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I) Measurement of Resistance

This document discusses various methods for electrical measurements. It covers measurement of resistances including low, medium, and high resistances. Methods like the Wheatstone bridge, ammeter-voltmeter, and substitution are described for medium resistances. For high resistances, techniques like the guard wire method, loss of charge method, megohm bridge, and megger are summarized. The document also discusses measurement of inductance, capacitance, and magnetic properties using AC bridge methods. Measurement of volume and surface resistivity is covered along with difficulties in measuring high resistances due to leakage currents and electrostatic effects.

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subho1991
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3K views

I) Measurement of Resistance

This document discusses various methods for electrical measurements. It covers measurement of resistances including low, medium, and high resistances. Methods like the Wheatstone bridge, ammeter-voltmeter, and substitution are described for medium resistances. For high resistances, techniques like the guard wire method, loss of charge method, megohm bridge, and megger are summarized. The document also discusses measurement of inductance, capacitance, and magnetic properties using AC bridge methods. Measurement of volume and surface resistivity is covered along with difficulties in measuring high resistances due to leakage currents and electrostatic effects.

Uploaded by

subho1991
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Measurements

Measurement of Resistances;
Potentiometers;
AC Bridge Methods for Measurement of Inductance &
Capacitance;
Magnetic Measurements
Measurement of Resistances
1. Low Resistance: Up to 1;
2. Medium Resistance: 1to 100K;
3. High Resistance: Above 100K.
Measurement of Medium Resistances:
1. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method;
2. Substitute Method;
3. Wheatstone Bridge Method;
4. Ohmmeter Method.
a
a R
m
R R
I
V V
I
V
R + =
+
= =
1
V
V R
m
R
R
R
I I
V
R
+
=
+
=
1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
1
1
m
a
m
R
R
R R
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
V
m
m
R
R
R R
2
2
1
1
1. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method:
2. Substitution Method:
Accuracy of this method is greatly affected if there is any change in
the battery emf.
This method is not widely used for medium resistance
measurements and is used in a modified form for measurement of
high resistances.
3. Wheatstone Bridge Method:
S
R
Q
P
=
R I P I
2 1
=
Q P
E
I I
+
= =
3 1
S R
E
I I
+
= =
4 2
Sensitivity of Bridge
Q P
EP
P I E
ab
+
= =
1
( )
( )
( ) S R R
R R E
R R I E
ad
+ +
+
= + =
2
(

+ +
+
= =
Q P
P
S R R
R R
E E E e
ab ad
S R
R
Q P
P
+
=
+
( ) ( ) S R R S R
R ES
e
+ + +

=
2
( )
2
S R
R ES
e
+

=
S
V
be the voltage sensitivity
of Galvanometer
( )
2
S R
R ES
S e S
V V
+

= =
S
B
is the Bridge Sensitivity
R
R
S
B

=

R
S
S
R
E S
S
V
B
+ +
=
2
4
E S
S
V
B
=
4. Ohmmeter Method:
(i) Series Type Ohmmeter:
R
X
= Unknown Resistance;
R
m
= Internal Resistance of the meter;
R
h
= Half scale position Resistance;
I
h
= Half-full scale deflection;
I
fm
= Full scale deflection current of the meter;
I
f
= Full scale deflection battery current
m sh
m sh
se h
R R
R R
R R
+
+ =
h
h
R
V
I
2
=
h
h f
R
V
I I = = 2
fm f sh
I I I =
m fm sh sh
R I R I =
h fm
h m fm
fm f
m fm
sh
R I V
R R I
I I
R I
R

=
V
R R I
R
R R
R R
R R
h m fm
h
m sh
m sh
h se
=
+
=
(ii) Shunt Type Ohmmeter:
R
X
= Unknown Resistance;
R
m
= Internal Resistance of the meter;
R
h
= Half scale position Resistance;
I
B
= Battery Current;
I
fm
= Full scale deflection current of the meter;
I
f
= Full scale deflection battery current
m se
fm
R R
V
I
+
=
X m
X m
se
B
R R
R R
R
V
I
+
+
=
X m
X
X m
X m
se
m
R R
R
R R
R R
R
V
I
+
+
+
= .
( )
( )
X m X m se
m se X
fm
m
R R R R R
R R R
I
I
S
+ +
+
= =
P X
X
R R
R
S
+
=
(iii) Crossed Coil Type Ohmmeter:
(a) Fixed Magnetic Moving Coil (b) Crossed Coil Moving Magnetic
Measurement of Low Resistances:
Measured
Resistance
Contact
Resistance
% error
100
0.002
Negligible
0.02 10%
Methods for Measurement of Low Resistance
1. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method;
2. Kelvin Double Bridge Method;
3. Potentiometer Method.
Kelvin Double Bridge Method:
Q
P
r
r
=
2
1
Q P
P
r r
r
+
=
+
2 1
1
r
Q P
P
r
+
=
1
r
Q P
Q
r
+
=
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ r
Q P
Q
S
Q
P
r
Q P
P
R
S
R
Q
P
=
ac ab
E
Q P
P
E
+
=
(

+ +
+
+ + =
r q p
r q p
S R I E
ac
) (
(

)
`

+ +
+
+
+ =
r q p
r q p
q p
p
R I E
amd
) (
(

+ +
+ =
r q p
pr
R I E
amd
(

+ +
+ =
(

)
`

+ +
+
+ +
+ r q p
pr
R I
r q p
r q p
S R I
Q P
P ) (
(


+ +
+ =
q
p
Q
P
r q p
qr
S
Q
P
R
S
R
Q
P
=
Measurement of High Resistances:
1. Insulation resistance of cables;
2. Resistance of high resistance circuit elements;
3. Volume resistivity of a material;
4. Surface resistivity.
Difficulties in Measurement of High Resistances
1. Due to leakage current;
2. Due to electrostatic effect;
3. Definite ratios in potential distribution with respect to
surroundings;
Use Guard Circuit
Methods for Measurement of High Resistance:
1. Prices Guard-wire Method;
2. Loss of Charge Method;
3. MegohmBridge Method;
4. Megger Method.
Prices Guard Wire Method:
Measurement of Volume and Surface Resistivity
d
1
= Diameter of the upper electrode d
1
;
d
2
= Diameter of the lower electrode d
2
;
t = Thickness of the specimen sheet;
V
1
, V
2
= Reading of voltmeter;
I
1
= current through galvanometer G
1
;
I
2
= current through galvanometer G
2
Volume resistivity of specimen:
1
1
2
1
2
1
4 4 I
V
t
d
R
t
d
= =
Surface Resistivity:
2
2 2
2
2
I
V
t
d
R
t
d
s

= =
Loss of Charge Method:
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i = =
Again,
' R'
R' across drop Potential
R
V
i = =
dt
dv
C
R
V
=
' ' CR
dt
V
dv
=

=
2
1
0
'
V
V
t
CR
dt
V
dv
'
1 2
CR
t
e V V

=
'
'
1
1
R R
R R
R

=
MegohmBridge Method:
Megger Method:
Detail Circuit Diagram:

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