Advancements in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Next-Gen Mechatronics: The Role of Artificial Intelligence

Nafees Akhter Farooqui¹, Zulfikar Ali Ansari¹, *, Rafeeq Ahmed², Ahmad Neyaz Khan¹, Shadab Siddiqui³, Mohammad Ishrat¹, Mohd Haleem⁴, Sarosh Patel⁵

¹ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India

² Department of CSE, Government Engineering College, West Champaran, Kumarbagh, Bihar, India

³ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Hyderabad-500075, Telangana, India.

⁴ Department of Computer Science, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India

⁵ School of Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA

Abstract

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare systems has demonstrated significant potential to transform patient care, diagnosis, and treatment. Nevertheless, the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector presents difficulties concerning transparency, interpretability, and trust, especially when there are new possibilities for automated decision-making and enhanced efficiency in many different areas, thanks to the combination of artificial intelligence and mechatronics. Automation and robotics are improving as mechatronics integrates AI. Grand View Research expects the global mechatronics and robotics course market to reach $3.21 billion by 2028, expanding 13.7% from 2021 to 2028. This chapter aims to give a general outline of mechatronics-related artificial intelligence (AI), including its applications, advantages, and challenges. The field focuses on developing intelligent machines with the ability to learn, understand data, and react accordingly. Machine learning and deep learning are two forms of artificial intelligence that have enabled robots and autonomous vehicles to detect their environment, traverse complicated scenarios, and make smart decisions using the data they collect. Artificial intelligence (AI) improves mechatronic systems by expanding their capabilities, which boosts their performance, output, and reliability. Nevertheless, ethical considerations and implementation challenges need to be resolved before the full potential of AI in mechatronics can be realized.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deep learning, Machine learning, Mechatronic, Robots.

* Corresponding author Zulfikar Ali Ansari: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The primary objective of mechatronics is to build intelligent systems through the integration of several disciplines, including electronics, control engineering, computer science, mechanical engineering, and mechanical engineering. It is a young and expanding area that has already made a big splash in many sectors, including robotics, manufacturing, aerospace, healthcare, and automobiles. In the development of cutting-edge technology and novel approaches to difficult challenges, mechatronics is an indispensable tool. The Japanese invented the word mechatronics in the late 1960s, fusing the mechanical mecha with the electrical tronics [1].

It arose in reaction to the growing need for systems and products to incorporate both mechanical and electronic parts. Intelligent machines that are precise, efficient, and adaptable in their work are the goal of mechatronics.

The remarkable adaptability and versatility of mechatronic systems are attributed to their capacity to perceive and react to their surroundings. To accomplish complicated tasks independently or with little to no human involvement, these systems are programmed to communicate with one another, with other machines, and with the real environment. They can detect, analyze, and respond to data because of the sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, and algorithms built into their software.

Everything from basic home appliances and cell phones to advanced industrial robots and driverless cars falls under the umbrella of mechatronics. When it comes to making sure these systems work, are reliable, and are safe to use, mechatronic engineers are the ones to call. The capacity of mechatronics to unite several branches of engineering is one of its main strengths. More efficient, dependable, and cost-effective systems can be created by mechatronics engineers by integrating mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering principles [2]. By bringing together experts from different fields, we can improve performance and functionality by integrating hardware and software components seamlessly.

Innovation and technological progress are propelled by mechatronics. It makes possible the creation of state-of-the-art technology including smart systems, automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence. In addition to enhancing productivity, security, and quality of life, these technologies may cause a revolution in several different industries [3].

Hence, mechatronics is an interdisciplinary discipline that integrates electrical engineering, control engineering, computer science, and mechanical engineering to develop intelligent systems. Because it facilitates the creation of cutting-edge technology and novel solutions, it has grown into an important field in many different sectors. When it comes to developing flexible and versatile systems, mechatronics experts are crucial in combining software and hardware components [4]. I am confident that mechatronics will revolutionize engineering and our daily lives thanks to its capacity to spur innovation and technical progress.

OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is ever-evolving as scientists work tirelessly to develop increasingly intelligent and powerful machines. Over the past few years, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have completely altered our daily lives and the way we accomplish collective goals. An extensive review of AI, including its background, current uses, difficulties, and possible future advancements, will be presented in this essay [5]. Artificial intelligence has been around for a long time; in fact, machines that look like humans first appeared in ancient tales and folklore. In contrast, computer scientists began investigating the possibility of developing computers with intelligence comparable to that of humans in the 1950s, marking the beginning of the contemporary era of AI development. The inaugural use of the term artificial intelligence was during the 1956 Dartmouth Symposium, when researchers deliberated on developing intelligent robots [6]. Fig. (1) shows just an overview of Artificial Intelligence.

