CHAPTER 14

14.1. A parallel-plate waveguide is known to have a cutoff wavelength for the m = 1 TE and TM modes of

c1
= 0.4 cm. The guide is operated at wavelength = 1 mm. How many modes propagate? The
cutoff wavelength for mode m is
cm
= 2nd/m, where n is the refractive index of the guide interior.
For the rst mode, we are given

c1
=
2nd
1
= 0.4 cm d =
0.4
2n
=
0.2
n
cm
Now, for mode m to propagate, we require

2nd
m
=
0.4
m
m
0.4

=
0.4
0.1
= 4
So, accounting for 2 modes (TE and TM) for each value of m, and the single TEM mode, we will have
a total of 9 modes.
14.2. Aparallel-plate guide is to be constructed for operation in the TEMmode only over the frequency range
0 < f < 3 GHz. The dielectric between plates is to be teon (

R
= 2.1). Determine the maximum
allowable plate separation, d: We require that f < f
c1
, which, using (7), becomes
f <
c
2nd
d
max
=
c
2nf
max
=
3 10
8
2

2.1 (3 10
9
)
= 3.45 cm
14.3. A lossless parallel-plate waveguide is known to propagate the m = 2 TE and TM modes at frequencies
as low as 10GHz. If the plate separation is 1 cm, determine the dielectric constant of the medium
between plates: Use
f
c2
=
c
nd
=
3 10
10
n(1)
= 10
10
n = 3 or
R
= 9
14.4. A d = 1 cm parallel-plate guide is made with glass (n = 1.45) between plates. If the operating
frequency is 32 GHz, which modes will propagate? For a propagating mode, we require f > f
cm
Using (7) and the given values, we write
f >
mc
2nd
m <
2f nd
c
=
2(32 10
9
)(1.45)(.01)
3 10
8
= 3.09
The maximum allowed m in this case is thus 3, and the propagating modes will be TM
1
, TE
1
, TM
2
,
TE
2
, TM
3
, and TE
3
.
14.5. For the guide of Problem14.4, and at the 32 GHz frequency, determine the difference between the group
delays of the highest order mode (TE or TM) and the TEM mode. Assume a propagation distance of 10
cm: From Problem 14.4, we found m
max
= 3. The group velocity of a TE or TM mode for m = 3 is
v
g3
=
c
n
_
1
_
f
c3
f
_
2
where f
c3
=
3(3 10
10
)
2(1.45)(1)
= 3.1 10
10
= 31 GHz
249
14.5. (continued) Thus
v
g3
=
3 10
10
1.45
_
1
_
31
32
_
2
= 5.13 10
9
cm/s
For the TEM mode (assuming no material dispersion) v
g,T EM
= c/n = 3 10
10
/1.45 = 2.07 10
10
cm/s. The group delay difference is now
t
g
= z
_
1
v
g3

1
v
g,T EM
_
= 10
_
1
5.13 10
9

1
2.07 10
10
_
= 1.5 ns
14.6. The cutoff frequency of the m = 1 TE and TM modes in a parallel-plate guide is known to be f
c1
= 7.5
GHz. The guide is used at wavelength = 1.5 cm. Find the group velocity of the m = 2 TE and TM
modes. First we know that f
c2
= 2f
c1
= 15 GHz. Then f = c/ = 3 10
8
/.015 = 20 GHz. Now,
using (23),
v
g2
=
c
n
_
1
_
f
c2
f
_
2
=
c
n
_
1
_
15
20
_
2
= 2 10
8
/n m/s
n was not specied in the problem.
14.7. A parallel-plate guide is partially lled with two lossless dielectrics (Fig. 14.23) where

R1
= 4.0,

R2
= 2.1, and d = 1 cm. At a certain frequency, it is found that the TM
1
mode propagates through
the guide without suffering any reective loss at the dielectric interface.
a) Find this frequency: The ray angle is such that the wave is incident on the interface at Brewsters
angle. In this case

