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Revision History
Product Version Document Version V1.0 V1.1 Serial Number Reason for Revision First published Content modification

Author
Date 2007-12-28 2010-07-12 Document Version V1.0 V1.1 Prepared by Qin Jianhan Wang Cun Reviewed by Wang Zhenhai, and Jin Zhengtuan Wang Zhenhai, and Jin Zhengtuan Approved by Jin Zhengtuan Jin Zhengtuan

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Key Words:
KPI (key performance indicator), indicator definition, formula, KPI monitoring flow, KPI optimization, KPI classification

Abstract:
This guide mainly describes the formulae, KPI classification, KPI monitoring methods and flows, and KPI optimization methods.

Abbreviations
Abbreviation ATM CDR CE CN CPICH CQI CQT DT E-DCH HSDPA HS-DSCH HS-SCCH HSUPA ICMP IP IPoA KPI LAN MAC MBMS NodeB OMC PDP PI PPP PS QoS RAB Full name Asynchronous Transfer Mode Call Drop Rate Channel Element Core Network Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Indicator Call Quality Test Drive Test Enhanced uplink Dedicated Channel High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Shared Control Channel High Speed Uplink Packet Access Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Protocols Internet Protocols Over ATM Key Performance Index Local Area Network Media Access Control Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service Node B Operation & maintenance Centre Packet data protocol Performance Index Point to Point Protocol Packet-Switched domain Quality of Service Radio Access Bearer

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Abbreviation RF RNC RRC RRU RSCP RTWP SAAL SCCP SNR TB TCP UDP UE VIP VP WAN

Full name Radio Frequency Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control Radio Remote Unit Received Signal Code Power Received Total Wideband Power Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer Signaling Connection Control Part Signal to Noise Ratio Transport Block Transfer Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol User Equipment Very Important People Video Phone Wide Area Network

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About This Document

Summary
Chapter 1 Overview 2 KPI Monitoring Process 3 KPI Analysis Methods 4 KPI Optimization Analysis KPI monitoring process Common KPI analysis methods, basic KPI analysis skills, and general process for KPI optimization analysis KPI Optimization Analysis on CS call drops, PS call drops, accessibility indicators, mobility indicators, and resource indicators Description Brief introduction to KPI optimization

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Overview 1 2 KPI Monitoring Process................................................................................................2 2.1 KPI Monitoring Process....................................................................................................2 2.2 Routine KPI Monitoring Process......................................................................................2 2.3 KPI Monitoring Process During Parameter Modification.................................................4 2.4 KPI Monitoring During RNC or NodeB Version Upgrade................................................5 2.5 KPI Monitoring During Cutover........................................................................................6 3 KPI Analysis Methods...................................................................................................6 3.1 KPI Analysis Methods......................................................................................................6 3.1.1 TOP N Worst Cells Method.....................................................................................7 3.2 Basic KPI Analysis Skills................................................................................................10 3.2.1 KPI Monitoring Tools.............................................................................................11 3.2.2 KPI Analysis Tools.................................................................................................11 3.3 General Process of KPI Optimization Analysis..............................................................12 4 KPI Optimization Analysis ..........................................................................................16 4.1 CS Call Drop Optimization ............................................................................................16 4.1.1 Definition of Call Drop............................................................................................16 4.1.2 CS Call Drop Analysis Flowchart..........................................................................17 4.2 PS Call Drop Optimization..............................................................................................19 4.2.1 Optimization Flowchart..........................................................................................19 4.3 Optimization of Accessibility Indicators..........................................................................21 4.3.1 Definition of Access Failure...................................................................................21 4.3.2 Analysis on RRC Connection Failures..................................................................22 4.3.3 Analysis on RAB/RB Setup Failures.....................................................................27 4.4 Optimization of Mobility Indicators.................................................................................33 4.4.1 Optimization of Soft Handovers............................................................................33 4.4.2 Optimization of Hard Handovers...........................................................................39 4.4.3 Optimization of Inter-RAT Handovers...................................................................44 4.5 Optimization of Resource Indicators..............................................................................48 4.5.1 Resource Indicator Optimization Flowchart..........................................................49 4.5.2 Code Resource Optimization................................................................................51 4.5.3 Monitoring CE Resource.......................................................................................51 4.5.4 Optimization of Power Control..............................................................................52 4.5.5 Speeding up Rate Downgrade..............................................................................52 4.5.6 Monitoring and Optimizing Uplink Capacity..........................................................52 4.5.7 Optimization of Uplink Capacity at the Whole Network Level..............................53 4.5.8 Optimization of Uplink Capacity for a Single Cell.................................................53

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FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Joint KPI analysis...........................................................................................1 Figure 2-2 Routine KPI monitoring process...................................................................2 Figure 2-3 KPI monitoring process during parameter modification.............................4 Figure 2-4 KPI monitoring workflow during RNC or NodeB version upgrade.............5 Figure 3-5 RF configuration at HIC site...........................................................................8 Figure 3-6 Antenna energy distribution at HIC site........................................................8 Figure 3-7 KPI optimization analysis process .............................................................15 Figure 4-8 CS call drop analysis flowchart...................................................................17 Figure 4-9 PS call drop optimization flowchart............................................................19 Figure 4-10 Analysis flowchart of RRC connection setup failures.............................23 Figure 4-11 Analysis flowchart of RAB setup failures.................................................28 Figure 4-12 Soft handover optimization flowchart.......................................................34 Figure 4-13 Hard handover optimization flowchart......................................................41 Figure 4-14 Inter-RAT handover optimization flowchart..............................................46 Figure 4-15 Resource indicator optimization flowchart...............................................49

TABLES

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Table 3-1 List of CS TOP N Worst Cells..........................................................................7 Table 3-2 Indicators Related with CS Call Drop..............................................................9 Table 4-3 Parameters That 2G Shall Provide to 3G......................................................44 Table 4-4 Parameters That 3G Shall Provide to 2G......................................................44 Table 4-5 Resource KPIs and Alarm Thresholds..........................................................48 Table 4-6 Adjusting Code Resource Allocation............................................................51 Table 4-7 Example of Parameter Modification for Rate Downgrade...........................52 Table 4-8 Example of Power Control Parameter Modification.....................................53 Table 4-9 Example of Power Control Parameter Modification for Heavy-Traffic Cell 53

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1 Overview
The radio network KPIs directly reflect the network quality, and KPI monitoring is an important means to locate the faults. KPI monitoring and optimization are mostly performed during the network operation and maintenance stage. Abnormal events are supposed to be detected as early as possible and handled with proper solutions so that sound voice and data services can be ensured for the subscribers. At the beginning of the network construction, the optimization team should put more emphasis on the RF adjustment rather than the optimization of KPIs except for CS call drop rate, the PS call drop rate, and the RTWP indicator. During the network operation and maintenance stage, KPI optimization (also called parameter optimization) plays the main role, that is, the optimization team should optimize a certain indicator through integrated parameter adjustment so as to meet the customers requirements. KPI data comes from NetNumenT31, the network management system in the operation and maintenance center (OMC). Based on the analysis on KPIs, the current states of those indicators are learned and they are important reference for assessing the network performance. The KPIs include the network service retaining capacity, accessibility, mobility, system capacity, and so on. According to the current values of these indicators, for example, some site has congestion, some site has a call drop rate of 10%, or some RNC has a certain worst cell proportion, busy cell proportion, cell code resource availability, access success rate, call delay and handover success rate, the optimization team should judge and locate the area, scope and severity of the fault. KPIs are divided into service KPIs and network KPIs by the statistic sources. Service KPIs are collected through field drive tests (DTs) while network KPIs are collected from the unified network management system. This article mainly discusses the analysis on network KPIs. Usually, the final solution is made based on the joint analysis on the OMC KPI data, alarms, subscribers complaints, and DT results.

Figure 1-1 Joint KPI analysis

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2 KPI Monitoring Process

The purpose of KPI monitoring is to find out abnormal events that affect services as well as subscribers perception and solve the problems as early as possible. For instance, if the call drop rate at a certain site goes over 50%, we need to find the problem and work out the solution in the earliest time. As it is very urgent and important to locate KPI problems, we need a whole set of scientific KPI monitoring mechanism and problem shooting process, as well as appropriate monitoring tool and analysis tool to help us find the call drops caused by transmission problems, resource congestion, cells service interruption, serious interference, hardware fault with NodeB, wrong configuration of RNC parameters in time. We classify KPI monitoring into four categories: routine KPI monitoring, KPI monitoring during the process of parameter modification, KPI monitoring during the RNC or NodeB version upgrade, and KPI monitoring during the process of cutover. Routine KPI monitoring should be performed every day and be recorded in a KPI daily report, which should involve the worst CS cell, the worst PS cell, the cell with the lowest RRC connection rate, the cell with the most serious resource limit, and so on.