Creating expert systems and rule-based systems that could simulate human decision-making was the primary goal of early artificial intelligence research. Unfortunately, data shortages and insufficient computer capacity caused progress to be slow. A lot of data was available and machine learning techniques came out in the 1990s, but AI didn't take off until then [7]. The term artificial intelligence describes computers that can learn, reason, and make judgments just like a person. Two main schools of thought exist within the field of artificial intelligence: narrow AI and general AI. Narrow AI is purpose-built to excel in a small subset of general AI activities. However, the goal of general AI is to make machines as smart as humans are in a variety of contexts. The widespread use of AI is revolutionizing many different industries and bringing about significant gains in productivity. The healthcare industry is seeing a surge in the use of artificial intelligence. Medical data can be analysed by machine learning algorithms to aid in drug discovery, forecast patient outcomes, and identify disorders. The use of AI-powered robots in surgery has also been found to increase accuracy and decrease the likelihood of human mistakes [8].

Fig. (1))

Overview of artificial intelligence.

Autonomous vehicles are being reshaped by artificial intelligence in the transportation industry. To assess their surroundings, make decisions, and makeovers safely, self-driving cars employ artificial intelligence algorithms. Better and more environmentally friendly transportation may be possible with the help of this technology if it can lessen traffic jams, accidents, and carbon emissions. The banking sector is another area where AI is creating a splash. Financial fraud can be detected, market trends can be predicted, and individualized financial advice can be provided by algorithms that analyse massive volumes of data. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are revolutionizing customer care by offering instant and efficient assistance.

Although AI has tremendous promise, it also raises serious concerns about ethics and presents a number of obstacles. Concerns about job loss are significant. Some worry that AI may make people unemployed since it takes over jobs that people have been doing for a long time. Experts, however, contend that AI will open up new employment options, necessitating that people acquire new skills and adjust to a different way of working. The issue of AI systems' impartiality and prejudice is another obstacle. If the data used to train machine learning algorithms is biased, then those biases will likely be amplified and perpetuated by the algorithms themselves [9]. Questions of equity and prejudice in hiring and loan approval procedures arise from this. The goal of current AI research is to create systems that are open, and comprehensible.

An enormous amount of potential lies in AI's future. Artificial intelligence is being expanded by recent developments in robotics, deep learning, and natural language processing. In the fight against climate change, for more affordable healthcare, and for the end of poverty, artificial intelligence is anticipated to be an indispensable tool. Machines that can do a broad variety of tasks at a human level are the goal of continuing artificial general intelligence (AGI) research. Although artificial general intelligence is still a way off, progress toward it might cause us to reevaluate our understanding of consciousness and the ethics of machines.

Machine Learning (ML)

The goal of machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is to create algorithms that let computers analyse, interpret, and forecast data in order to make judgments. It encompasses methods such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, unsupervised learning, and supervised learning [10].

Deep Learning (DL)

A branch of machine learning, deep learning mimics the way the human brain's neural networks are organised and operate. It entails feeding massive volumes of data into artificial neural networks in order to teach them to spot patterns and make judgements automatically [11].

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

A subfield of Artificial Intelligence, natural language processing (NLP) focuses on how computers and humans communicate using everyday language. Applications like language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, and more are made possible by machines' ability to comprehend, interpret, and produce human language [12].

Computer Vision

The area of artificial intelligence known as computer vision focuses on teaching computers to recognize and understand visual data found in the physical world, including photos and films. Image generating, object tracking, object classification, and object identification are all part of it [13].

Robotics

Robotics is the integration of artificial intelligence and engineering to create, construct, and control robots. Artificial intelligence empowers robots to observe their surroundings, make choices, and carry out activities independently or with a certain level of autonomy. Applications encompass a wide spectrum, including industrial automation, household robotics, and autonomous vehicles [14].

Expert Systems

Expert systems are AI programs that are made to make decisions like a person expert in a certain field. These systems look at data, make choices, and offer suggestions or answers by using rules and knowledge bases [15].

Data Science

The goal of data science is to discover new insights and information by integrating several disciplines, such as statistics, machine learning, data visualisation, and domain knowledge. It includes a variety of approaches that try to explain complicated events, forecast their future occurrence, and guide people in making decisions [16].

Explainable AI

The term explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) refers to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and algorithms that can provide meaningful explanations for their decisions or outputs. This is especially important in high-stakes or critical applications where transparency and interpretability are necessary [17].