B
= tan
1
_
2.1
4.0
= 35.9

The ray angle is thus = 90 35.9 = 54.1

. The cutoff frequency for the m = 1 mode is

f
c1
=
c
2d
_

R1
=
3 10
10
2(1)(2)
= 7.5 GHz
The frequency is thus f = f
c1
/ cos = 7.5/ cos(54.1

) = 12.8 GHz.
b) Is the guide operating at a single TM mode at the frequency found in part a? The cutoff frequency
for the next higher mode, TM
2
is f
c2
= 2f
c1
= 15 GHz. The 12.8 GHz operating frequency is
below this, so TM
2
will not propagate. So the answer is yes.
14.8. In the guide of Problem 14.7, it is found that m = 1 modes propagating from left to right totally reect
at the interface, so that no power is transmitted into the region of dielectric constant

R2
.
a) Determine the range of frequencies over which this will occur: For total reection, the ray angle
measured from the normal to the interface must be greater than or equal to the critical angle,
c
,
where sin
c
= (

R2
/

R1
)
1/2
. The minimummode ray angle is then
1 min
= 90

c
. Now, using
(5), we write
90

c
= cos
1
_

k
min
d
_
= cos
1
_
c
2f
min
d

4
_
= cos
1
_
c
4df
min
_
250
14.8a. (continued)
Now
cos(90
c
) = sin
c
=
_

R2

R1
=
c
4df
min
Therefore f
min
= c/(2

2.1d) = (3 10
8
)/(2

2.1(.01)) = 10.35 GHz. The frequency range is

thus f > 10.35 GHz.
b) Does your part a answer in any way relate to the cutoff frequency for m = 1 modes in any region?
We note that f
min
= c/(2

2.1d) = f
c1
in guide 2. To summarize, as frequency is lowered, the
ray angle in guide 1 decreases, which leads to the incident angle at the interface increasing to
eventually reach and surpass the critical angle. At the critical angle, the refracted angle in guide 2
is 90

, which corresponds to a zero degree ray angle in that guide. This denes the cutoff condition
in guide 2. So it would make sense that f
min
= f
c1
(guide 2).
14.9. A rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 6 cm and b = 4 cm.
a) Over what range of frequencies will the guide operate single mode? The cutoff frequency for
mode mp is, using Eq. (54):
f
c,mn
=
c
2n
_
_
m
a
_
2
+
_
p
b
_
2
where n is the refractive index of the guide interior. We require that the frequency lie between the
cutoff frequencies of the T E
10
and T E
01
modes. These will be:
f
c10
=
c
2na
=
3 10
8
2n(.06)
=
2.5 10
9
n
f
c01
=
c
2nb
=
3 10
8
2n(.04)
=
3.75 10
9
n
Thus, the range of frequencies over which single mode operation will occur is
2.5
n
GHz < f <
3.75
n
GHz
b) Over what frequency range will the guide support both T E
10
and T E
01
modes and no others? We
note rst that f must be greater than f
c01
to support both modes, but must be less than the cutoff
frequency for the next higher order mode. This will be f
c11
, given by
f
c11
=
c
2n
_
_
1
.06
_
2
+
_
1
.04
_
2
=
30c
2n
=
4.5 10
9
n
The allowed frequency range is then
3.75
n
GHz < f <
4.5
n
GHz
251
14.10. Two rectangular waveguides are joined end-to-end. The guides have identical dimensions, where
a = 2b. One guide is air-lled; the other is lled with a lossless dielectric characterized by

R
.
a) Determine the maximum allowable value of

R
such that single mode operation can be simultane-
ously ensured in both guides at some frequency: Since a = 2b, the cutoff frequency for any mode
in either guide is written using (54):
f
cmp
=
_
_
mc
4nb
_
2
+
_
pc
2nb
_
2
where n = 1 in guide 1 and n =
_

