Introduction to Monotonic Stack - Data Structure and Algorithm Tutorials

A monotonic stack is a special data structure used in algorithmic problem-solving. Monotonic Stack maintaining elements in either increasing or decreasing order. It is commonly used to efficiently solve problems such as finding the next greater or smaller element in an array etc.

What is Monotonic Stack?

A Monotonic Stack is a common data structure in computer science that maintains its elements in a specific order. Unlike traditional stacks, Monotonic Stacks ensure that elements inside the stack are arranged in an increasing or decreasing order based on their arrival time. In order to achieve the monotonic stacks, we have to enforce the push and pop operation depending on whether we want a monotonic increasing stack or monotonic decreasing stack.

Let's understand the term Monotonic Stacks by breaking it down.

Monotonic: It is a word for mathematics functions. A function y = f(x) is monotonically increasing or decreasing when it follows the below conditions: 

• As x increases, y also increases always, then it's a monotonically increasing function. 
• As x increases, y decreases always, then it's a monotonically decreasing function.

See the below examples:

• y = 2x +5, it's a monotonically increasing function.
• y = -(2^x), it's a monotonically decreasing function.  

Similarly, A stack is called a monotonic stack if all the elements starting from the bottom of the stack is either in increasing or in decreasing order.

Types of Monotonic Stack:

Monotonic Stacks can be broadly classified into two types:

1. Monotonic Increasing Stack
2. Monotonic Decreasing Stack

Monotonic Increasing Stack:

A Monotonically Increasing Stack is a stack where elements are placed in increasing order from the bottom to the top. Each new element added to the stack is greater than or equal to the one below it. If a new element is smaller, we remove elements from the top of the stack until we find one that is smaller or equal to the new element, or until the stack is empty. This ensures that the stack always stays in increasing order.

Example: 1, 3, 10, 15, 17

How to achieve Monotonic Increasing Stack?

To achieve a monotonic increasing stack, you would typically push elements onto the stack while ensuring that the stack maintains a increasing order from bottom to top. When pushing a new element, you would pop elements from the stack that are greater than the new element until the stack maintains the desired monotonic increasing property.

To achieve a monotonic increasing stack, you can follow these step-by-step approaches:

• Initialize an empty stack.
• Iterate through the elements and for each element:
  • while stack is not empty AND top of stack is more than the current element
    • pop element from the stack
  • Push the current element onto the stack.
• At the end of the iteration, the stack will contain the monotonic increasing order of elements.

Let's illustrate the example for a monotonic increasing stack using the array Arr[] = {1, 7, 9, 5}:

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

// Function to implement monotonic increasing stack
vector<int> monotonicIncreasing(vector<int>& nums)
{
    int n = nums.size();
    stack<int> st;
    vector<int> result;

    // Traverse the array
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {

        // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is more
        // than the current element
        while (!st.empty() && st.top() > nums[i]) {

            // Pop the top element from the
            // stack
            st.pop();
        }

        // Push the current element into the stack
        st.push(nums[i]);
    }

    // Construct the result array from the stack
    while (!st.empty()) {
        result.insert(result.begin(), st.top());
        st.pop();
    }

    return result;
}

int main() {
    // Example usage:
    vector<int> nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
    vector<int> result = monotonicIncreasing(nums);
    cout << "Monotonic increasing stack: ";
    for (int num : result) {
        cout << num << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Deque;

public class MonotonicIncreasingStack {
    // Function to implement monotonic increasing stack
    public static int[] monotonicIncreasing(int[] nums) {
        Deque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
        
        // Traverse the array
        for (int num : nums) {
            // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is more than the current element
            while (!stack.isEmpty() && stack.peekLast() > num) {
                // Pop the top element from the stack
                stack.pollLast();
            }
            // Push the current element into the stack
            stack.offerLast(num);
        }

        // Construct the result array from the stack
        int[] result = new int[stack.size()];
        int index = stack.size() - 1;
        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            result[index--] = stack.pollLast();
        }

        return result;
    }

    // Main method for example usage
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Example usage:
        int[] nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
        int[] result = monotonicIncreasing(nums);
        System.out.print("Monotonic increasing stack: [");
        for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(result[i]);
            if (i != result.length - 1) {
                System.out.print(", ");
            }
        }
        System.out.println("]");
    }
}

def monotonicIncreasing(nums):
    stack = []
    result = []

    # Traverse the array
    for num in nums:
        # While stack is not empty AND top of stack is more than the current element
        while stack and stack[-1] > num:
            # Pop the top element from the stack
            stack.pop()
        # Push the current element into the stack
        stack.append(num)

    # Construct the result array from the stack
    while stack:
        result.insert(0, stack.pop())

    return result

# Example usage:
nums = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
result = monotonicIncreasing(nums)
print("Monotonic increasing stack:", result)

// Function to implement monotonic increasing stack
function monotonicIncreasing(nums) {
    const stack = [];
    const result = [];

    // Traverse the array
    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; ++i) {
        // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is more than the current element
        while (stack.length > 0 && stack[stack.length - 1] > nums[i]) {
            // Pop the top element from the stack
            stack.pop();
        }
        // Push the current element into the stack
        stack.push(nums[i]);
    }

    // Construct the result array from the stack
    while (stack.length > 0) {
        result.unshift(stack.pop());
    }

    return result;
}

// Example usage:
const nums = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6];
const result = monotonicIncreasing(nums);
console.log("Monotonic increasing stack:", result);

Monotonic increasing stack: 1 1 2 6 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(N), each element from the input array is pushed and popped from the stack exactly once. Therefore, even though there is a loop inside a loop, no element is processed more than twice.
• Auxiliary Space: O(N)

Monotonic Decreasing Stack:

A Monotonically Decreasing Stack is a stack where elements are placed in decreasing order from the bottom to the top. Each new element added to the stack must be smaller than or equal to the one below it. If a new element is greater than top of stack then we remove elements from the top of the stack until we find one that is greater or equal to the new element, or until the stack is empty. This ensures that the stack always stays in decreasing order.

