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    Revolution: Transforming Warfare with Strategy, Technology, and Innovation
    Revolution: Transforming Warfare with Strategy, Technology, and Innovation
    Revolution: Transforming Warfare with Strategy, Technology, and Innovation
    Ebook129 pages1 hourMilitary Science

    Revolution: Transforming Warfare with Strategy, Technology, and Innovation

    By Fouad Sabry

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    About this ebook

    What is Revolution


    In political science, a revolution is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures. A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means.


    How you will benefit


    (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:


    Chapter 1: Revolution


    Chapter 2: Modernity


    Chapter 3: Political system


    Chapter 4: Conflict theories


    Chapter 5: Institution


    Chapter 6: Anthony Giddens


    Chapter 7: Secularization


    Chapter 8: Rebellion


    Chapter 9: Barrington Moore Jr.


    Chapter 10: Theda Skocpol


    (II) Answering the public top questions about revolution.


    Who this book is for


    Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Revolution.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOne Billion Knowledgeable
    Release dateJun 2, 2024
    Revolution: Transforming Warfare with Strategy, Technology, and Innovation

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      Book preview

      Revolution - Fouad Sabry

      Chapter 1: Revolution

      In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, turn about) is an attempt to bring about a fundamental and relatively rapid shift in political power and political organization.

      Revolutions have happened throughout the course of human history and have varied greatly in terms of their techniques, success or failure, longevity, and underlying ideologies. Usually in response to a perception of overpowering autocracy or plutocracy, their effects include significant changes in culture, economy, and sociopolitical institutions.

      Several problems are at the focus of scholarly discussions on what constitutes a revolution and what does not. Early studies of revolutions generally evaluated events in European history from a psychological standpoint, however recent assessments include worldwide events and combine perspectives from multiple social sciences, such as sociology and politics. Several decades of scholarly discourse on revolutions have produced numerous opposing hypotheses and contributed significantly to the current knowledge of this complicated phenomena.

      Recent notable revolutions include the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Chinese Revolution of the 1940s, the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989.

      Regarding the revolving motion of celestial bodies, revolucion has been used in French from the 13th century, and revolution has been used in English since the late 14th century. Prior to 1450, the term revolution in the sense of denoting a sudden change in a social system is documented.

      There are a variety of revolution typologies in social science and literature.

      Alexis de Tocqueville distinguished among:

      Political revolutions, unexpected and violent revolutions that strive not only to establish a new political system but also to reshape a society as a whole, and; Several generations are required to bring about gradual but profound changes to the entire civilization (such as changes in religion). categorized revolutions into:

      pre-capitalist

      early bourgeois

      bourgeois

      bourgeois-democratic

      early proletarian

      socialist

      Charles Tilly, a contemporary historian of revolutions, distinguished between; coup d'état (a top-down seizure of power)

      civil war

      revolt, and

      huge upheaval (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).

      Mark Katz distinguished six varieties of revolution; rural revolution

      urban revolution

      Coup d'état, e.g.

      Egypt, 1952

      1958's Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong exemplifies a revolution from above.

      Examples include the allied invasions of Italy in 1944 and Germany in 1945.

      Revolution by osmosis, for instance the gradual Islamization of a number of nations.

      These categories are not mutually exclusive; the 1917 Russian revolution began with the urban revolution to oust the Czar, was followed by the rural revolution, and culminated with the Bolshevik coup in November. Katz also cross-categorized revolutions as follows:; Central; nations, typically Great Powers, that play a major role in a Revolutionary wave; for example, the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and Iran since 1979.

      Following the Central revolution are aspiring revolutions.

      puppet or subservient revolutions

      After 1969, there were rival revolutions, such as communist Yugoslavia and China.

      Revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorship, anti-communism, anti-democracy) or for (pro-democracy, pro-communism) (pro-fascism, communism, nationalism etc.). In the latter circumstances, a transition phase is frequently required to determine the course of action.

      Social revolutions; proletarian or communist revolutions (influenced by Marxism, which seeks to replace capitalism with Communism); failed or abortive revolutions (revolutions that fail to secure power after temporary wins or large-scale mobilization); alternatively violent versus peaceful revolutions.

      The term revolution has often been applied to significant transformations outside the political realm. Often referred to as social revolutions, it is generally acknowledged that these revolutions have had a significantly greater impact on society, culture, philosophy, and technology than on political regimes. A comparable illustration is the Digital Revolution.

      Perhaps most frequently, the term revolution refers to a change in social and political institutions. Jeff Goodwin provides two distinct meanings of revolution. First, a general one that includes

      All occasions in which a state or political regime is overthrown and transformed by a popular movement in an unconstitutional, extraconstitutional, and/or violent manner.

      Second, a restricted one in which

      In addition to mass mobilization and regime change, revolutions involve more or less fast and/or significant social, economic, and/or cultural upheaval during or shortly after the struggle for state control.

      Revolution is defined by Jack Goldstone as

      Transformation of political institutions and the grounds for political authority, accompanied by official or informal public mobilization and non-institutionalized acts that challenge authorities.

      Numerous social sciences, including sociology, political science, and history, have investigated political and socioeconomic revolutions. Crane Brinton, Charles Brockett, Farideh Farhi, John Foran, John Mason Hart, Samuel Huntington, Jack Goldstone, Jeff Goodwin, Ted Roberts Gurr, Fred Halliday, Chalmers Johnson, Tim McDaniel, Barrington Moore, Jeffery Paige, Vilfredo Pareto, Terence Ranger, Eugen Rosenstock-Hussakoff, Theda Skocpol, James Scott, Eric Selbin, Charles Tilly, Ellen Kay Trim.

      In the late 1980s, a new corpus of scholarly work began challenging the supremacy of the theories of the third generation. New revolutionary occurrences that could not be simply explained by the old theories also delivered a severe damage to the old theories. The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in 1986, and the Autumn of Nations in Europe in 1989 were nonviolent revolutions in which multi-class coalitions toppled ostensibly powerful regimes through public protests and mass strikes.

      No longer was it sufficient to define revolutions as predominantly European violent state versus people and class struggle conflicts. Thus, the study of revolutions evolved in three directions. Initially, some academics applied prior or revised structuralist theories of revolutions to events beyond the primarily European conflicts previously investigated. Second, researchers advocated for a stronger emphasis on conscious agency as ideology and culture in defining revolutionary mobilization and goals. Thirdly, analysts of both revolutions and social movements have realized that these phenomena share many similarities, and a new 'fourth generation' literature on contentious politics has emerged, which attempts to combine insights from the study of social movements and revolutions in an effort to comprehend both phenomena. This most recent data set was utilized to provide empirically-based contributions to the literature on revolution by establishing connections between revolution and the possibility of international conflicts.

      Revolutions have also been studied from an anthropological standpoint. Bjorn Thomassen, drawing on Victor Turner's writings on ritual and performance, has claimed that revolutions can be viewed as liminal moments: current political upheavals closely resemble rituals and can therefore be examined using a process-oriented approach. This would necessitate not only a focus on political activity from below, but also the recognition of instances in which high and low are relativized, rendered unimportant, or subverted, and where the micro and macro levels converge at crucial intersections.

      Douglass North, an economist, stated that it is more simpler for revolutionaries to reform formal political institutions like laws and constitutions than informal social practices. Inconsistencies between swiftly changing formal institutions and slowly evolving informal institutions, according to North, can impede effective sociopolitical change. Due to this, the long-term effect of revolutionary political

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