R
in guide 2. We see that, with a = 2b, the next modes (having
the next higher cutoff frequency) above TE
10
with be TE
20
and TE
01
. We also see that in general,
f
cmp
(guide 2) < f
cmp
(guide 1). To assure single mode operation in both guides, the operating
frequency must be above cutoff for TE
10
in both guides, and below cutoff for the next mode in
both guides. The allowed frequency range is therefore f
c10
(guide 1) < f < f
c20
(guide 2). This
leads to c/(2a) < f < c/(a
_

R
). For this range to be viable, it is required that

R
< 4.
b) Write an expression for the frequency range over which single mode operation will occur in both
guides; your answer should be in terms of

R
, guide dimensions as needed, and other known
constants: This was already found in part a:
c
2a
< f <
c
_

R
a
where

R
< 4.
14.11. An air-lled rectangular waveguide is to be constructed for single-mode operation at 15 GHz. Specify
the guide dimensions, a and b, such that the design frequency is 10/while being 10% lower than the
cutoff frequency for the next higher-order mode: For an air-lled guide, we have
f
c,mp
=
_
_
mc
2a
_
2
+
_
pc
2b
_
2
For TE
10
we have f
c10
= c/2a, while for the next mode (TE
01
), f
c01
= c/2b. Our requirements state
that f = 1.1f
c10
= 0.9f
c01
. So f
c10
= 15/1.1 = 13.6 GHz and f
c01
= 15/0.9 = 16.7 GHz. The
guide dimensions will be
a =
c
2f
c10
=
3 10
10
2(13.6 10
9
)
= 1.1 cm and b =
c
2f
c01
=
3 10
10
2(16.7 10
9
)
= 0.90 cm
14.12. Using the relation P
av
= (1/2)Re{E
s
H

s
}, and Eqs. (44) through (46), show that the average power
density in the TE
10
mode in a rectangular waveguide is given by
P
av
=

10
2
E
2
0
sin
2
(
10
x) a
z
W/m
2
(note that the sin term is erroneously to the rst power in the original problem statement). Inspecting
(44) through (46), we see that (46) includes a factor of j, and so would lead to an imaginary part of the
252
total power when the cross product with E
y
is taken. Therefore, the real power in this case is found
through the cross product of (44) with the complex conjugate of (45), or
P
av
=
1
2
Re
_
E
ys
H

xs
_
=

10
2
E
2
0
sin
2
(
10
x) a
z
W/m
2
14.13. Integrate the result of Problem 14.12 over the guide cross-section 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b, to show that
the power in Watts transmitted down the guide is given as
P =

10
ab
4
E
2
0
=
ab
4
E
2
0
sin
10
W
where =

/ (note misprint in problem statement), and
10
is the wave angle associated with the
TE
10
mode. Interpret. First, the integration:
P =
_
b
0
_
a
0

10
2
E
2
0
sin
2
(
10
x) a
z
a
z
dx dy =

10
ab
4
E
2
0
Next, from (20), we have
10
=

sin
10
, which, on substitution, leads to
P =
ab
4
E
2
0
sin
10
W with =
_

The sin
10
dependence demonstrates the principle of group velocity as energy velocity (or power).
This was considered in the discussion leading to Eq. (23).
14.14. Show that the group dispersion parameter, d
2
/d
2
, for given mode in a parallel-plate or rectangular
waveguide is given by
d
2

d
2
=
n
c
_

_
2
_
1
_

_
2
_
3/2
where
c
is the radian cutoff frequency for the mode in question (note that the rst derivative form was
already found, resulting in Eq. (23)). First, taking the reciprocal of (23), we nd
d
d
=
n
c
_
1
_

_
2
_
1/2
Taking the derivative of this equation with respect to leads to
d
2

d
2
=
n
c
_

1
2
__
1
_

_
2
_
3/2
_
2
2
c

3
_
=
n
c
_

_
2
_
1
_

_
2
_
3/2
14.15. Consider a transform-limited pulse of center frequency f = 10 GHz and of full-width 2T = 1.0 ns.
The pulse propagates in a lossless single mode rectangular guide which is air-lled and in which the
10 GHz operating frequency is 1.1 times the cutoff frequency of the T E
10
mode. Using the result of
Problem 14.14, determine the length of the guide over which the pulse broadens to twice its initial
width: The broadened pulse will have width given by T

