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    Military Surrender: Strategic Strife, Decoding the Anatomy of Concessions
    Military Surrender: Strategic Strife, Decoding the Anatomy of Concessions
    Military Surrender: Strategic Strife, Decoding the Anatomy of Concessions
    Ebook101 pages1 hourMilitary Science

    Military Surrender: Strategic Strife, Decoding the Anatomy of Concessions

    By Fouad Sabry

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    About this ebook

    What is Military Surrender


    Surrender, in military terms, is the relinquishment of control over territory, combatants, fortifications, ships or armament to another power. A surrender may be accomplished peacefully or it may be the result of defeat in battle. A sovereign state may surrender following defeat in a war, usually by signing a peace treaty or capitulation agreement. A battlefield surrender, either by individuals or when ordered by officers, normally results in those surrendering becoming prisoners of war.


    How you will benefit


    (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:


    Chapter 1: Surrender (military)


    Chapter 2: War crime


    Chapter 3: Civilian casualties


    Chapter 4: Unlawful combatant


    Chapter 5: Law of war


    Chapter 6: Combatant


    Chapter 7: Reprisal


    Chapter 8: Non-combatant


    Chapter 9: Ruse de guerre


    Chapter 10: Disarmed Enemy Forces


    (II) Answering the public top questions about military surrender.


    Who this book is for


    Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Military Surrender.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOne Billion Knowledgeable
    Release dateJun 3, 2024
    Military Surrender: Strategic Strife, Decoding the Anatomy of Concessions

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      Book preview

      Military Surrender - Fouad Sabry

      Chapter 1: Surrender (military)

      In military parlance, surrender is the relinquishment of control of territory, combatants, fortifications, ships, and/or arms to an opposing power. A surrender may be executed amicably or as the result of a military loss. A sovereign state may surrender in the aftermath of military defeat, typically by signing a peace treaty or capitulation agreement. Individual or officer-ordered battlefield surrender typically ends in the individuals surrendering becoming prisoners of war.

      Merriam-Webster defines surrender as the action of submitting one's person or giving up the possession of something particularly into the authority of another and connects its etymology to the Middle English surrendre, from French sur- or sus-, suz under + rendre to give back; In international law, a white flag or handkerchief just signifies a wish for a parley that may or may not result in a formal surrender, despite popular belief or intent.

      When the sides agree to terms, the surrender may be conditional, i.e., the surrendering party may agree to cede only if the victor fulfills specified conditions. The leaders of the surrendering group negotiate privileges or recompense for the time, money, and lives saved by the victor as a result of the resistance's cessation.

      False surrender is a form of treachery within the context of warfare. According to Protocol I of the Geneva Convention, it is a war crime.

      {End Chapter 1}

      Chapter 2: War crime

      A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any member of the command structure who orders any attempt to commit mass killings, including genocide.

      The legal idea of war crimes arose from the formulation of customary international law that applied to battle between sovereign nations, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army during the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) for international war.

      Peter von Hagenbach was tried by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474 for his command responsibility for the activities of his soldiers, as he, as a knight, was believed to have a duty to prevent unlawful behavior by a military force. Despite arguing that he had followed superior commands, von Hagenbach was found guilty, sentenced to death, and decapitated.

      The Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions were among the earliest official formulations of the laws of war and war crimes in the fledgling body of secular international law.

      Lincoln issued General Order 100 on April 24, 1863, barely a few months after the military killings in Mankato, Minnesota. Franz Lieber, a German jurist, political philosopher, and Napoleonic Wars soldier, authored General Order 100, Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field (Lieber Code). Lincoln established the Code military law for all Union Army wartime activity. It specified command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity and outlined the military duties of the Union soldier fighting against the Confederate States of America.

      The Geneva Conventions are four interrelated accords adopted and continuously expanded between 1864 and 1949 that provide the legal basis and framework for the conduct of war under international law. Currently, every United Nations member state has ratified the agreements, which are universally recognized as customary international law and applicable to every armed conflict in the world. Nonetheless, the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions containing the most pertinent, detailed, and comprehensive protections of international humanitarian law for persons and objects in modern warfare have not been ratified by a number of states continuously engaged in armed conflict, including the United States, Israel, India, Pakistan, Iraq, and Iran. Consequently, states maintain distinct codes and beliefs about wartime behaviour. Some signatories habitually breach the Geneva Conventions by using legal ambiguity or political manipulation to circumvent the formalities and principles of the laws.

      In 1949, a fourth convention was added after the other three had been updated and broadened:

      The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field was adopted in 1864 and replaced by the 1906 edition, which was substantially updated, The Second Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea was adopted in 1906 and replaced by the Second Geneva Convention of 1949, which was a substantial revision.

      The Third Geneva Convention related to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was adopted in 1929 and replaced by the Third Geneva Convention of 1949, which underwent considerable revisions.

      The Fourth Geneva Convention related to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War was adopted for the first time in 1949.

      Two Additional Protocols were established in 1977, and a third was added in 2005, bringing the Geneva Conventions up to date:

      The Protocol I (1977) for the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.

      The Protocol II (1977) for the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.

      Protocol III (2005) concerning the Adoption of a Further Distinctive Emblem.

      Just after World War I, international governments began attempting to codify how war crimes would be classified. Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field, often known as the Lieber Code, was their first blueprint of a law. A small number of German military members from the First World War were convicted for alleged war crimes by the German Supreme Court in 1921.

      Under the auspices of the Nuremberg trials, the current idea of war crime was refined based on the definition in the London Charter, which was released

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