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    Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations
    Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations
    Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations
    Ebook281 pages2 hoursSafety Reports Series

    Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations

    By IAEA

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    In recent years, significant experience of the effects of high wind and flooding on nuclear installations has been gained worldwide. These phenomena may simultaneously affect all the structures, systems and components important to safety at a nuclear installation site. By detailing the methodologies and providing case studies for the evaluation of meteorological and hydrological hazards, this publication supports IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-18, Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations. In the first part of the publication, wind hazards relating to tropical cyclones, tornadoes, extratropical storms, thunderstorms and wind-borne debris are discussed. The second part covers external flooding hazards (excluding tsunamis) relating to wind induced coastal flooding, wind generated waves on rivers, extreme precipitation and runoff events and the sudden release of impounded water.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInternational Atomic Energy Agency
    Release dateMay 2, 2024
    ISBN9789201167231
    Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations

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      Assessment of High Wind and External Flooding (Excluding Tsunami) Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations - IAEA

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      Assessment of High Wind

      and External Flooding

      (Excluding Tsunami)

      Hazards in Site Evaluation

      for Nuclear Installations

      SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 120

      Assessment of High Wind

      and External Flooding

      (Excluding Tsunami)

      Hazards in Site Evaluation

      for Nuclear Installations

      INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

      VIENNA, 2024

      COPYRIGHT NOTICE

      All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Geneva) and as revised in 1971 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission may be required to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form. Please see

      www.iaea.org/publications/rights-and-permissions for more details. Enquiries may be addressed to:

      Publishing Section

      International Atomic Energy Agency

      Vienna International Centre

      PO Box 100

      1400 Vienna, Austria

      tel.: +43 1 2600 22529 or 22530

      email: [email protected]

      www.iaea.org/publications

      © IAEA, 2024

      Printed by the IAEA in Austria

      April 2024

      STI/PUB/2006

      https://doi.org/10.61092/iaea.6yb6-fw8f

      IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      Names: International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Title: Assessment of high wind and external flooding (excluding tsunami) hazards in site evaluation for nuclear installations / International Atomic Energy Agency.

      Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2024. | Series: IAEA safety reports series, ISSN 1020–6450 ; no. 120 | Includes bibliographical references.

      Identifiers: IAEAL 24-01655 | ISBN 978-92-0-116223-6 (paperback : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-92-0-116623-4 (pdf) | ISBN 978-92-0-116723-1 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear power plants — Safety measures. | Nuclear facilities — Safety measures. | Natural disasters.

      Classification: UDC 621.039.58 | STI/PUB/2006

      FOREWORD

      All natural and human induced hazards that could affect the safety of nuclear installations are identified and incorporated into design bases established during the site characterization stage. The scope of the work necessary for the evaluation of the site varies according to the type and size of the nuclear installation, and a well established graded approach is used to ensure that efforts comply with requirements.

      Meteorological and hydrological hazards are two of the most important types of natural hazard. This publication covers hazards related specifically to high winds and external flooding (excluding tsunamis). These phenomena are assessed during the site characterization stage to ensure that the nuclear installation is designed to be able to withstand their effects without losing its capability to perform safety functions.

      In recent years, significant experience of the effects of high winds and flooding on nuclear installations has been gained worldwide. These phenomena may simultaneously affect all structures, systems and components important to safety at a site. This could lead to common cause failure of systems important to safety, affect communication and transport networks around the site of a nuclear installation, and jeopardize the implementation of emergency response actions.

      This publication provides detailed information on hazard evaluation for high winds and external flooding and offers a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. Wind hazards relating to tropical cyclones, tornadoes, extratropical storms, thunderstorms and wind-borne debris are discussed. External flooding hazards (excluding tsunamis) relating to wind induced coastal flooding, wind generated waves on rivers, extreme precipitation and runoff events, and the sudden release of impounded water are also covered.

      This publication supports IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-18, Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations.

      The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A. Altinyollar of the Division of Nuclear Installation Safety.

      EDITORIAL NOTE

      Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.

      This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person.

      Guidance and recommendations provided here in relation to identified good practices represent expert opinion but are not made on the basis of a consensus of all Member States.

      The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographical names and related data shown on maps do not necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the IAEA.

      The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

      The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

      The authoritative versions of the publications are the hard copies issued and available as PDFs on www.iaea.org/publications.To create the versions for e-readers, certain changes have been made, including the movement of some figures and tables.

      CONTENTS

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      1.2. Objective

      1.3. Scope

      1.4. Structure

      2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON WIND HAZARDS

      3. TROPICAL CYCLONES

      3.1. General considerations

      3.2. Tropical cyclone modelling

      3.3. Data sources

      3.4. Modelling uncertainties

      4. TORNADO WINDS

      4.1. General considerations

      4.2. Tornado statistics and databases

      4.3. Tornado hazard modelling

      4.4. Tornado hazard model uncertainties

      5. EXTRATROPICAL STORMS, THUNDERSTORMS AND OTHER WINDSTORMS

      5.1. General considerations

      5.2. Data sources

      5.3. Statistical methods

      5.4. Estimating uncertainties

      5.5. Combined straight line wind hazard

      5.6. Tail limited distributions

      6. WIND-BORNE DEBRIS

      6.1. General considerations

      6.2. Deterministic and probabilistic methods

      6.3. Missile impact effects

      6.4. Atmospheric pressure change loads

      6.5. Missile surveys

      7. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON EXTERNAL FLOODING HAZARDS (EXCLUDING TSUNAMIS)