=
_
T
2
+()
2
, where =
2
L/T for a
transform limited pulse (assumed gaussian).
2
is the Problem 14.14 result evaluated at the operating
frequency, or

2
=
d
2

d
2
|
=10 GHz
=
1
(2 10
10
)(3 10
8
)
_
1
1.1
_
2
_
1
_
1
1.1
_
2
_
3/2
= 6.1 10
19
s
2
/m = 0.61 ns
2
/m
Now = 0.61L/0.5 = 1.2L ns. For the pulse width to double, we have T

= 1 ns, and
_
(.05)
2
+(1.2L)
2
= 1 L = 0.72 m = 72 cm
253
14.15. (continued)
What simple step can be taken to reduce the amount of pulse broadening in this guide, while maintaining
the same initial pulse width? It can be seen that
2
can be reduced by increasing the operating frequency
relative to the cutoff frequency; i.e., operate as far above cutoff as possible, without allowing the next
higher-order modes to propagate.
14.16. A symmetric dielectric slab waveguide has a slab thickness d = 10 m, with n
1
= 1.48 and n
2
= 1.45.
If the operating wavelength is = 1.3 m, what modes will propagate? We use the condition expressed
through (77): k
0
d
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
(m1). Since k
0
= 2/, the condition becomes
2d

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
(m1)
2(10)
1.3
_
(1.48)
2
(1.45)
2
= 4.56 m1
Therefore, m
max
= 5, and we have TE and TM modes for which m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 propagating (ten
total).
14.17. A symmetric slab waveguide is known to support only a single pair of TE and TM modes at wavelength
= 1.55 m. If the slab thickness is 5 m, what is the maximum value of n
1
if n
2
= 3.3 (assume
3.30)? Using (78) we have
2d

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
< n
1
<
_

2d
+n
2
2
=
_
1.55
2(5)
+(3.30)
2
= 3.32
14.18. n
1
= 1.50, n
2
= 1.45, and d = 10 m in a symmetric slab waveguide (note that the index values were
reversed in the original problem statement).
a) What is the phase velocity of the m = 1 TE or TM mode at cutoff? At cutoff, the mode propagates
in the slab at the critical angle, which means that the phase velocity will be equal to that of a
plane wave in the upper or lower media of index n
2
. Phase velocity will therefore be v
p
(cutoff) =
c/n
2
= 3 10
8
/1.45 = 2.07 10
8
m/s.
b) What is the phase velocity of the m = 2 TE or TM modes at cutoff? The reasoning of part a
applies to all modes, so the answer is the same, or 2.07 10
8
m/s.
14.19. An asymmetric slab waveguide is shown in Fig. 14.24. In this case, the regions above and below the
slab have unequal refractive indices, where n
1
> n
3
> n
2
(note error in problem statement).
a) Write, in terms of the appropriate indices, an expression for the minimum possible wave angle,
1
,
that a guided mode may have: The wave angle must be equal to or greater than the critical angle
of total reection at both interfaces. The minimum wave angle is thus determined by the greater
of the two critical angles. Since n
3
> n
2
, we nd
min
=
c,13
= sin
1
(n
3
/n
1
).
b) Write an expression for the maximum phase velocity a guided mode may have in this structure,
using given or known parameters: We have v
p,max
= /
min
, where
min
= n
1
k
0
sin
1,min
=
n
1
k
0
n
3
/n
1
= n
3
k
0
. Thus v
p,max
= /(n
3
k
0
) = c/n
3
.
14.20. A step index optical ber is known to be single mode at wavelengths > 1.2 m. Another ber is
to be fabricated from the same materials, but is to be single mode at wavelengths > 0.63 m. By
what percentage must the core radius of the new ber differ from the old one, and should it be larger or
smaller? We use the cutoff condition, given by (80):
>
2a
2.405
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
254
14.20. (continued) With reduced, the core radius, a, must also be reduced by the same fraction. Therefore,
the percentage reduction required in the core radius will be
% =
1.2 .63
1.2
100 = 47.5%
14.21. A short dipole carrying current I
0
cos t in the a
z
direction is located at the origin in free space.
a) If = 1 rad/m, r = 2 m, = 45

