Moringa Smash Diabetes

Copyright and Title

Title: Moringa Smash Diabetes

Subtitle: Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract Effects on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Copyright License: All Rights Reserved- Standard Copyright License

Copyright Holder: Mahmoud Abdelghany Abdelwahed Mahmud Hashem

Researcher In Regional Center For Food & Feed, ARC, Egypt.

Copyright Year:  2024

Contributors: By (Author) Mahmoud Abdelghany Abdelwahed Mahmud Hashem

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to whom my heartfelt thanks; to my parent’s spirit for all the support they lovely offered along the period of my post graduation, as well as to my wife Halah and my kids Ezz-Eldeen, Rawan, Omar and Abdullah for their patience and help.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and Foremost, All praise and thanks are to Allah, The magnificent, the merciful, without whose bless and guidance this work would never have been started nor completed. I wish to express my sincere thanks, deepest gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Fouad A. Ahmed  Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Dr. Shereen A. Nada, Professor of nutrition , Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agric., Research Center, Giza, Dr. Amira Shawky Soliman and Dr. Mohamed Said Abbas, Assistant Professors of Plant Resources, Department of Natural Resources, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, for suggesting the problems, supervision, continued assistance and their guidance through the course of study and revision the manuscript of this thesis.  Sincere thanks to Dr. Youssef F. Ahmed, Professor of Animal Pathology, Dept. of Animal Reproduction and A.I, National Research Center for suggesting the problems, supervision and continued assistance. Special thanks are directed to Dr. Abdel-Rahman M. Ahmed Professor of Citrus, Citrus Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this investigation were to determine and evaluate (in vitro) the chemical composition of leaves and seeds contents for Moringa oleifera (MO), Moringa stenopetala (MS), Moringa peregrina (MP) which were collected from Egypt. The results of the chemical composition analysis showed that Moringa species leaves and seeds have high significant nutritional values. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, elements; Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, vitamins C and A, amino acids compositions, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities against DPPH free radical were determined. Meanwhile, the oil proprieties evaluated and the results showed significant decreases in; free fatty acids percentage’s, peroxide values, iodine values and showed significant increases for saponification values. Also, the fatty acids compositions were evaluated and the major saturated fatty acids; palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and behenic (C22:0) recorded high significant values. On the other hand, the main unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (C18:1n9); eicosenoic (C20:1n9) and palmitoleic acids (C16:1n7) recorded significant values.In addition, to evaluate (in vivo) the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extract of these species leaves on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes rats. Fasting (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) levels, ALT, AST, Creatinine, Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), LDL and HDL were evaluated. Significant reduction p<0.05 was recorded in glucose levels of the diabetic rats compared with diabetic control group expressing their hypoglycaemic potentials.  PBG, Creatinine, TC, HDL, LDL levels, ALT and AST activity showed significant decreasing. On the other hand, TC and TG level showed significant decrease compared with diabetic control group. Meanwhile, hisopathological examination for liver, kidney and pancreas tissues showed more improving for group treated with Moringa oleifera than the other groups. That balances and different may referred to many factors; environments, climate, origin, genetic, fertilization, temperature range and flowering and yielding time. Generally, conclusion use of natural antidiabetic of Moringa oleifera leaves might be useful for decreasing PBG level and the effects against pancreatic damage, moreover, improves liver and kidney functions.

Key words: Moringa olifera; Moringa stenopetala; Moringa peregrina; Fatty Acids ; STZ; Antidiabetes; Antioxidant; Total Phenolic Contents; DPPH.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents        Page

Copyright and Title

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

Moringaceae Family

Nutritional values of Moringa

Streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus

Experimental biology

Blood glucose levels

CHAPTER  2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Chemicals

Chemical analysis

Preparation of Moringa leaves extract

Biological experiment

Induction of diabetes

Biochemical assay

CHAPTER  3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY

STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS

REFFERENCES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala, Moringa peregrina belong to a family Moringaceae. The aim of this investigation was to

Determine and evaluate (in vitro) the chemical composition of leaves and seeds contents for Moringa stenopetala, Moringa oleifera, and Moringa peregrina which were collected from five places under Egyptian conditions.

In addition, to evaluate the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats.

The experiments and analysis were carried out in 2014 and 2015 at the regional center for food and feed laboratories, for the fatty acids, amino acids, elements, vitamins, protein, ash, fat, energy, mass spectrum analysis’s and biological experiments.

The leaves, fruits, flowers and immature pods of this tree are edible and they form a part of traditional diets in many countries of the tropics and sub-tropics. Seed flour from Moringa oleifera is widely used as a natural coagulant for water treatment in developing countries. Different parts of this plant contain a profile of important minerals, and are a good source of protein, vitamins, beta-carotene, amino acids and various phenolic.  Mature seeds yield (38–40%) edible oil called ben oil from its high concentration of behenic acid. The refined oil is clear, odorless and resists rancidity, can also be used as a natural source of behenic acid, which has been used as an oil structuring and solidifying agent in margarine, shortening, and foods containing semisolid and solid fats, eliminating the need to hydrogenate the oil. The plant seeds contain hypotensive activity, strong antioxidant activity and chelating property against arsenic toxicity.  

Diabetes is a complex multisystem disorder characterized by a relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion and disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, it is an insidious disease. Chronic hyperglycemia during diabetes causes gyration of body proteins that in turn leads to secondary complications affecting eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), nerves (neuropathy) and arteries (atherosclerotic vascular disease). The international diabetes federation has predicted that the number of individuals with diabetes increased from 382 million in 2014 to 592 million, in 2035 with 80% of the disease burden in low and middle-income countries, (IDF, 2014) according to recent estimation, the global population is approaching the midst of diabetes pandemic.

Botanical products can improve glucose metabolism and the overall condition of individuals with diabetes not only by hypoglycemic effects but also by improving lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and capillary function. Recently numerous traditional medicinal plants were tested for their antidiabetic potential in the experimental animals.

CHAPTER 1

Moringaceae Family

Because of all plant, parts of genus Moringa are used in the indigenous systems of human medicine for the treatment of variety of ailments and there are many medicinal importances of all species of the family Moringaceae. Fresh Moringa stenopetala leaves and seeds were collected from Aswan botanic garden, and Belbis, Sharkya, Egypt. Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds were collected from Model Plant Farm of Nubarya and Shalateen, Egypt. Fresh Moringa peregrina leaves and seeds were collected from Orman botanic garden, Giza, Egypt. The collected samples were purified and allowed to air and sun drying, leaves and