So, to sum up, AI has come a long way from its humble beginnings, and its impact on society is still growing. As a result of AI, many sectors are undergoing radical changes and becoming more efficient, including healthcare, transportation, and finance [18]. To make sure that an AI-powered future is fair and inclusive, though, problems like bias and job loss must be solved. Future AI research and development bode well for this technology, which could alter our daily lives and the way we do business.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN MECHATRONICS

AI has found extensive applications in mechatronics, enabling the development of intelligent systems that can perform complex tasks with high precision and efficiency as shown in Fig. (2). Some of the key applications of AI in mechatronics include:

Robotics

AI-driven robots can execute a diverse array of activities, spanning from industrial automation to healthcare support. They possess the ability to traverse intricate surroundings, identify items, and engage with individuals, rendering them highly advantageous assets across several sectors as shown in (Fig. 3). The swift progress in AI technology has facilitated the development of robotics powered by AI. Advancements in machine learning algorithms, deep learning networks, and natural language processing techniques have led to increased sophistication in robots' ability to learn, adapt, and engage with their surroundings [19].

Fig. (2))

AI mechatronics (https://www.themechatronicsblog.com).

These technological developments have enabled robots to carry out jobs that were previously considered unattainable. Artificial intelligence (AI) driven robots have been utilized in numerous sectors. Within the industrial industry, robots that are equipped with artificial intelligence algorithms have the capability to carry out repetitive activities with a high level of accuracy and efficiency. This results in a decrease in human errors and an increase in overall productivity [20].

Fig. (3))

AI in robotics (https://medium.com/vsinghbisen/ai-in-robotics).

AI-powered robotic devices in healthcare aid surgeons in executing intricate surgery with enhanced precision and less invasiveness. Moreover, artificial intelligence-driven robots are currently employed in the fields of logistics and transportation, agriculture, and even space exploration. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms in robotic systems has numerous advantages. AI-powered robots have the ability to work constantly without experiencing weariness, resulting in enhanced production and efficiency [21]. Additionally, they are capable of carrying out operations in dangerous settings, thereby mitigating the potential harm to human beings. Furthermore, AI algorithms empower robots to acquire knowledge from their past encounters and enhance their efficiency gradually, rendering them increasingly flexible and clever. The utilization of AI in robotics has significant possibilities, but it also necessitates the resolution of problems and ethical concerns. A significant apprehension revolves around the potential ramifications on employment since businesses may witness the substitution of human workers for AI-powered robots. Furthermore, it is imperative to thoroughly analyse ethical ramifications of AI decision-making to guarantee that robots behave in a responsible and secure manner [22].

The prospects for AI-powered robotics in the future are highly encouraging. With the ongoing progress of AI algorithms, robots will further enhance their capabilities and intelligence. Anticipate witnessing robots executing intricate jobs throughout diverse areas, encompassing household chores, eldercare, and education. Nevertheless, it is imperative to guarantee that the advancement of AI-driven robotics is directed by ethical principles and that suitable legislation is implemented to tackle any threats.

Self-driving Vehicles

Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles, are an innovative form of technology that has the potential to significantly transform our transportation methods. These self-driving vehicles are capable of operating and moving without human intervention due to their integration of advanced sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning algorithms [23]. The emergence of autonomous vehicles has generated substantial interest and controversy among legislators, industry moguls, and the general populace. This essay seeks to examine the diverse facets of autonomous vehicles, encompassing their advantages, obstacles, and future ramifications on society. AI algorithms are essential in facilitating the safe and efficient navigation of autonomous cars. These algorithms analyze sensor data, make instantaneous choices, and guarantee the vehicle's adherence to traffic norms and regulations.

The main advantages of autonomous vehicles lie in their capacity to enhance road safety. Human error is a primary contributor to accidents, and autonomous cars have the capacity to eradicate this variable. Self-driving cars, equipped with sophisticated sensors and algorithms, possess the ability to respond swiftly and make precise judgments, hence minimizing the probability of accidents [24]. In addition, autonomous vehicles have the capability to establish communication among themselves, facilitating synchronized movements and reducing the likelihood of accidents [25]. Autonomous vehicles offer a notable benefit in terms of enhanced mobility and accessibility. Autonomous vehicles offer transportation alternatives for persons who lack the ability to operate a vehicle independently, such as the elderly or those with disabilities. Furthermore, self-driving vehicles possess the capability to enhance traffic movement and alleviate congestion by effectively exchanging information and collaborating with one another to minimize delays and maximize effectiveness. Moreover, self-driving vehicles possess the capacity to diminish fuel consumption and pollutants. Self-driving cars possess the capability to optimize routes and driving patterns, so minimizing superfluous idling and mitigating traffic congestion. Consequently, this leads to less fuel consumption and emissions. This can aid in global endeavors to alleviate climate change and enhance air quality.