, = 0, and t = 0, give a unit vector in rectangular components

that shows the instantaneous direction of E: In spherical coordinates, the components of E are
given by (82) and (83):
E
r
=
I
0
d
2
cos e
j2r/
_
1
r
2
+

j2r
3
_
E

=
I
0
d
4
sin e
j2r/
_
j
2
r
+
1
r
2
+

j2r
3
_
Since we want a unit vector at t = 0, we need only the relative amplitudes of the two components,
but we need the absolute phases. Since = 45

, sin = cos = 1/

2. Also, with = 1 =
2/, it follows that = 2 m. The above two equations can be simplied by these substitutions,
while dropping all amplitude terms that are common to both. Obtain
A
r
=
_
1
r
2
+
1
jr
3
_
e
jr
A

=
1
2
_
j
1
r
+
1
r
2
+
1
jr
3
_
e
jr
Now with r = 2 m, we obtain
A
r
=
_
1
4
j
1
8
_
e
j2
=
1
4
(1.12)e
j26.6

e
j2
A

=
_
j
1
4
+
1
8
j
1
16
_
e
j2
=
1
4
(0.90)e
j56.3

e
j2
The total vector is now A = A
r
a
r
+ A

. We can normalize the vector by rst nding the

magnitude:
|A| =

A A

=
1
4
_
(1.12)
2
+(0.90)
2
= 0.359
Dividing the eld vector by this magnitude and converting 2 rad to 114.6

, we write the normalized

vector as
A
Ns
= 0.780e
j141.2

a
r
+0.627e
58.3

In real instantaneous form, this becomes

A
N
(t ) = Re
_
A
Ns
e
jt
_
= 0.780 cos(t 141.2

)a
r
+0.627 cos(t 58.3

)a

We evaluate this at t = 0 to nd
A
N
(0) = 0.780 cos(141.2

)a
r
+0.627 cos(58.3

)a

= 0.608a
r
+0.330a

255
14.21a. (continued)
Dividing by the magnitude,
_
(0.608)
2
+(0.330)
2
= 0.692, we obtain the unit vector at t = 0:
a
N
(0) = 0.879a
r
+0.477a

. We next convert this to cartesian components:

a
Nx
= a
N
(0) a
x
= 0.879 sin cos +0.477 cos cos =
1

2
(0.879 +0.477) = 0.284
a
Ny
= a
N
(0) a
y
= 0.879 sin sin +0.477 cos sin = 0 since = 0
a
Nz
= a
N
(0) a
z
= 0.879 cos 0.477 sin =
1

2
(0.879 0.477) = 0.959
The nal result is then
a
N
(0) = 0.284a
x
0.959a
z
b) What fraction of the total average power is radiated in the belt, 80

< < 100

? We use the
far-zone phasor elds, (84) and (85), and rst nd the average power density:
P
avg
=
1
2
Re[E
s
H

s
] =
I
2
0
d
2

8
2
r
2
sin
2
W/m
2
We integrate this over the given belt, an at radius r:
P
belt
=
_
2
0
_
100

80

I
2
0
d
2

8
2
r
2
sin
2
r
2
sin d d =
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
_
100

80

sin
3
d
Evaluating the integral, we nd
P
belt
=
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
_

1
3
cos
_
sin
2
+2
_
_
100
80
= (0.344)
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
The total power is found by performing the same integral over , where 0 < < 180

