Enslavement in Kentucky

PREFACE

A book is always just the product of one author’s mind, a myth that seems to have taken root and made its own place in scholarship. But it is just that: a myth in the minds of the public for centuries and centuries. The truth lies in a series of readers and supporters.

I’m not talking about just having others read the manuscript and comment on its accuracy and its value as a piece of scholarship. Such an action is indeed an immeasurable gift to the writer and—perhaps to other readers too.

Other people often engage in important conversations about the topic of the book and, in turn, become of infinite value to the author. The author has something to share, and those who engage him or her in conversation edge the book’s idea closer to publication.

Still other important people reckon with the whole of a book, including those who really understand the worth of a publication. Many may hear the author’s doubts and frustrations much more realistically than the author—friends, spouses and even lovers. I happen to have a sharp wife. I also must mention my acquisitions editor, Chad Rhoad, who is quite adept at dealing positively with frustration and disappointment. This work I wrote would not have seen daylight without his help. I shall always be indebted to his sage advice and ability to see another more positive side.

But much of the inspiration for this work must go to the late Bernie Willis, the first Black person I ever really knew. I went to a segregated school in Kentucky until I went to high school. In other words, my first eight grades were with Whites alone. In fact, I didn’t know about Black people because I had not been around them. I had a limited amount of experience, but in a doctor’s office waiting room one day I remember a little Black girl who came with a mean-looking fishhook in her thumb. But because she was Black, she had to wait. Late in my teenage years, as I walked around, I heard the Black folks from the church where they worshipped, and I could make out their singing with great feeling.

A Black sister and brother lived up on the hill across from my place. But I never talked to them, even when he gathered his mail. I had heard Blacks were awful people from all the Whites around our community. Yet I didn’t know for sure.

Bernie was, like me, in the school band, and even though he was Black, I struck up a friendship with him. He wanted to know about White people, and I wanted to know about Black people. We were mutually curious about each other. Over the years, we hoped that we understood each other’s heritage better. I began to respect him and his world, and although there certainly was some prejudice on both of our parts—probably more on my side—we were better off for being friends.

When I read about slavery even in my own county, I wondered about how I should feel about it. I had heard from Whites that Black people were an inferior race, but I learned from Bernie that, except for his color, he was just like me.

So, this book is a tribute to his race and the tragedy of slavery in Kentucky. It’s surely an inadequate payback to Bernie’s people, who suffered through very hard times. But early on, slavery became for me no longer an economic question but a moral question. I reasoned that slavery, no matter how it is dressed—and it often assumes various dresses—is a decision between right and wrong effected by some very nice White people, but it still is a matter of morality, not a matter of economics, as many have made it out to be. Throughout this book, we’re going to be examining what the people of Kentucky thought about their changing situation, even though the perspective will oftens ound odd to modern ears.

Let these readings guide you as you read about Kentucky’s attempt to defend or refute an institution that has little to offer as an explanation other than an economic one.

INTRODUCTION

This book sees slavery in Kentucky from the standpoint of Kentucky citizens who solemnly thought that owning slaves was a right they had as citizens of the Commonwealth. But rather than a long list of generalizations about how slavery developed in the state, slavery’s story is told through the eyes of those who experienced it firsthand. For instance, the massacre at Simpsonville particularizes just what guerrilla warfare was like and how it was inflicted on a group of colored soldiers on a cattle drive. To be sure, generalizations about history are important, but understanding just how it felt to human beings helps to explain why history is so important.

When Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the Union, slavery soon became fundamental to its agriculture-based society. In the Bluegrass Region, large tracts of land were devoted to tobacco and hemp growing. In the western part of the state, farmers grew crops like hemp, corn, wheat and some cotton, calling for forms of labor for which slavery seemed to be the answer.

According to the 1860 federal census, the average slave owner had between four and five slaves. While the large plantations in the Bluegrass and the western portion of the state still had many slaves in various capacities, plantations like those of the lower South were few. In a way, slavery became ingrained in the conservative culture that guarded slavery shamelessly. With an agricultural base, the farmers knew no other way than to keep slaves in order to produce the crops they planted. After all, they saw slavery as a necessity.

Kentuckians became so used to slavery in their midst that most Whites saw any chance of abolishing slavery as fruitless. If Kentucky were to make progress economically, Kentuckians had to have slavery, they reasoned. After all, they said to themselves, slavery itself was guaranteed by the federal Constitution. That by itself was quite convincing because, to many Kentuckians, the enslaved were a form of property that could not be legally taken away.

Harold Tallant, in his study of slavery, concluded that most Kentuckians saw slavery as an evil necessity; most citizens understood that slavery had to answer some vexing moral questions, but slavery kept the financial engines of the state running smoothly. In fact, the state could not survive economically without slavery, they argued. Any attempt to abolish slavery, then, was met with stiff resistance led by the wealthy slave owners.

But were there that many slaves? There were about 220,000 enslaved people in Kentucky; in other words, one out of four or five people was enslaved. Rather than list all the slave auctions, the Lexington auction serves as a typical example. The city also saw the largest slave auction in the Commonwealth. Learn what a typical slave auction was like in Kentucky in Reading #1.

The state’s citizens who were its apologists were willing to use almost any means to fight any attempt by antislavery forces to eliminate slavery. But what about Kentucky made it so alluring to both the Confederacy and the Union? Why did both sides hope against hope to get Kentucky on their side? Understanding the allure of the state to each side is what Reading #2 is about.

Most historians could cite a number of other factors for Kentucky’s importance. Kentucky had more slaves than many states, like Texas and Arkansas, states part of the Confederacy. And enthusiastically, Kentucky was dependent on those slaves, it thought, for its existence as a viable economic power. Kentuckians were strong believers in the Constitution. Lincoln, they thought, would stick by the words in such a sacred document as the Constitution. Kentucky, in particular, could keep its slaves—Lincoln would not touch slavery where it already existed, mainly because the Constitution didn’t allow it.

The state then sided with the Union with the pledge of Lincoln and the words of the Constitution that the war was mainly to save the Union. The citizens of the state thought that preserving the Union was a noble enough cause to go to war over and sided with the Union.

Still, there were other reasons why many in the state championed preserving the Union. The political thinking of Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his strong belief in the importance of the Union might have also influenced some of the decision makers, for Clay’s thinking and his political influence in the state were great.

Cotton, too, was not as central to the agricultural well-being of the state as it was in the Deep South. In essence, Kentucky could not depend on just one cash crop, as much of the South did. The state depended on a variety of crops.

Yet one of the main reasons for aligning with the Union was that Kentucky could keep its slaves, or so it thought. Lincoln said it, and the Constitution guaranteed it, the citizens thought. Either way, the institution of slavery could continue in Kentucky.

It didn’t turn out that way, however. The Emancipation Proclamation seemed to turn the war in a new direction. The Civil War became a war, as many in the North now thought, to free all the slaves—a direct refutation of Lincoln’s pledge and the Constitution’s words that said that Kentucky could continue to have slaves. Kentucky was exempted in the Emancipation Proclamation, that was true, but many Kentuckians were not universally convinced that the state’s slavery was safe. As a result, its citizens brought out their legal arguments.

Lincoln seemed to be more of an abolitionist than the average Kentuckian could feel comfortable with, it seemed. Fighting for freeing the slaves seemed to be quite possible in the states in rebellion—especially if it was, according to Lincoln, a war measure, but