2.1 KPI Monitoring Process

KPI monitoring falls into four categories: routine KPI monitoring, KPI monitoring during the process of parameter modification, KPI monitoring during the version upgrade of RNC or NodeB, and KPI monitoring during the process of cutover. Each type of monitoring has its own monitoring items and output form. For instance, the output of the routine KPI monitoring should be a daily report, while the output of other KPI monitoring types should be a KPI comparison report. Different types of KPI monitoring should have different time granularities according to the requirement of problem location. Routine KPI monitoring should be done persistently and be recorded in a daily report, which should include a collection of the cells worst in different aspects, and be sent to relevant person by email.

2.2 Routine KPI Monitoring Process

Figure 2-2 Routine KPI monitoring process

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EMS exports the one-day granularity of the whole network

Screen out the worst cells with KPI tool

Output KPI daily report in Excel

Send email in fixed format to relevant personnel

Hand to the network optimization personnel

Problem handling team classifies, collects and locates the worst cells

Coverage problem Classificatio n of the worst cells Parameter problem

Hand to R&D dept. or customer service dept. Equipment/ version problem

Hand to the planning personnel

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2.3 KPI Monitoring Process During Parameter Modification

Figure 2-3 KPI monitoring process during parameter modification
Old parameter configuration

Yes

Rollback or not? Configure data according to the worksheet

Notify the person in charge by mail or phone

Network KPI monitoring (15minute granularity)

No

Locate the worst cells, and check if they are caused by the parameter modification.

No

Whether the KPIs at the RNC level are normal. Yes Keep on monitoring (15minute granularity)

Output a report in Word (hourly granularity KPIs before and after the parameter modification)

End

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2.4 KPI Monitoring During RNC or NodeB Version Upgrade

Figure 2-4 KPI monitoring workflow during RNC or NodeB version upgrade Current version Yes No Rollback or not Execute the worksheet to upgrade version Send mail to or call the person in charge Network KPI monitoring 15 minutes time granularity

Locate the worst cells. Determine whether they are related with the version update. No

Whether the RNC-level KPI is normal

Yes

Keep on monitoring (15 minutes granularity)

Output formal Word report

(Compare the hourly granularity KPIs before and after the parameter modification, and output the result every hour.)

End

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2.5 KPI Monitoring During Cutover

For the network on which the equipment needs to be replaced (for instance, HongKong CSL network, for which we replaced Nokias equipment with ZTEs), after the network optimization is completed, the subscribers on the existing network should be cut over to our network gradually. During the cutover, there will be subscribers registering on our network constantly, which will cause load increase on the network. In this case, we should watch KPI changes closely. The monitoring process, items, method and report are the same as those described in section 2.4, KPI Monitoring During RNC or NodeB Version Upgrade. Please read it for reference.

3 KPI Analysis Methods

3.1 KPI Analysis Methods
Different network problems require different performance analysis methods. Choose one or more appropriate methods after learning the running state of the existing network and the problems with it. Common analysis methods are as follows: TOP N worst cells method: Based on the traffic statistics indicators we care about (such as the call drop rate, connection rate, and soft handoff failure rate), choose N worst cells whose average indicator values in the peak hours or of the whole day are the lowest as the target of fault analysis and optimization. Or prioritize objects of optimization against these indicator values. Time tendency chart method: Tendency chart of indicator change is commonly used in the traffic analysis. The analysis engineer can work out an hourly, daily or weekly tendency chart of one or more indicators of the whole network, a cluster, or a single cell, and find out the change rule of traffic statistics indicators. Regional location method: The change of network performance indicators often occurs in some regions. The indicators in these regions may be worsened by traffic increase, traffic mode change, radio environment change, faults with a small number of stations, or uplink/downlink interference, which will therefore affect the performance indicators of the whole network. By comparing the network performance indicators before and after the change, we can mark out the station or the sector with the greatest indicator change on an electronic map, and take these problem regions as the analysis focus. Comparison method: A single traffic statistics indicator may be affected by many factors. While some factors change, others may not. Choose a proper object for comparison to confirm the existence of problems, and then analyze the causes of the problems. When examining an indicator, do not care whether the absolute indicator value is high or low only, pay more attention to whether the value is high or low compared to other indicators instead.

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3.1.1 TOP N Worst Cells Method

During the whole process of KPI optimization analysis, TOP N worst cells analysis method is the most effective one, which can be used throughout the whole optimization phase. By focusing on the TOP N worst cells, you can solve the major problems with the network. Abnormal call drop events may happen every day, and these events may represent problems of a kind. After solving the problems with TOP N cells, you can solve the problems of the same kind. Therefore, focusing on TOP N cells is one of the most effective ways to solve problems. TOP N worst cells analysis method is applicable to the optimization analysis of all the indicators. Choose TOP N worst cells according to a certain threshold, which varies depending on different indicators. N stands for the number of the worst cells. When the worst cells are too many to be worked on, the number of the worst cells can be decreased so that you can focus on them. TOP N cells analysis method includes the following steps: Step 1: Screen out TOP N cells according to the condition of the indicators you care about. Step 2: Conduct a health check for TOP N cells. Check whether there are any problems with transmission or boards, and check whether the worst cells are caused by external abrupt incidents, such as terrible weather, gatherings, or holiday (because during gatherings and holidays the traffic is usually heavy). Step 3: Check the radio parameters configuration of these cells, the radius of these cells and their neighboring cells, and compare them with the normal cells. Step 4: Export the indicator relevant most closely with the indicators you care about and analyze it to find the problem indirectly. For instance, one day, CS call drop rate of a whole network was high. We analyzed the problem by the TOP N cells analysis method. Step 1: Screen out TOP N cells according to the condition of the indicators you care about. We used the CNO KPI analysis function to screen out TOP N cells (other tools can be also used), and selected 10 cells with the highest CS call drop rate.

Table 3-1 List of CS TOP N Worst Cells Index 1 2 3 Cell ZBL1U-AI-1 ZBL1U-AI-3 HKE1U-5H1 RNS subnet ID (201) (201) (203) Cell ID 12911 12913 30461 Call drop rate, CS AMR 41.58% 39.55% 15.56% Number of call drop, voice 553 545 370

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Index 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cell HKE1U-5H3 LAK1U-9M3 HIC1U-9R-1 LAK1U-9M1 EBP1U-9R3 SRS1U-5H1 HRM1U-6R1

RNS subnet ID (203) (202) RNC101(101) (202) RNC101(101) RNC102CSL(102) RNC102CSL(102)

Cell ID 30463 11063 10891 11061 12823 12091 20671

Call drop rate, CS AMR 15.81% 3.39% 2.26% 2.49% 2.30% 3.92% 3.41%

Number of call drop, voice 360 282 216 215 205 169 167

Step 2: Check the transmission and hardware of the TOP N cells and check whether they are caused by external abrupt incidents, such as terrible whether, gatherings, or holidays when traffic is usually heavy. And then, we conducted a health check for each cell and paid attention to routine alarms and BPC board problems. We found there were broken associations in some HKE sites. Step 3: Check the radio parameters configuration of these cells, the radius of these cells and their neighboring cells, and compare them with the normal cells. (1)Problem with the cell radius: After the check, we found the cell radius of the LAK site was 2.5 km. Because the LAK site was situated by the sea and the antenna was placed very high, the radius of 2.5 km was far from enough. So we changed the cell radius to 10 km, and the problem of high call drop rate was thus solved. (2)Problem with configuration: HIC site is an indoor POI site. The RRU RxTx port and the RRU Rx port were configured reversely, which is the cause of high call drop rate. After modifying HIC, we found that signals of the second RRU were received by the Rx port. So we changed the configuration of the RxTx port and the Rx port, the problem of high call drop rate was thus solved. Figure 3-5 RF configuration at HIC site

Figure 3-6 Antenna energy distribution at HIC site

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Step 4: Export the indicator relevant most closely with the indicators you care about and analyze it to find the problem indirectly.