Given the technology constraints and dependability issues of autonomous vehicles, it is imperative to address several obstacles and concerns. Notwithstanding notable progress, autonomous cars remain susceptible to errors and malfunctions. Securing the safety and dependability of self-driving vehicles is vital in order to establish public confidence and approval. Another issue of worry is the potential effect on employment. The emergence of autonomous vehicles presents a potential risk of job displacement for persons employed in the transportation sector, including truck drivers and taxi drivers. It is imperative to take into account the social and economic ramifications of this technological transition and formulate solutions to alleviate any adverse effects. Moreover, driverless vehicles raise ethical and legal concerns. Who should bear liability in the event of an accident involving an autonomous vehicle? Assessing responsibility and creating legal structures to tackle moral quandaries is an intricate undertaking that necessitates meticulous deliberation and cooperation among policymakers, industry participants, and legal scholars.

Smart Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector has experienced a substantial overhaul in recent years because of technological improvements. An example of such a revolution is the rise of smart manufacturing, which combines advanced technology to enhance production processes and increase overall efficiency. The integration of automation, data analytics, and artificial intelligence has brought about a significant transformation in traditional manufacturing, known as smart manufacturing [26]. Smart manufacturing encompasses multiple facets, including its advantages, difficulties, and potential ramifications for the future of the manufacturing sector. The integration of AI technology into mechatronic systems has revolutionized conventional manufacturing procedures by facilitating proactive maintenance, enhancing production planning, and elevating the standards of quality control.

Smart manufacturing is a transformative change in the manufacturing sector that utilizes cutting-edge technologies to enhance production processes and increase overall efficiency. The amalgamation of automation, data analytics, IoT, and AI holds the capacity to transform conventional production techniques and yield a multitude of advantages, such as heightened efficiency, improved quality control, cost reduction, adaptability, and enhanced safety [27]. Nevertheless, to fully exploit the possibilities of smart manufacturing, it is imperative to tackle obstacles such as the upfront capital required, the shift in workforce, the safeguarding of data, and the compatibility between different systems. The future of smart manufacturing appears hopeful due to ongoing technological breakthroughs, which will enhance efficiency and competitiveness in the field of manufacturing.

Healthcare

The implementation of mechatronics has led to tremendous progress in healthcare in recent years. Healthcare services and advancements have been radically altered by mechatronics. Intelligent medical technologies, such as prosthetic limbs, and robotic surgical systems, have been made possible by AI, which has completely changed the healthcare industry. Better patient outcomes are the result of these gadgets' ability to increase the accuracy and efficiency of medical processes. Modern surgery has been revolutionized by robotic surgical technologies like the da Vinci Surgical System. Surgeons can use these technologies with more accuracy, control, and dexterity, which leads to less invasive procedures, faster recoveries, and better patient outcomes. Not only have surgical techniques been enhanced with the integration of mechatronics, but the spectrum of minimally invasive operations has also been broadened [28].

Remote monitoring systems and telemedicine have both benefited greatly from mechatronics. By combining sensors, actuators, and communication technology, medical personnel may track patients' vital signs from afar, gather data, and give immediate feedback. Early diagnosis of health problems, prevention of complications, and reduction in hospitalizations have all resulted from this, in addition to better access to healthcare services, particularly in distant locations. The advancement of prosthetics and rehabilitation devices is an area where mechatronics has played a crucial role. The use of prosthetic limbs that are fitted with actuators and sensors enables amputees to restore their mobility and carry out intricate activities. Additionally, exoskeletons and other mechatronic rehabilitation devices aid patients in recovering motor capabilities. People with impairments now have a lot better quality of life thanks to these innovations.

One area where mechatronics has been quite useful is medical imaging. Mechatronic devices are crucial to advanced imaging methods like ultrasound, CT, and MRI because they provide precise and high-resolution images [29]. Medical picture interpretation and abnormality detection are both improved by computer-aided diagnosis systems, which have their roots in mechatronics. The field of mechatronics has undoubtedly improved healthcare, but it still faces a variety of obstacles. We must overcome obstacles such as the exorbitant price of mechatronic systems, the lack of availability in underdeveloped nations, and worries about patient confidentiality and safety. Further promising in enhancing healthcare outcomes is the merging of mechatronics with artificial intelligence and machine learning.

With mechatronics, the healthcare industry has enormous potential for the future. Some of the fascinating future possibilities include the creation of autonomous decision-making intelligent surgical robots, the improvement of wearable mechatronic devices for continuous health monitoring, and the combination of nanotechnology and mechatronics for targeted drug delivery. In addition, mechatronics has the potential to automate hospital logistics and build smart healthcare facilities, both of which would enhance healthcare infrastructure.

With its revolutionary impact on surgical operations, rehabilitation, telemedicine, and medical imaging, AI-based Mechatronics has