      7.1. General considerations

      7.2. Basis for flood hazard assessment

      7.3. Uncertainties in flood hazard assessment

      7.4. Hazard assessment and protection measures for floods

      7.5. Background elements for probabilistic flood hazard assessment

      8. WIND INDUCED COASTAL FLOODING

      8.1. General considerations

      8.2. Data sources

      8.3. Deterministic assessment (using statistical analysis)

      8.4. Elements of probabilistic assessment

      9. WIND GENERATED WAVES ON RIVERs

      9.1. General considerations

      9.2. Data sources

      9.3. Hazard assessment

      9.4. Elements of probabilistic assessment

      10. EXTREME PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF EVENTS

      10.1. General considerations

      10.2. Data sources

      10.3. Hazard assessment

      10.4. Elements of probabilistic assessment

      11. FLOODS DUE TO THE SUDDEN RELEASE OF IMPOUNDED WATER

      11.1. General considerations

      11.2. Data sources

      11.3. Hazard assessment

      11.4. Elements of probabilistic assessment

      REFERENCES

      ABBREVIATIONS

      CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

      1. INTRODUCTION

      1.1. Background

      The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant of 11 March 2011 reinforced the importance — and the challenges — of ensuring the safety of nuclear installation sites against multiple external hazards. The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami affected the safety systems of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and caused a severe multi-unit accident, highlighting the importance of protecting safety systems, such as emergency power supply systems, decay heat removal systems and other vital systems, from common cause failures.

      The adequate evaluation of all possible hazards is a fundamental step in the safety evaluation of nuclear installation sites. As seen at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, meteorological and hydrological phenomena have the potential to simultaneously affect structures, systems and components that are important for the safety of nuclear installations.

      IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-18, Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations [1], provides recommendations on how to comply with safety requirements when assessing the hazards associated with meteorological and hydrological phenomena. It also makes recommendations on how to establish a design basis appropriate for these natural hazards, as well as providing steps to protect nuclear installations from them.

      1.2. Objective

      The objective of this publication is to support SSG-18 [1] by detailing the methodologies used to evaluate hazards and providing case studies demonstrating the evaluation of meteorological and hydrological hazards during site evaluation for nuclear installations.

      This publication can be used by nuclear regulatory bodies and other organizations that oversee the evaluation of meteorological and hydrological hazards for nuclear installation sites.

      Guidance and recommendations provided here in relation to identified good practices represent expert opinion but are not made on the basis of a consensus of all Member States.

      1.3. Scope

      This publication addresses the assessment of external flooding (excluding tsunami related flooding) and high wind hazards for the purposes of site evaluation for existing and prospective nuclear installations.

      The following hazards are covered:

      (a) High wind hazards:

      (i) Tropical cyclones;

      (ii) Tornado winds;

      (iii) Extratropical storms, thunderstorms and other winds;

      (iv) Wind-borne projectiles.

      (b) External flooding hazards (excluding tsunamis):

      (i) Wind induced coastal flooding;

      (ii) Wind generated waves on rivers;

      (iii) Extreme precipitation and runoff events;

      (iv) Flooding due to the sudden release of impounded water.

      Although this publication was developed for nuclear power plants, the methodology presented can be applied to all nuclear installations.

      1.4. Structure

      This publication comprises 11 sections, with this introduction being the first section. Section 2 discusses general considerations on wind hazards caused by different phenomena for nuclear installations. It reviews the current state of the practice methods for wind hazard modelling and discusses the approaches most frequently used to develop wind hazard information for different meteorological phenomena. Section 3 presents information on tropical cyclones, including their modelling, data resources and modelling uncertainty. Section 4 summarizes information on tornadoes, including statistics and databases, and hazard modelling and uncertainties. Section 5 focuses information on extratropical storms, including thunderstorms and other winds, statistical methods for their analysis, estimating uncertainties, combined straight line wind hazards and tail limited distributions. Section 6 provides information on wind-borne debris, including deterministic and probabilistic methods of analysis, missile impact effects, atmospheric pressure change (APC) loads and missile surveys. Section 7 presents general information on flood hazard assessment and discusses uncertainties in flood hazard evaluation, flood effects and specificities to consider for risk assessment, as well as elements of probabilistic flood hazard assessment (PFHA). Section 8 focuses information on wind induced coastal flooding, including data sources and their deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessment. Section 9 provides information on wind generated waves on rivers, including deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessment. Section 10 discusses information on extreme precipitation and runoff events, including data resources and deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessment. Finally, Section 11 presents information on floods caused by the sudden release of impounded water, including data resources and deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessment.

      2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON WIND HAZARDS

      The wind hazard at a site can result from hurricanes (tropical cyclones), tornadoes, extratropical storms, thunderstorms and other extreme winds, including downslope winds (a type of wind created by the movement of air from high elevations down a slope) and the shamals (a type of wind occurring in and around the Arabian Peninsula characterized by high levels of sand and dust in the air). These wind generating phenomena are formed by different meteorological and sea conditions, occur in different regions of the world, are accompanied by different meteorological events and cover small to large distances. Tornado wind speeds of more than 34 m/s are capable of producing missiles from objects in the wind’s path, such as debris from damaged buildings. Sections 3–6 of this publication address the various types of wind hazard.

      Information on the wind hazard, typically provided in the form of

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