Table 3-2 Indicators Related with CS Call Drop RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, radio connection with UE lost 482 473 346 330 69 100 64 RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, failure in the radio Interface procedure 43 40 16 18 196 100 131 RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, release due to overload control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, unspecified failure 29 33 8 13 18 16 20

Index

Cell

Average cell freq RTWP (dbm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ZBL1UAI-1 ZBL1UAI-3 HKE1U5H-1 HKE1U5H-3 LAK1U9M-3 HIC1U9R-1 LAK1U-

-104.177 -104.125 -105.908 -106.0777 -103.1906 -101.5404 -103.1934

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Index

Cell

RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, radio connection with UE lost

RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, failure in the radio Interface procedure

RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, release due to overload control

RAB release number for Iu connection release request by UTRAN for CS domain in cell, unspecified failure

Average cell freq RTWP (dbm)

9M-1 8 9 10 EBP1U9R-3 SRS1U5H-1 HRM1U6R-1 98 87 42 90 59 111 0 0 0 17 22 13 -101.413 -104.3528 -102.7697

3.2 Basic KPI Analysis Skills

Be able to use the KPI statistics tool and the analysis tool Use tools to learn about the running state of the whole network quickly, and screen out TOP N worst cells quickly. Use different analysis tools to find problems from different aspects and locate the problem quickly. Understand the signaling process and basic principle

In the process of abnormity location, keep a clear aim in mind, and be able to apply the process and basic principle to check the other relevant indicators rapidly to facilitate the analysis. Be familiar with the process and basic principle and be able to make logical association between abnormal KPI problems and network problems (such as the coverage problem and the interference problem). Be able to determine the problem nature according to the abnormal KPI, and then choose the appropriate tool to analyze the problem in depth. Performance analysis requires engineers to understand basic signaling process, be familiar with the protocol stacks of standard interfaces, and know relevant algorithms to realize the product functions. Engineers should at least have a concept about the various algorithms. If the analysis of a commercial network involves some algorithms, engineers should study these algorithms in depth.

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3.2.1 KPI Monitoring Tools

Network management tool NetNumenT31: count KPI original data, alarm data, radio parameter configuration in cells, and parameter configuration on the earth. KPI daily report generating tool: classify key indicators according to a certain condition, and screen out the worst cells.

3.2.2 KPI Analysis Tools

CNO Tool: CNO tool has the KPI analysis function. So using it, you can screen out the worst cells according to various conditions, and point out the corresponding counter of an indicator. SignalTrace: Trace the signaling (RNL signaling and RNL signaling) of RNC interfaces, which includes the Iu interface, the Iur interface, the Iub interface and the Uu interface (the signaling flow between RNC and UE at RRC layer). And RNL signaling trace is a common way for locating the KPI problem. Being able to trace the RNC signaling is a basic requirement for the on-site KPI optimization engineers and the network optimization and maintenance engineers. This signaling tracing tool is very powerful, which can trace signaling according to the UE cell and IMSI in the KPI analysis. According to the UE cell, it can trace the signaling of multiple subscribers, while according to IMSI, it can trace the signaling of only one subscriber. However, if the RRC connection is not established yet, signaling cannot be traced. That is because only when RRC connection has been established, can the RNC obtain the subscribers IMSI from the CN. RNC ASS Log: ASS log is usually applied when there is abnormity and RNC signaling is out of trace. In this case, use ASS log to analyze the signaling before and after the abnormity occurs. Abnormity can be queried according to IMSI or cell ID. ASS log can be also used to collect various abnormities. NodeB LMT: NodeB local operation and maintenance tool. Apart from all the operation functions of the OMCB, this tool can collect more detailed information about cells and UE. NodeB local maintenance terminals include: EOMS, EFMS, DMS, and PMS. NodeB Abnormity Probe: On the site of WCDMA commercial office, NodeB abnormity probe is an effective tool to monitor the running state of the NodeB. Every module of NodeB can record the abnormal information automatically, which makes it easy to locate problems. However this method requires professional knowledge, such as knowledge about the function and interface of each module or board. If the on-site engineers cannot make the simple analysis, they can just obtain the abnormity probe and send it to the R&D engineers at the rear side. The abnormities reported on the NodeB will be stored at the OMCB server according to different RNCs. To conduct NodeB

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abnormity probe analysis, you need to download abnormity probe files from different OMCB servers and then use the abnormity probe tool to make a comprehensive analysis. CTS Tool: CTS is a tool developed by the CN department, which can trace signaling in depth according to IMSI, and trace signaling across RNCs. So this is particularly suitable to trace VIP subscribers. In this case, CTS is easier to use than SignalTrace, which can only trace signaling of RNCs one by one. CTS can trace the interactive signaling between network elements (NEs) within the CN, as well as the signaling of the Iu interface and the Uu interface. This kind of signaling tracing is what we called in-depth tracing. The work principle of CTS is to set up an IMSI task on the CTS server and send it to the CN front side, which will then send this task to each CN module via the interfaces dedicated to the CN modules and the RNC, and then each module, after receiving the signaling related to the IMSI task, will send the signaling back to the CTS server via the CN front side. The interfaces mentioned above are private interfaces, so this tool can only support our own CN and RNC. CTS signaling can be checked and analyzed with an offline tool, but the offline tool does not work very well because of the lack of continuous optimization and perfection. UE log: DT test is also an important auxiliary way in analyzing KPI indicators. There are many problems that cannot be located by tracing signaling at the network side, and can only be located by the use of UE log. The commonly used drive test software includes: QXDM/APEX (QCAT), CNT/CAN and TEMS. CNT/CAN and TEMS are often used for network optimization. For the use of CNT/CAN, please refer to the corresponding help file and the instruction document publicly released by the Network Optimization Tool Department. QXDM and the analysis tool APEX (QCAT) provided by Qualcomm is very powerful, which have contributed a lot for the stability and maturity of our system for many years.

3.3 General Process of KPI Optimization Analysis

Basic analyzing ideas: KPI optimization is a process to find and solve problems. KPI optimization during the operation and maintenance stage is mainly to pick out the performance data that needs special attention from the OMC, classify these performance data, and then compare the value of these data with that required by the operator. If the value of an indicator is lower than the operators requirement, analyze this indicator and find out the factor that affect the indicator, and then propose a solution to the operator. If the values are higher than the operators requirement, theres no need to pay special attention to them. KPI analysis is a process from the whole to the part. Step 1: Check the key indicators from the view of the whole network. If there is not any

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problem, just ignore them. Otherwise, try to locate the RNC NE that has the problem. Step 2: Analyze the indicators of the corresponding RNC to find out the RNC whose indicators have the problem. Step 3: Analyze the indicators of the cell under the problem RNC to find out the worst cells or TOP N cells. If the indicators of all the cells under the RNC are tend to be low, it is a common problem probably caused by parameter configuration. And then check whether the radio parameter configuration in the cells under this RNC is the same as that in the cells under the normal RNCs. Step 4: Make a comprehensive analysis on the KPIs, alarms, DT test data, and customer complains of the worst cells to find out a solution. Analysis method: After learning the KPI analysis ideas, we must know some common KPI analysis methods to rule out causes of problems from the obvious ones to the hidden ones. For example, we found that the TCP code words were strictly limited at eight sites near a park, and the call drop rate rose suddenly. How to solve this problem? Method one: First, we checked whether the alarms, transmission, and boards of these sites were normal. After they are proved all normal, we sent some engineers to the site to do test. And meanwhile, we traced the RNC signaling at the OMC. It turned out that the test result was normal, and the indicators of these sites of that day did not have any problem and code words were not limited. And later we knew from the news that there was a big gathering of about one million people at the park at that moment. Until then we came to know that the congestion was caused by too many users using the network at the same time. Method two: First, because the eight sites went worse all of a sudden, it was unlikely that the problem lied in the hardware. Then we checked whether the radio parameters had been modified the day before. The result is no worksheet had been issued to modify those parameters, and no alarm was found at those sites. Therefore, we excluded the possibility of hardware problem. Then we checked the traffic trend graph of the last few days (over seven days) and found that the high call drop rate might be caused by high traffic. The graph showed that traffic of each site rose suddenly on the day before. Thus we came to the conclusion that this was an abnormal abrupt event, which may have been caused by a gathering. And later we were told that there was a big gathering at the park. So we were assured the code words limitation and high call drop rate at the eight sites were caused by too many subscribers using the network at the same time. By comparing the two methods above, we can find that although the first one (sending engineers to the site, without the consideration of abnormal events) is commonly used, it is inefficient and costs more resource. The second method (analyzing the problem by the means of exclusion and association) is more efficient. From this case, we would like to emphasize that KPI analysis is a process of problem exclusion. Using the comprehensive

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methods (like Method One) at the first brush may be making a detour. Exclusion method: Check the alarms on the OMC to learn about the state of the RNC, NodeB, BPC board, and the transmission. If there are obvious broken link in transmission or hardware problem, the cause of the problem is easy to locate. Incident association: If the problem is with a great number of sites, take abrupt incidents into account, such as large-scale gathering, terrible weather of incorrect operation. These incidents will put influence of different levels and ranges on the network indicators. Comparison of radio parameters: If some site goes wrong in a sudden, check whether the radio parameter configuration of this site is consistent with that of other normal sites. If not, change it as that of the normal sites, because the indicator decrease may be caused by an incorrect modification of radio parameters. Relevant indicators association: If a certain indicator is in poor condition, check its relevant indicators and find the common problem from these relevant indicators. Comprehensive problem location: When the above reasons are excluded, use DT data, KPI data, RNC signaling analysis data to locate the problem with indicators comprehensively.