. Doing
this, it is found that
P
t ot
= (1.333)
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
The fraction of the total power in the belt is then f = 0.344/1.333 = 0.258.
14.22. Prepare a curve, r vs. in polar coordinates, showing the locus in the = 0 plane where:
a) the radiation eld |E
s
| is one-half of its value at r = 10
4
m, = /2: Assuming the far eld
approximation, we use (84) to set up the equation:
|E
s
| =
I
0
d
2r
sin =
1
2

I
0
d
2 10
4

r = 2 10
4
sin
b) the average radiated power density, P
r,av
, is one-half of its value at r = 10
4
m, = /2. To nd
the average power, we use (84) and (85) in
P
r,av
=
1
2
Re{E
s
H

s
} =
1
2
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
r
2
sin
2
=
1
2

1
2
I
2
0
d
2

4
2
(10
8
)
r =

2 10
4
sin
256
14.22. (continued) The polar plots for eld (r = 2 10
4
sin ) and power (r =

2 10
4
sin ) are shown
below. Both are circles.
14.23. Two short antennas at the origin in free space carry identical currents of 5 cos t A, one in the a
z
direction, one in the a
y
direction. Let = 2 m and d = 0.1 m. Find E
s
at the distant point:
a) (x = 0, y = 1000, z = 0): This point lies along the axial direction of the a
y
antenna, so its
contribution to the eld will be zero. This leaves the a
z
antenna, and since = 90

, only the E
s
component will be present (as (82) and (83) show). Since we are in the far zone, (84) applies. We
use = 90

, d = 0.1, = 2, =
0
= 120, and r = 1000 to write:
E
s
= E
s
a

= j
I
0
d
2r
sin e
j2r/
a

= j
5(0.1)(120)
4(1000)
e
j1000
a

= j (1.5 10
2
)e
j1000
a

= j (1.5 10
2
)e
j1000
a
z
V/m
b) (0, 0, 1000): Along the z axis, only the a
y
antenna will contribute to the eld. Since the distance
is the same, we can apply the part a result, modied such the the eld direction is in a
y
:
E
s
= j (1.5 10
2
)e
j1000
a
y
V/m
c) (1000, 0, 0): Here, both antennas will contribute. Applying the results of parts a and b, we nd
E
s
= j (1.5 10
2
)(a
y
+a
z
).
d) Find E at (1000, 0, 0) at t = 0: This is found through
E(t ) = Re
_
E
s
e
jt
_
= (1.5 10
2
) sin(t 1000)(a
y
+a
z
)
Evaluating at t = 0, we nd
E(0) = (1.5 10
2
)[sin(1000)](a
y
+a
z
) = (1.24 10
2
)(a
y
+a
z
) V/m.
e) Find |E| at (1000, 0, 0) at t = 0: Taking the magnitude of the part d result, we nd |E| =
1.75 10
2
V/m.
257
14.24. A short current element has d = 0.03. Calculate the radiation resistance for each of the following
current distributions:
a) uniform: In this case, (86) applies directly and we nd
R
rad
= 80
2
_
d

_
2
= 80
2
(.03)
2
= 0.711
b) linear, I (z) = I
0
(0.5d |z|)/0.5d: Here, the average current is 0.5I
0
, and so the average power
drops by a factor of 0.25. The radiation resistance therefore is down to one-fourth the value found
in part a, or R
rad
= (0.25)(0.711) = 0.178 .
c) step, I
0
for 0 < |z| < 0.25d and 0.5I
0
for 0.25d < |z| < 0.5d: In this case the average current on
the wire is 0.75I
0
. The radiated power (and radiation resistance) are down to a factor of (0.75)
2
times their values for a uniform current, and so R
rad
= (0.75)
2
(0.711) = 0.400 .
14.25. A dipole antenna in free space has a linear current distribution. If the length is 0.02, what value of I
0
is required to:
a) provide a radiation-eld amplitude of 100 mV/m at a distance of one mile, at = 90

