental concepts but also intermediate and advanced ones.

✅Multiprocessing

✅Debuggins Techniques

✅Code review practices

✅Idiomatic Pythonic Code

✅Threading

✅Time complexity analysis.

And many more concepts that will help you feel more confident with the Python programming language.

By knowing these concepts, you will begin to handle the Python Syntax more efficiently and will help you with most of the Code quickly.

1. Variables and Data Types

Variables: Variables in Python are used to store data values. They act as placeholders for various types of data, such as numbers, strings, lists, etc. Unlike some other programming languages, Python does not require explicit declaration of variables or their data types. You simply assign a value to a variable using the assignment operator =.

Example:

x = 5

name = John

In this example, x is a variable storing the integer value 5, and name is a variable storing the string John.

Data Types:

Python has several built-in data types, including:

Integers (int): Whole numbers, e.g., 5, -3, 100.

Floating-point numbers (float): Numbers with decimal points, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, 2.0.

Strings (str): Ordered sequence of characters enclosed within quotes, e.g., hello, 'python', 123.

Lists: Ordered collection of items, mutable, enclosed in square brackets, e.g., [1, 2, 3], ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'].

Tuples: Ordered collection of items, immutable, enclosed in parentheses, e.g., (1, 2, 3), ('apple', 'banana', 'orange').

Dictionaries: Collection of key-value pairs, enclosed in curly braces, e.g., {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}.

Sets: Unordered collection of unique items, enclosed in curly braces, e.g., {1, 2, 3}, {'apple', 'banana', 'orange'}.

Example:

x = 5      # integer

y = 3.14   # float

name = John   # string

my_list = [1, 2, 3]   # list

my_tuple = (4, 5, 6)  # tuple

my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}   # dictionary

my_set = {1, 2, 3}   # set

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Understanding variables and data types is fundamental to Python programming, as they form the basis for storing and manipulating data in your programs.

2. Operators and Expressions

Operators: Operators are symbols in Python that perform operations on variables and values.

Python supports various types of operators, including:

Arithmetic Operators: Used for performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

Addition (+)

Subtraction (-)

Multiplication (*)

Division (/)

Modulus (%)

Exponentiation (**)

Floor Division (//)

Example:

a = 10

b = 3

print(Addition:, a + b)        # Addition

print(Subtraction:, a - b)     # Subtraction

print(Multiplication:, a * b)  # Multiplication

print(Division:, a / b)        # Division

print(Modulus:, a % b)         # Modulus (remainder of division)

print(Exponentiation:, a ** b) # Exponentiation

print(Floor Division:, a // b) # Floor Division (rounds down to nearest integer)

Comparison (Relational) Operators: Used to compare values and return a Boolean result (True or False).

Equal to (==)

Not equal to (!=)

Greater than (>)

Less than (<)

Greater than or equal to (>=)

Less than or equal to (<=)

Example:

x = 5

y = 10

print(Equal to:, x == y)          # Equal to

print(Not equal to:, x != y)      # Not equal to

print(Greater than:, x > y)       # Greater than

print(Less than:, x < y)          # Less than

print(Greater than or equal to:, x >= y)  # Greater than or equal to

print(Less than or equal to:, x <= y)     # Less than or equal to

Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements and return a Boolean result.

and

or

not

Example:

p = True

q = False

print(AND:, p and q)  # AND

print(OR:, p or q)    # OR

print(NOT p:, not p)  # NOT

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Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.

=

+=

-=

*=

/=

%=

**=

//=

Example:

x = 5

x += 2  # Equivalent to x = x + 2

print(+=:, x)

y = 10

y -= 3  # Equivalent to y = y - 3

print(-=:, y)

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Bitwise Operators: Used to perform bitwise operations on integers.

& (Bitwise AND)

| (Bitwise OR)

^ (Bitwise XOR)

~ (Bitwise NOT)

<< (Left Shift)

(Right Shift)

Example:

a = 60  # Binary: 0011 1100

b = 13  # Binary: 0000 1101

print(Bitwise AND:, a & b)   # Bitwise AND

print(Bitwise OR:, a | b)    # Bitwise OR

print(Bitwise XOR:, a ^ b)   # Bitwise XOR

print(Bitwise NOT:, ~a)      # Bitwise NOT

print(Left Shift:, a << 2)   # Left Shift

print(Right Shift:, a >> 2)  # Right Shift

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Identity Operators: Used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

is

is not

Example:

x = [apple, banana]

y = [apple, banana]

z = x

print(is:, x is z)     # True, because x and z are the same object

print(is not:, x is not y) # True, because x and y are not the same object

Membership Operators: Used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence.

in

not in

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(in:, 3 in my_list)     # True, because 3 is present in the list

print(not in:, 6 not in my_list) # True, because 6 is not present in the list

Expressions: Expressions are combinations of values, variables, and operators that Python interprets and evaluates to produce a single value. Expressions can involve arithmetic operations, comparisons, logical operations, etc.

Example:

x = 5

y = 3

z = x + y  # Arithmetic expression

print(z)  # Output: 8

is_greater = x > y  # Comparison expression

print(is_greater)  # Output: True

logical_result = (x > 2) and (y < 2)  # Logical expression

print(logical_result)  # Output: False

3. Control Flow

Control flow statements in Python, such as if-elif-else statements and loops, allow you to control the flow of execution in your code based on conditions and iterations.

Let's discuss each of them with examples:

if-elif-else statements:

These statements allow you to execute different blocks of code based on different conditions.

Syntax:

if condition1:

# block of code to execute if condition1 is True

elif condition2:

# block of code to execute