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Figure 3-7 KPI optimization analysis process

Pick out performance indexes

Start

RNC index abnormal? Y Analyze and record causes Abrupt and self-curable abnormality? N Equipment alarms exist ? Y Deal with equipment alarms N Y RNC index recovers? N Show TOPN abnormal cells and their locations Transmission, software/hardware version, wireless parameter configuration

Climate change , holidays , assembly , transmission interruption, power fault , and so on

Suggestion about improvement

Common problem with the worst cells? Y N

CN/RNC

Transmi Hardware Software ssion

Interfere Wireless Time nce parameters range

Common problems analysis N Y Problem resolved? N Abnormal indexes analysis in one cell

Successful call N

Call drop

Soft handover

2/3G alternate operation

PS rate

Deal with the relevant problem

Indexes normal? Y End

If the problem is proved to be equipment bug or system problem after several attempts, feed it back to R&D dept.

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4 KPI Optimization Analysis

This chapter mainly demonstrates how to analyze the indicator problems from the aspect of OMC data, and provides flowcharts for KPI optimization. The detailed analyzing method and cases of every special subject can be checked in the optimization guides of all the subjects.

4.1 CS Call Drop Optimization

The CS call drop rate is the most important indicator in KPI optimization.

4.1.1 Definition of Call Drop

After checking the signaling on the Uu interface at the UE side, the engineer can judge the situation a call drop if the Uu interface message satisfies one of the following three conditions during the calling process (in connection). RNC Release is not received, but the UE condition changes from CELL_DCH to IDLE. RRC Release is received and the released cause value is Not Normal. One of the following three messages CC Disconnect, CC Release Complete, and CC Release is received, and the released cause value is Not Normal Clearing or Not Normal, Unspecified. In a board sense, the call drop includes the call drop rates of CN and UTRAN. The call drop of UTRAN includes the following two aspects: After the successful service establishment, RNC sends the RAB Release Request to CN. After the successful service establishment, RNC sends the IU Release Request to CN. Later, RNC receives the IU Release Command from CN. Note that RAN call drop statistics, which is defined from the aspect of lu interface signaling, means the launching times of RAB Release Request and lu Release Request of RNC. And the DT call drop statistics is defined from the aspects of the Uu interface message, non-access stratum message and cause value. RAN call drop statistics and DT call drop statistics are not exactly the same.

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4.1.2 CS Call Drop Analysis Flowchart

Figure 4-8 CS call drop analysis flowchart

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Extract performance data

CS TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensively

Exist or not? Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not? Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not?

Solved or not? Yes

Solved or not Yes

Call-droprelated counters

RTWP

Handover success rate

Traffic volume

Resource limit indicators

No

Call-droprelated counters C301230362 C301230363 C301230365 C301230315 C301230316 C301230318 C301230319 C301230322 C301230323

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of handover failures

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Yes

Solved or not?

Yes

End

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4.2 PS Call Drop Optimization

4.2.1 Optimization Flowchart
Figure 4-9 PS call drop optimization flowchart

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Extract performance data

PS TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test + RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Call -drop related counters

RTWP

Handover success rate

Traffic volume

Resource limit indicators

No

Call -drop related counters C301230372 C301230373 C301230375 C301230330 C301230332 C301230333 C301230334 C301230337 C301230338 Yes

Check & analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of handover failures

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Solved or not?

Yes

End

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4.3 Optimization of Accessibility Indicators

Accessibility performance includes the success rate of RRC connection setup and the success rate of CS/PS RAB assignment. These two kinds of KPIs play important roles in the network optimization and directly influence the success rate of CS/PS service establishment. In this document, this kind of problems are found from the aspect of OMC data, and solved through parameter optimization.

4.3.1 Definition of Access Failure

For the mobile originated call in the CS domain, the access failure event means that the UE sends RRC REQUEST, and IE establish cause is Originating Conversational Call, but alerting of the direct transfer message is not received. The relevant events are defined as follows in the access failure stage. RRC connection setup failure: After considering the resending times and the waiting time, the UE sends RRC CONNECTION REQUEST, and does not receive the response from RNC or RRC CONNECTION REJECT delivered by RNC. Initial direct transfer and security mode establishment failure: After sending RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE, the UE does not send NAS SETUP. RAB assignment failure: After receiving CALL PROCEEDING, the UE does not receive RB SETUP delivered by RNC. Or the UE replies with RB SETUP FAIL after receiving RB SETUP. Or the UE receives DISCONNECT with the cause value not being Normal Release after receiving RB SETUP. At this time, the UE has not reported RB SETUP CMP. Failure after RAB assignment: After the UE sends RB SETUP COMPLETE, the originating UE receives DISCONNECT/RELEASE from CN. Or the UE waits CONNECT or ALERTING overtime, and launches the Call Clearing process; Or the UE becomes IDLE before receiving Alerting, and starts to receive the system message. For the mobile terminated in the CS domain, the access failure event means that the terminating UE receives the paging of paging type 1, and does not send RRC CONNECTION REQUEST with the cause value being Terminating Conversational Call. Or the UE does not send the alerting of direct transfer message to CN after sending RRC CONNECTION REQUEST. The relevant events are defined as follows in the access failure stage. RRC connection setup failure: After sending RRC CONNECTION REQUEST, the UE does not receive the response from RNC or RRC CONNECTION REJECT delivered by RNC. Initial direct transfer and security mode establishment failure: After sending RRC

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CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE, the UE does not receive the SETUP direct transfer message. Or the UE sends RELEASE COMPLETE. Or the UE receives DISCONNECT from CN. RAB assignment failure: The UE does not receive RB SETUP delivered by RNC after sending CALL CONFIRM. Or the UE replies with RB SETUP FAIL after receiving RB SETUP. Or the UE receives DISCONNECT with the cause value not being Normal Release after receiving RB SETUP. At this time, the UE has not reported RB SETUP CMP. Failure after RAB assignment: After the UE sends RB SETUP COMPLETE, the terminating UE receives DISCONNECT/RELEASE from CN.

4.3.2 Analysis on RRC Connection Failures

The problem of RRC connection setup failure can be analyzed through the UE signaling flow and RNC single-user tracing. The RRC connection setup includes the following steps: The UE sends RRC Connection Request through the RACH channel. RNC sends RRC Connection Setup through the FACH channel. The UE sends RRC Connection Setup Complete through the dedicated uplink channel after the downlink dedicated channel is established and synchronized. RRC connection setup failures are always caused by following issues: Uplink RACH problem Problem about downlink FACH power allocation proportion Parameter reselection problem of the cell Low downlink dedicated initial transmitting power Uplink initial power control problem Congestion Equipment malfunctions Among these issues, the problems of uplink RACH, downlink FACH power allocation proportion, parameter reselection of the cell and equipment malfunctions appear more frequently.

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4.3.2.1 Analysis Flowchart of RRC Connection Setup Failures

Figure 4-10 Analysis flowchart of RRC connection setup failures

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Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Counters related to RRC setup failures

RTWP

Resource limit indicators

No

Counters related to RRC setup failures C301480485 C301480486 C301480487 C301480489 C301480490 C301480491 C301481288 C301481289 C301481337 C301481338 C301481339 C301481407 C301481408

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Solved or not

Yes

Yes

End

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4.3.2.2 UE sends RRC Connection Request, but RNC does not receive it
If the Ec/Io of downlink CPICH is relatively low, it is the problem of coverage. If the Ec/Io of downlink CPICH is not very low (for example, the value is larger than -14 dB). Usually, it is the problem of RACH, and the following issues may cause the problem: The power of Preamble does not rise to a required value, and the rising times of Preamble should be increased. The output power of UE is lower than the required value, which is caused by poor UE performance. In this case, the UE should be changed. The NodeB equipment has a standing wave and the engineer should check whether NodeB has any SWR alarm. The radius of the cell is set improperly. If the radius parameter of the cell is set too small, the NodeB can not synchronize the UE beyond the range of the radius, and the access fails. This problem often happens in the places with large coverage, such as the rural areas and the suburbs.