: With a
linear current distribution, the peak current, I
0
, occurs at the center of the dipole; current decreases
linearly to zero at the two ends. The average current is thus I
0
/2, and we use Eq. (84) to write:
|E

| =
I
0
d
0
4r
sin(90

) =
I
0
(0.02)(120)
(4)(5280)(12)(0.0254)
= 0.1 I
0
= 85.4 A
b) radiate a total power of 1 watt? We use
P
avg
=
_
1
4
__
1
2
I
2
0
R
rad
_
where the radiation resistance is given by Eq. (86), and where the factor of 1/4 arises from the
average current of I
0
/2: We obtain P
avg
= 10
2
I
2
0
(0.02)
2
= 1 I
0
= 5.03 A.
14.26. A monopole antenna in free space, extending vertically over a perfectly conducting plane, has a linear
current distribution. If the length of the antenna is 0.01, what value of I
0
is required to
a) provide a radiation eld amplitude of 100 mV/m at a distance of 1 mi, at = 90

: The image
antenna below the plane provides a radiation pattern that is identical to a dipole antenna of length
0.02. The radiation eld is thus given by (84) in free space, where = 90

, and with an additional

factor of 1/2 included to account for the linear current distribution:
|E

| =
1
2
I
0
d
0
2r
I
0
=
4r|E

|
(d/)
0
=
4(5289)(12 .0254)(100 10
3
)
(.02)(377)
= 85.4 A
b) radiate a total power of 1W: For the monopole over the conducting plane, power is radiated only
over the upper half-space. This reduces the radiation resistance of the equivalent dipole antenna
by a factor of one-half. Additionally, the linear current distribution reduces the radiation resistance
of a dipole having uniform current by a factor of one-fourth. Therefore, R
rad
is one-eighth the
value obtained from (86), or R
rad
= 10
2
(d/)
2
. The current magnitude is now
I
0
=
_
2P
av
R
rad
_
1/2
=
_
2(1)
10
2
(d/)
2
_
1/2
=

10 (.02)
= 7.1 A
258
14.27. The radiation eld of a certain short vertical current element is E
s
= (20/r) sin e
j10r
V/m if it is
located at the origin in free space.
a) Find E
s
at P(r = 100, = 90

, = 30

): Substituting these values into the given formula, nd

E
s
=
20
100
sin(90

)e
j10(100)
= 0.2e
j1000
V/m
b) Find E
s
at P if the vertical element is located at A(0.1, 90

, 90

): This places the element on

the y axis at y = 0.1. As a result of moving the antenna from the origin to y = 0.1, the change in
distance to point P is negligible when considering the change in eld amplitude, but is not when
considering the change in phase. Consider lines drawn from the origin to P and from y = 0.1
to P. These lines can be considered essentially parallel, and so the difference in their lengths is
l
.
= 0.1 sin(30

), with the line from y = 0.1 being shorter by this amount. The construction and
arguments are similar to those used in the discussion of the electric dipole in Sec. 4.7. The electric
eld is now the result of part a, modied by including a shorter distance, r, in the phase term only.
We show this as an additional phase factor:
E
s
= 0.2e
j1000
e
j10(0.1 sin 30
= 0.2e
j1000
e
j0.5
V/m
c) Find E
s
at P if identical elements are located at A(0.1, 90

, 90

) and B(0.1, 90

, 270

): The
original element of part b is still in place, but a new one has been added at y = 0.1. Again,
constructing a line between B and P, we nd, using the same arguments as in part b, that the
length of this line is approximately 0.1 sin(30

) longer than the distance from the origin to P. The

part b result is thus modied to include the contribution from the second element, whose eld will
add to that of the rst:
E
s
= 0.2e
j1000
_
e
j0.5
+e
j0.5
_
= 0.2e
j1000
2 cos(0.5) = 0
The two elds are out of phase at P under the approximations we have used.
259