Example: 17, 14, 10, 5, 1

How to achieve Monotonic Decreasing Stack?

To achieve a monotonic decreasing stack, you would typically push elements onto the stack while ensuring that the stack maintains a decreasing order from bottom to top. When pushing a new element, you would pop elements from the stack that are greater than the new element until the stack maintains the desired monotonic decreasing property.

To achieve a monotonic decreasing stack, you can follow these step-by-step approaches:

• Start with an empty stack.
• Iterate through the elements of the input array.
  • While stack is not empty AND top of stack is less than the current element:
    • pop element from the stack
  • Push the current element onto the stack.
• After iterating through all the elements, the stack will contain the elements in monotonic decreasing order.

Let's illustrate the example for a monotonic decreasing stack using the array Arr[] = {7, 5, 9, 4}:

B4elow is the implementation of the above approach:

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

// Function to implement monotonic decreasing stack
vector<int> monotonicDecreasing(vector<int>& nums) {
    int n = nums.size();
    stack<int> st;
    vector<int> result(n);

    // Traverse the array
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is less than the current element
        while (!st.empty() && st.top() < nums[i]) {
            st.pop();
        }

        // Construct the result array
        if (!st.empty()) {
            result[i] = st.top();
        } else {
            result[i] = -1;
        }

        // Push the current element into the stack
        st.push(nums[i]);
    }

    return result;
}

int main() {
    vector<int> nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
    vector<int> result = monotonicDecreasing(nums);

    cout << "Monotonic decreasing stack: ";
    for (int val : result) {
        cout << val << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Stack;

public class MonotonicDecreasing {
    public static List<Integer> monotonicDecreasing(int[] nums) {
        Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
        List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<>();

        // Traverse the array
        for (int num : nums) {
            // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is less than the current element
            while (!stack.isEmpty() && stack.peek() < num) {
                // Pop the top element from the stack
                stack.pop();
            }

            // Construct the result array
            if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
                result.add(stack.peek());
            } else {
                result.add(-1);
            }

            // Push the current element into the stack
            stack.push(num);
        }

        return result;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};
        List<Integer> result = monotonicDecreasing(nums);
        System.out.println("Monotonic decreasing stack: " + result);
    }
}

def monotonicDecreasing(nums):
    stack = []
    result = []

    # Traverse the array
    for num in nums:
        # While stack is not empty AND top of stack is less than the current element
        while stack and stack[-1] < num:
            # Pop the top element from the stack
            stack.pop()
        
        # Construct the result array
        if stack:
            result.append(stack[-1])
        else:
            result.append(-1)
        
        # Push the current element into the stack
        stack.append(num)

    return result

# Example usage:
nums = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
result = monotonicDecreasing(nums)
print("Monotonic decreasing stack:", result)

function monotonicDecreasing(nums) {
    let stack = [];
    let result = [];

    // Traverse the array
    for (let num of nums) {
        // While stack is not empty AND top of stack is less than the current element
        while (stack.length && stack[stack.length - 1] < num) {
            // Pop the top element from the stack
            stack.pop();
        }

        // Construct the result array
        if (stack.length) {
            result.push(stack[stack.length - 1]);
        } else {
            result.push(-1);
        }

        // Push the current element into the stack
        stack.push(num);
    }

    return result;
}

// Example usage:
let nums = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6];
let result = monotonicDecreasing(nums);
console.log("Monotonic decreasing stack:", result);

Monotonic decreasing stack: -1 3 -1 4 -1 -1 9 9 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(N), each element is processed only twice, once for the push operation and once for the pop operation.
• Auxiliary Space: O(N) 

Practice Problem on Monotonic Stack:

Applications of Monotonic Stack :

Here are some applications of monotonic stacks:

• Finding Next Greater Element: Monotonic stacks are often used to find the next greater element for each element in an array. This is a common problem in competitive programming and has applications in various algorithms.
• Finding Previous Greater Element: Similarly, monotonic stacks can be used to find the previous greater element for each element in an array.
• Finding Maximum Area Histogram: Monotonic stacks can be applied to find the maximum area of a histogram. This problem involves finding the largest rectangular area possible in a given histogram.
• Finding Maximum Area in Binary Matrix: Monotonic stacks can also be used to find the maximum area of a rectangle in a binary matrix. This is a variation of the maximum area histogram problem.
• Finding Sliding Window Maximum/Minimum: Monotonic stacks can be used to efficiently find the maximum or minimum elements within a sliding window of a given array.
• Expression Evaluation: Monotonic stacks can be used to evaluate expressions involving parentheses, such as checking for balanced parentheses or evaluating the value of an arithmetic expression.

Advantages of Monotonic Stack:

• Efficient for finding the next greater or smaller element in an array.
• Useful for solving a variety of problems, such as finding the nearest smaller element or calculating the maximum area of histograms.
• In many cases, the time complexity of algorithms using monotonic stacks is linear, making them efficient for processing large datasets.

Disadvantages of Monotonic Stack:

• Requires extra space to store the stack.
• May not be intuitive for beginners to understand and implement.

• How to Identify and Solve the Monotonic Stack Problems

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