4.3.2.3 RNC delivers RRC Connection Reject after receiving RRC Setup Request.
When RRC Connection Reject appears, the engineer should check the specific reject cause value. Usually, there are two kinds of causes: The CPU load of RNC control plane board is too heavy and more boards should be added. DCH and FACH admission is rejected. However, this situation does not always happen.

4.3.2.4 UE does not receive RRC Connection Setup delivered by RNC

This problem may be caused by the following reasons: Poor coverage Improper parameters of cell selection and reselection Checking method: The engineer should check the Ec/Io of CPICH. If the value is lower than -12 dB (Ec/Io is -12 dB by default), and there is no cell of better quality in the monitor set, the cause of this problem is poor coverage. If there is better cell in the monitor set, cell reselection may cause this problem. Poor coverage can be improved by coverage enhancement, such as adding some sites to cover the places without signal coverage and adjusting the engineering parameters. If the coverage can not be improved, the engineer can enhance the FACH power according to

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the PCPICH Ec/Io coverage of the current network. For example, if all the pilot Ec/Io values are larger than -12 dB in the coverage area, the power proportion of the common channel should be configured on the basis of the situation that the Ec/Io value is larger than -12 dB. And so, the success rate of the idle UE assessment can be ensured. As for the access problem caused by cell selection and reselection, the engineer can speed up the cell selection and reselection by adjusting the cell selection and reselection parameters, and the problem of RRC connection setup failure caused by improper cell selection and reselection parameters can be solved.

Note:
The RRC Connection Setup message is borne by FACH. RRC Connection Request sent by the UE is received by UTRAN at the preamble of PRACH, and then it is sent from the RACH channel based on the current preamble power. And the transmit power of preamble can rise all the time until the response is received (There is a limitation for the maximum number of preamble retransmissions). Therefore, in the areas with poor coverage, the RACH coverage and FACH coverage may become unbalanced, and as a result, UTRAN can receive RRC Connection Request sent by the UE but the UE can not receive RRC Connection Setup sent by RNC.

4.3.2.5 UE receives RRC Connection Setup and does not send RRC Setup Complete
If the downlink signal quality is normal, this problem may be caused by the abnormal condition of the cell phone. Another reason of this problem may be the downlink synchronization failure caused by the low initial power of downlink dedicated channel. You can solve this problem by adjusting the service downlink Eb/No.

4.3.2.6 RNC does not receive RRC Setup Complete sent by UE

Because the uplink initial power control may increase the UE transmit power, this kind of problem seldom appears. If it appears, the engineer can increase the Constant Value of the dedicated channel properly to raise the uplink DPCCH initial transmission power of the UE. At the same time, this problem is also relevant with the uplink SIR initial target value configuration because this value may affect the uplink initial synchronization at the initial stage of link setup. If the value of the parameter is set too large, there will be too much uplink inference brought by the initial setup of the link. If the value is set too small, the uplink synchronization will take longer time, and the initial synchronization may even fail. This parameter is an RNC-level parameter, which has a great influence on network performance. Therefore, the engineer should be cautious while adjusting this parameter.

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Note:
RRC Connection Setup Complete is sent through uplink DPCH, and the UE calculates the initial power of uplink DPCCH according to the received IEDPCCH_Power_offset and the measured CPICH_RSCP value. DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP DPCCH_Power_offset = Primary CPICH DL TX Power + UL Interference + Constant Value. The Constant Value can be configured in the OMC. If this value is set too small, the UE may not have enough power to send RRC Connection Setup Complete.

4.3.3 Analysis on RAB/RB Setup Failures

When RAB or RB setup fails, RNC will send RAB Assignment Fail in the RAB Assignment Response signaling. The engineer can find out the specific failure reason from the failure cause value carried in relevant cells. The reasons for common RAB/RB setup failures include: RNC directly rejecting RAB Setup Request because of wrong parameter configuration Admission reject RAB setup failure because the UE fails to respond to RB Setup Request RAB setup failure because the Uu interface fails to set up RB

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4.3.3.1 Analysis Flowchart of RAB Setup Failures

Figure 4-11 Analysis flowchart of RAB setup failures

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Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Counters related to RAB setup failures

RTWP

Resource limit indicators

No

Yes

Counters related to RAB setup failures CS domain PS domain C301230290 C301230302 C301230291 C301230303 C301230292 C301230304 C301230293 C301230305 C301230294 C301230306 C301230295 C301230307 C301230296 C301230308 C301230297 C301230309 C301230298 C301230310 C301230299 C301230311 C301230300 C301230312 C301230301 C301230313

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Solved or not

Yes

End

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4.3.3.2 RNC Directly Rejecting RAB Setup Request Because Of Wrong Parameter Configuration
The case that RNC responds with RAB Setup Failure directly is seldom caused by invalid parameter configuration in the business network. Usually, this case is caused by special operations of the special users. The main scenario is that the subscription information of the users PS service is beyond the capability of the UE, which leads to the direct refusal from RNC. For example, a special users subscription rates of uplink and downlink are 384 K, but the maximum uplink rate of the UE is only 64 K. The maximum uplink and downlink rates of the QoS message used for activating PDP set by the AT command or mobile terminal software used by the user are 384 K, so the RNC will find the maximum uplink rate is beyond the UEs capability, directly reply with RAB Setup Failure and will not launch the RB setup process, when it receives RAB Assignment Request. After the RAB setup fails because the parameter configuration is beyond the UEs capability, SGSN will negotiate again to launch the new RAB assignment until the UE has the capability to support the assignment, and the RAB assignment is finished. For the users, the PDP activation is still successful, and the actual maximum rate is the maximum rate the UE can support. However, if the minimum guaranteed bit rate required by the QoS setting in the UEs PDP activation request is beyond the UEs capability, though the network negotiates a lower rate to accept the UEs PDP activation request, the UE will launch the request of deactivating PDP when it finds that the rate negotiated by the network in PDP activation accept request is lower than the minimum guaranteed bit rate, and finally the PDP activation can not be completed.

4.3.3.3 Admission Reject

For the non-HSDPA user, if there are insufficient system resources (including power, channel code, lub transmission resource and CE), the call establishment failure will be caused by the admission reject. At this time, it is necessary to check the network load, code resource, lub transmission resource and CE resource occupation to make sure the congestion is caused by the limitation of a certain kind of resource. What is more, the engineer should plan the corresponding expansion method. If the cell does not support the HSDPA service, the R99 user admission is judged according to the fixed R99 admission threshold. If the cell supports the HSDPA service, and the HSDPA and R99 dynamic power is allocated, the uplink admission of non-HSDPA is judged based on RTWP or the equivalent user number. If the uplink load is too heavy, the non-HSDPA user admission will also fail. If the bandwidth configuration on the lub interface is insufficient, the lub interface will reject the R99 data service activation because of limited bandwidth.

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The admission control of the NodeB Credit resource is similar to the power admission control. Whether the remaining Credit can support the currently requested service or not can be judged according to the spectrum spreading factor of the new access user. According to the condition of the RAB Downsizing Switch, RNC will deal with the issue in the corresponding way. For the HSDPA user, in the dynamic power allocation mode, besides the mentioned system resources such as the power, channel code, lub transmission resource and CE, the admission reject should take into consideration whether the number of H users supported by NodeB and the number of H users supported by the cell are over the regulated threshold or not into consideration. For the HSDPA user, when the bandwidth configuration on lub interface is insufficient, the admission reject will not happen, but the rate will be reduced. What is more, the AAL2PATHs of HSDPA and R99 are configured respectively, and the HSDPA AAL2PATH must be configured to the HSDPA_RT or HSDPA_NRT type. If the HSDPA AAL2PATH is configured to RT or NRT of R99 AAL2PATH type, the RAB assignment failure will not happen, but RNC will establish the HSDPA service as R99 384 Kbps. For the downlink power admission, Besides whether the R99 service load is over the non-HSDPA service threshold, DCH service should take into consideration whether non-HSDPA power and HSDPA GBP (the minimum power needed for the guaranteed bit rate) are over the general power threshold of the cell. For the HSDPA service, it is necessary to check whether the throughput rate provided by the cell is over the sum of all the users GBR thresholds, or whether the GBPs of the stream service and the background service are over the HSDPA power of the cell. At the same time, whether the non-HSDPA power and the HSDPA GBP (the minimum power needed for the guaranteed bit rate) are over the overall power threshold of the cell should be also taken into consideration. For the lub admission, For the DCH service, the admission is made according to the multiplication of the peak rate and the service activation factor. For HSDPA service, the admission is made according to the GBR. If the lub exceeds the congestion threshold, the DCCC rate reduction will be triggered. And if the RLC_AM retransmission rate is over a certain threshold, the Iub Overbooking switch can be opened to trigger the TF which limits R99 or to reduce the rate of HSDPA service by a certain factor.

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4.3.3.4 RAB Setup Failure Because the UE Fails to Respond to RB Setup

The UE fails to respond to RB setup mainly because of the users operation. Take the following cases as examples: When the user already has had the downlink 12 K data service, he receives RB Setup Request of the VP service (either the originated call in the VP domain or the terminated call in the VP domain). Because the UE does not support the VP and high-speed PS service in the downlink at the same time, it directly replies with RB Setup Failure, and the cause value is unsupported configuration. Compared with the WCDMA subscriber originating the VP service, the terminating subscriber resides in the GSM network, and so it does not support the VP service. After RNC receives RAB Assignment Request, the core network will deliver the Disconnect command right after call proceeding, and the cause value is Bearer capability not authorized. At this time, the UE has just received the RB SETUP command and has no enough time to finish the RB setup. So the UE will reply with RB Setup Failure after it receives the Disconnect command, and the RNC will reply with RAB Setup Failure, with the cause value being failure in radio interface procedure.

4.3.3.5 RAB Setup Failure Because the Uu Interface Fails to Set Up RB

RNC sends the Radio Bearer Setup command to the UE but fails to receive Radio Bearer Setup Compete. This kind of situation (RB setup failure) often appears in the cells with weak signals. There are two causes of weak signals: one is that the UE does not reside in the best server to launch the access, and the other is poor coverage. If the UE does not reside in the best server to launch the access, it will hope to enter the best server through active set update in the RB setup process (At the same time, the fast signal change will drastically weaken the signals in the cell), but the active set update can only be processed after the RB setup is completed, because the procedures can not be processed alternately (Neither the network nor the terminal supports it). Therefore, RB can only be set up in the cell with weak signals, and the setup is easy to fail. As for this situation, the starting threshold and speed of cofrequency cell reselection should be increased to make the UE reside in the best server and launch the access as soon as possible. RB setup failure may be caused by the poor downlink/uplink coverage. If the failure is caused by downlink coverage, the UE can not receive the Radio Bearer Setup command, which may be caused by the uplink interference, and this can be fixed through checking RTWP. The poor downlink coverage is partly caused by the bad UE demodulation performance, and other causes should be solved by RF optimization.

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4.4 Optimization of Mobility Indicators

Mobility indicators mainly fall into three categories soft handovers, hard handovers and inter-RAT handovers. The handover problems usually happen in the following cases. The best server changes too fast or there is no best server due to pilot pollution. The handover is not prompt or there are pingpong handovers due to improper parameter configuration.

Adjust the engineering parameters for antennas in areas with severe pilot pollution. And adjust the handover parameters, such as the values of 1A, 1B, CIO, TTT (time to trigger), Hysteresis and so on, to solve the problem that the handover is not prompt or there are pingpong handovers. This section tries to solve this kind of problems through OMC data analysis and parameter optimization.

4.4.1 Optimization of Soft Handovers

Missed neighboring cell configuration, pilot pollution, improper soft handover parameter configuration, and equipment malfunctions are the major causes of soft handover failures. To confirm the problems, the field DTs are required.

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4.4.1.1 Soft Handover Optimization Flowchart

Figure 4-12 Soft handover optimization flowchart

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UMTS KPI Optimization Analysis Guide Internal Use Only

Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Counters related to soft handover failures

Cell hand-in/handout indicators

RTWP

Resource limit indicators

No

Counters related to intra-frequency handover failures C301391101 C301391102 C301391103 C301390586 C301390587 C301390588 C301390589 C301390590 C301390591 C301390592 Yes C301390593 C301390594 C301390595 C301390596 C301390597 C301390598 C301390599 C301390600 C301390601 C301390602

30055 30057 30059 30061

30056 30058 30060 30062

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Solved or not

Yes

End

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UMTS KPI Optimization Analysis Guide Internal Use Only

4.4.1.2 Checking Missed Neighboring Cell Configuration

Generally speaking, most of the call drops at the beginning of the optimization are caused by missed neighboring cell configuration. The following methods are often used to judge whether the call drops are caused by missed configuration of co-frequency neighboring cells. Observe the active set Ec/Io information recorded by the UE and the Best Server Ec/Io information recorded by the Scanner before the call drop. If the former record is very bad but the latter record is very good, then check whether the Best Server scrambling code recorded by the Scanner appears in the latest list of the neighboring cells under intra-frequency measurement control. If it does not, then the call drop is caused by missed neighboring cell configuration. If the UE re-accesses immediately after the call drop and the cell scrambling codes during the UE reaccess and those during the call drop are different, then the call drop may also be caused by missed neighboring cell configuration. You can confirm it through measurement control (look backwards from the message of the call drop event for the latest intra-frequency measurement control message and check the neighboring cell list of this message). Some UE may report the Detected Set information. If the corresponding scrambling code appears in the Detected Set information before the call drop, then the call drop is caused by missed neighboring cell configuration.

4.4.1.3 Checking Pilot Pollution

Definition of pilot pollution: Excessive strong pilot signals exist at a certain point, but none of them is strong enough to be the best server. To form pilot pollution, the following points in this definition should be satisfied. Strong pilot signal: The absolute pilot signal strength is used to judge whether the pilot signal is a strong one. The pilot signal strength can be evaluated through the pilot RSCP. If the pilot RSCP exceeds a threshold, it is considered a strong pilot signal. The formula is:

CPICH _ RSCP > ThRSCP _ Absolute

Excessive: The number of pilot signals is used to judge whether there are excessive pilot signals at a certain point. If the number exceeds a threshold, it is regarded that excessive pilot signals exist at this point. The formula is:

CPICH _ Number > ThN

None of them is strong enough to be the best server: The relative strength of a pilot signal is a key factor in judging whether the pilot signal is strong enough. Based on the above definition and formulae, if the difference between the strength of the

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strongest pilot signal and that of the

(Th N + 1) strongest pilot signal at this point is

less than a threshold, it is regarded that there is no pilot signal strong enough to be the best server at this point. The formula is:

(CPICH _ RSCPbest CPICH _ RSCP(ThN +1) th ) < ThRSCP _ Re lative

According to the above description, it is regarded that pilot pollution exists if the following conditions are both satisfied. The number of pilot signals is more than that meet the condition

CPICH _ RSCP > ThRSCP _ Absolute

Th N .

(CPICH _ RSCPbest CPICH _ RSCP(ThN +1) th ) < ThRSCP _ Re lative

For example, during the network optimization, suppose:

ThRSCP _ Absolute = 95dBm , Th N = 3 , and ThRSCP _ Re lative = 5dB , if the following

conditions are both satisfied, then it is regarded that pilot pollution exists. The number of the pilot signals that meet the condition

CPICH _ RSCP > 95dBm is more than 3.

(CPICH _ RSCPbest CPICH _ RSCP4th ) < 5dB

4.4.1.4 Adjusting Soft Handover Algorithm Parameters

You can solve the following kinds of problems by adjusting handover algorithm parameters: 1. The handover is not prompt. From the perspective of the CS service signaling flow, the symptom of this problem is that the UE cannot receive Active Set Update (physical channel reallocation in the case of the intra-frequency hard handover) because after the UE reports the measurement report, the source cell has a fast reduction in Ec/Io. When the RNC sends Active Set Update, the UE has closed the transmitter due to the loss of downlink synchronization. Viewed from the UE side, it cannot receive Active Set Update. In the PS services, if the UE cannot receive Active Set Update or TRB resets before the handover, the handover will also fail. From the perspective of signals, the following phenomena may accompany this problem.

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Corner effect: Ec/Io of the source cell decreases drastically, and Ec/Io of the target cell increases sharply (very high when it appears). Fast fading: Ec/Io of the source cell decreases quickly for a while and then increases, and Ec/Io of the target cell increases for a short while.

2.

Pingpong handovers. The following phenomena may accompany this problem. The best server changes quickly: Two or more cells take turns to be the best server. But as the best server, none of the cells can last long though they has good RSCPs and Ec/Ios. There is no best server: There are multiple cells. Their RSCPs are normal and similar to each other. But Ec/Io of every cell is very bad.

From the perspective of the signaling flow, Event 1A is reported immediately after one cell is deleted. Because the UE cannot receive Active Set Update from the RNC, the handover fails.

4.4.1.5 Equipment Malfunctions

First check the alarm console to see whether there are abnormal alarms, and analyze the message traces at the same time. Find out in which step the soft handover fails. Check the failure message, and contact the local product maintaining engineer to confirm whether the equipment has malfunctions.

4.4.1.6 Solutions
Corresponding adjustments should be taken for the confirmed problems. Handover failures caused by pilot pollution: Adjust the engineering parameters of a certain antenna to set this antenna as the best server in this interfered location. If the power of one of its sectors is reduced, then Io of the pilot pollution area will decrease; even if the powers of other pilots are not adjusted, Ec/Io will also increase. Thereby the Ec/Io differences with other scrambling codes in the active set will become larger and pilot pollution will be eliminated. Through a lot of research, ZTE has proved that the reduction in the pilot transmit power will not change cell capacity greatly. If condition allows, new base stations can be added to cover this area. Equipment malfunctions: Consult the customer service engineers, and ask them to help check whether there are alarms and whether the transport layer is abnormal. If there are alarms, coordinate with the customer service engineers and the engineering personnel to solve the problems. Call drops because the handovers are not prompt:

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Adjust the antenna to expand the handover zone. Configure the Event 1A handover parameters to make the handover easier to happen. Increase CIO to make the handover happen earlier in the target cell. The sum of CIO and the actually measured value is used for judging the UE events, including the UE intra-frequency handover. CIO helps shift the cell border in the handover algorithm. If CIO is configured with a larger value, the handover will be easier to happen and there will be more UE in the soft-handover status, but more resources will be occupied. If CIO is configured with a smaller value, the soft handover will be more difficult to happen and the receiving quality may be impaired. A CIO of about 5dB is quite good for eliminating the fast fading and the corner effect, but this configuration has some side effects, such as the increase of handover proportion.

Call drops caused by pingpong handovers: Adjust the antenna to form a best server in its coverage zone or set the Event 1B handover parameters (increase the threshold of Event 1B, the Event 1B hysteresis or the time to trigger Event 1B) to increase the difficulty in deleting the active set.

4.4.2 Optimization of Hard Handovers

4.4.2.1 Classification of Hard handovers
Hard handovers mainly fall into two classifications: Intra-frequency hard handovers: The intra-frequency hard handover is triggered only when the intra-frequency soft/softer handover cannot be performed, and it is applicable to the following circumstances. Inter-RNC intra-frequency cell handovers when there is no Iur interface. Insufficient Iur interface resources though there is the Iur interface. Handovers controlled by the threshold of the PS service rate in the handover cell.

The intra-frequency soft/softer handovers can not be performed (intra-frequency hard handover should be triggered) in the following scenarios. When the intra-frequency handover happens, the UE is using the transmit diversity in the active set cell but the target cell does not support the transmit diversity. The intra-frequency measurement report does not contain OFF and TM of the

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target cell. When the intra-frequency handover happens between RNCs, the Iur interface is unavailable. The UE performs the multiuser detection in the active set cell, but the target cell does not support the multiuser detection. The target cell and the original cell belong to different classifications (The cells of R99, R5+R99, and R6+R5+R99 belong to the same classification while the cells of R5 and R6+R5 belong to another classification).

Inter-frequency hard handovers: The inter-frequency hard handover means a UE connection is handed over from a cell of a UTRAN frequency to a cell of another frequency. Many factors, including the radio quality, the load, and the speed of the moving UE, may trigger inter-frequency hard handovers. For example, the radio quality triggers the inter-frequency hard handover in the following way: When the quality of the UE radio frequency becomes lower, the inter-frequency measurement will be triggered, and according to the measurement result, the UE connection will be handed over to a better frequency.

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4.4.2.2 Hard Handover Optimization Flowchart

Figure 4-13 Hard handover optimization flowchart

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Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Yes

Counters related to hard handover failures

Cell hand-in/ hand-out indicators

RTWP

Resource limit indicators

No

Counters related to interfrequency handover failures

30041 30043 30045 30047

30042 30044 30046 30048

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Yes

C301110489 C301110499 C301110500 C301110501 C301110502 C301110503 C301110504 C301110505

C301110516 C301110517 C301110518 C301110519 C301110520 C301110521 C301110522 C301110523

Solved or not

Yes

End

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4.4.2.3 Hard Handover Optimization Methods

The optimization flow for the hard handover is similar to that of the soft handover. The major differences are in the parameter optimization. To optimize intra-frequency hard handovers, you can properly reduce the Event 1D hysteresis and the time to trigger Event 1D according to the real radio environment to ensure timely handovers. Inter-frequency coverage is often applied to some special scenarios such as indoor coverage and tested through CQT. The method of judging whether there is missed configuration of the inter-frequency neighboring cell is almost the same as that of the cofrequency neighboring cell: when a call drop occurs, the UE fails to measure or report the inter-frequency neighboring cell; after the call drop, the UE resides in the inter-frequency neighboring cell again. The common hard handover problems are: 1. The handover is not prompt. The common symptoms are frequent call drops in the hard handovers when the UE moves.

Solutions: Increase the threshold of activating the compressing mode. The compressing mode is usually activated before the inter-frequency handover or the inter-RAT handover, and it is used to measure the quality of the inter-frequency or inter-RAT cell. You can set a threshold of the CPICH RSCP or Ec/Io to activate the compressing mode. And the RSCP is widely used. Requirements on setting the threshold of activating the compressing mode: Before the cell quality becomes low enough to cause a call drop, the signal of the target cell should be measured and reported, and the handover should be performed. Requirement on setting the threshold of deactivating the compression mode: Frequent activation/deactivation of the compression mode should be avoided.

Increase CIOs of the inter-frequency cell pair. Reduce the threshold of triggering the target frequency handover under the interfrequency coverage.

2.

There are pingpong handovers.

Solution: Increase the hard handover hysteresis and the time to trigger the event.

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4.4.3 Optimization of Inter-RAT Handovers

4.4.3.1 Configuring Basic Inter-RAT Parameters
Most of the inter-RAT handover failures are caused by incomplete parameter configuration. The following parameters need special attention. Complete RNC parameter configuration for the GSM neighboring cell: The 2G system shall provide the 3G system with the correct radio parameters based on negotiation MCC, MNC, LAC, ID (CI), NCC, BCC, frequency band indicator (900 or 1800), and BCCH.

Table 4-3 Parameters That 2G Shall Provide to 3G MCC 460 MNC 2 LAC 202 ID CI 193 NCC 0 BCC 0 Frequency band indicator 900 BCCH 102

Complete GSM BSC parameter configuration for the WCDMA neighboring cell: The 3G system shall provide the 2G system with the correct radio parameters based on negotiation MCC, MNC, LAC, RNC ID, cell ID (C_ID), downlink frequency, scrambling code, and RAC.

Table 4-4 Parameters That 3G Shall Provide to 2G MCC 460 MNC 3 LAC 20 RNC ID 18 Cell ID C_ID 51 Downlink frequency 10787 Scrambling code 51 RAC 20

According to the current strategy of one-way inter-RAT handovers, if the parameter configuration is complete, one probable cause of the inter-RAT handover failure is that the handover is not prompt. The common parameter adjustment is to increase CIO, the threshold to activate/deactivate the compressing mode, and the threshold to trigger the WCDMA-to-GSM handover at the same time. Call drops during the inter-RAT handovers between WCDMA and GSM may be caused by: Inconsistent data configuration at the GSM side and the WCDMA side after GSM modifies the configuration data but does not inform WCDMA. Missed configuration of neighboring cells, which can be solved by the correct configuration of neighboring cells. Too fast signal changes.

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Pingpong reselection. Faults with the UE, for example, the UE fails to respond to the handover or report the inter-RAT measurement report. Changes of the best server during the physical channel reallocation. Wrong LAC configuration, which can be located through data configuration check.

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4.4.3.2 Inter-RAT Handover Optimization Flowchart

Figure 4-14 Inter-RAT handover optimization flowchart

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Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Counters related to inter-RAT handover failures

Cell hand-in/ hand-out indicators

RTWP

Resource limit indicators

No

Counters related to inter-RAT handover failures C301130667 C301130681 C301130668 C301130682 C301130669 C301130690 C301130670 C301130691 C301130671 C301130692 C301130672 C301130693 C301130673 C301130694 C301130674 C301130696 C301130675 C301130697 C301130677 C301130698 C301130678 C301130699 C301130679 C301130700 C301130680

30049 30050 30051 30052 30053 30054

Check& analysis of interference

Optimization analysis of resource limit

Solved or not

Yes

Yes

End

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4.5 Optimization of Resource Indicators

The resource indicators directly reflect the system capacity. Increasing subscribers will consume more system resources and some resources may be limited; for example, the code resource may be limited, the TCP access request may be rejected, and the CE resource usage rate may exceed the threshold. Limited system resources have a negative influence on the whole-network indicators and the subscribers perception; for example, call drops may frequently happen and more TCP access requests may be rejected during the voice services.

Table 4-5 Resource KPIs and Alarm Thresholds Resource type KPI No. and name C301320150 Number of rejected services, DCH downlink TCP limit TCP PI30167 Average non-HS (SOA) (SOA)DPA TCP PI30092 Maximum Cell TCP (%) PI30093 Average Cell TCP UL Traffic PI30029 Handover Blocking Rate KPI RTWP (in busy hour) C301320153 Number of rejected services, DCH no code Code PI30205 Average Cell HSUPA Users PI30172 Cell Average HSDPA Users PI301830006 Maximum use Ratio of Uplink NodeB CE PI301830010 Maximum use Ratio of Downlink NodeB CE Alarm threshold 50 40% 100% 70% 0.5% -98 dBm 50 12 16 60% 60%

CE

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4.5.1 Resource Indicator Optimization Flowchart

Figure 4-15 Resource indicator optimization flowchart

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Extract performance data

TOP N cell filtering

Analyze a single cell

1. Check NE alarms

2. Associate emergencies

3. Compare parameter configurations

4. Associate indicators

5. Locate the fault comprehensive ly

Exist or not Yes Handle alarms

No No

Exist or not Yes Handle emergencies

No

Exist or not No Yes Correct wrong parameter configurations

No

No List related indicator counters Drive Test+ RNC signaling trace

Solved or not

Solved or not Yes

Solved or not Yes

Counter related to TCP limit

Cell TX power indicators

Code resource indicators

CE resource indicators No

TCP admission reject counter C301320150

30090 30092 30166 30168 30170

30091 30093 30167 30169 30171

30163 30164 30165 30075

30223 30224 30450 30451

Yes Yes Solved or not

Yes

End

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4.5.2 Code Resource Optimization

The statistics of Number of rejected services and DCH no code, the average code resource usage rate and the number of the HSDPA subscribers can be used to judge whether the code resource in a cell is limited. If the code resource is limited, you can adjust the code resource allocation to alleviate the situation. Based on the system algorithm, when Formula 1 is satisfied, you can add an HS-PDSCH; when Formula 2 is satisfied, then an HS-PDSCH is deleted. Formula 1: OcuRateNoHspdsch + OcuRateHspdsch + DpchCodeHy + 32 <= 512 Formula 2: OcuRateNoHspdsch + OcuRateHspdsch + CodeUptHyA > 512 OcuRateHspdschHSPDSCH means the number of the codes of SF=512 blocked by the HS-PDSCH, OcuRateNoHspdsch means the number of codes of SF=512 blocked by other channels, DpchCodeHy means the number of codes of SF=512 reserved for the DPCH, and CodeUptHyA is the threshold to decide whether to delete the HSPDSCH. Therefore, to ensure the access of the R99 subscribers, you can make some adjustment according to Table 4-6 when the code resource is limited, though the HSDPA rate may decrease.

Table 4-6 Adjusting Code Resource Allocation Abbreviation Parameter name DPCH Code Hysteresis Code Update Hysteresis A Range and step 0..512 Current value 16 Update value 28 Remark To decrease the number of rejected services for DCH no code To decrease the number of rejected services for DCH no code

DpchCodeHy

CodeUptHyA

0..512

16

28

4.5.3 Monitoring CE Resource

The CE resource is mainly monitored through the maximum UE uplink/downlink usage rate. If there is any problem, you can solve it by controlling the load or adding more boards.

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4.5.4 Optimization of Power Control

4.5.4.1 Monitoring and Optimizing Downlink Power Control
Limited TCP in busy hours will not only increase access failures and call drops in the local cell but also increase soft handover failures and call drops in the neighboring cells. Number of rejected services and DCH downlink TCP limit are intuitive KPIs to judge whether TCP is limited. Although limited uplink capacity and massive UE moves in the rush hours may also cause call drops, the limited TCP is absolutely a key factor. Based on the system algorithm MinHsdpaPower (MinHspaPwrRto) + NoHsPower >Node B, if the safety threshold is used (MinHsdpaPower means the power reserved for HSPA), then it will activate the downlink rate downgrade algorithm flow for the congestion (lower the downlink DCH rate). Although the rate downgrade can ensure access of some subscribers, it is an irregular action and will degrade the performance.

4.5.5 Speeding up Rate Downgrade

Considering that the cells with heavy load reject more access requests, you can speed up the rate downgrade during the resource congestion to release the resources as soon as possible and avoid call drops caused by access failures (this method is only applicable to the cells with many PS service users but not those with only CS service users). Table 4-7 is an example of the parameter modification for the rate downgrade.

Table 4-7 Example of Parameter Modification for Rate Downgrade Abbreviation UlDnMaxStg Parameter name Maximum Number of Degraded Uplink Load Steps Every Time Maximum Number of Degraded Downlink Load Steps Every Time Range and step [1, 8] Current value 1 Update value 2 Remark Downgrade from 384 Kbps to 16 Kbps Downgrade from 384 Kbps to 8 Kbps

DlDnMaxStg

[1, 8]

4.5.6 Monitoring and Optimizing Uplink Capacity

Handover Blocking Rate and RTWP can reflect the uplink capacity of the cell. Because interference may also increase RTWP, this factor should be distinguished during the RTWP monitoring. Another effective indicator is the voice service erl. If a cell has over 20 erls in busy hours, you should pay special attention to it.

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4.5.7 Optimization of Uplink Capacity at the Whole Network Level

Case: The uplink capacity was limited in a large number of sites after the cutover, and the symptoms are a sharp rise of RTWP and a high call drop rate during the rush hours. After the following parameters were modified as shown in Table 4-8, the problem was solved.

Table 4-8 Example of Power Control Parameter Modification Abbreviation ULINITSIR Parameter name Uplink Initial SIR target (dB) Maximum Uplink SIR target (dB) Uplink SIR Target Down Step Size (dB) Range UL 3.4 K/13.6 K signaling, UL 12.2 K AMR UL 3.4 K/13.6 K signaling, UL 12.2 K AMR UL 3.4 K/13.6 K signaling, UL 12.2 K AMR Current value 4-5 Update value 3.5

ULMAXSIR

15

10

UlSirTargDnStep

0.1

0.2

4.5.8 Optimization of Uplink Capacity for a Single Cell

A lot of optimization measures can be taken to bring down the rising RTWP. However, with increasing subscribers, the capacity may still be limited in some area while further modification of SirTarget will obviously degrade the call quality of the whole network and undermine the subscribers perception. In this case, you can adjust the power control parameters for a single site that has heavy traffic in the following way: add one set of DivPc parameters and use this set of parameters only for this site. Case: Table 4-9 shows an example of the power control parameter modification. After this modification, the call drop rate in the site with heavy traffic decreased to one quarter of the original one.

Table 4-9 Example of Power Control Parameter Modification for Heavy-Traffic Cell SRVTYPE 0 104 28 50 54 ULINITSIR 3.5->1.5 4.0->2.0 3.5->1.5 6.0->2.0 6.0->2.0 ULMAXSIR 10.0->3.5 15.0->5.0 10.0->3.5 15.0->5.0 15.0->5.0 ULMINSIR 2.0->1.0 0.5->0 0.5->0 2.0->0 2.0->0

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