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Making Sense of It
A Journey through the Senses
Part I: The Eyes Have It
A. Lab partners eye.
Examine figure 18.18a on page 488 in the Martini Anatomy textbook, then look at your lab partners eye. Can you see the following? Eyebrows Eyelashes Caruncle (fleshy bit the medial corner of the eyes) Canthi: corners of the eyes. Now lets briefly discuss the function of each of the above. Eyebrows protect us from perspiration dripping from our foreheads, while eyelashes protect our eyes from debris in the air. We blink about once every 4 to 7 seconds on average. The caruncle is a modified sebaceous gland that helps lubricate the eye. Its secretions collect and harden when you sleep and are the sand in your eyes when you wake. The canthi are the lateral and medial corners of the eyes. The eyelid is a complex structure containing an inner tarsal plate and numerous sebaceous glands. These glands produce an oily substance that helps lubricate the eye. We will not examine it in detail in this course.

2. The Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the surface of the eye and is continuous with the inner eyelid. See Page 490, Figure 18.20. Notice that the conjunctiva does not cover the cornea of the eye. The conjunctiva is a thin transparent mucous membrane and is composed of stratified squamous epithelium resting on an areolar tissue base. Goblet cells (mucous secreting cells) may also be found here. The portion that is found in the inner eyelid is the palpebral conjunctiva; the portion found on the surface of the white of the eye (sclera) is the ocular or bulbar conjunctiva. The two fuse together at a junction at the proximal end of the eyelid, creating a little sac-like space called the fornix.

1. Eyelid (palpebrae)

B. The Macroscopic Eye Models

Although all of our senses are complex and remarkable, we rely most heavily on our sense of sight to experience our world. In this lab, we will view two models of the eye, one with removable (easy to lose) parts and one without. We will call the model with removable parts the eye puzzle and the one without removable parts the solid eye. We will also dissect a sheep eye, which should be a real eyeopening experience. The Eye has three coverings and linings which are called tunics. The fibrous tunic consists of the outer coverings of the eye, the vascular tunic contains the middle, vascular-rich lining of the eye, and the nervous tunic is the inner-most lining, containing the retinas of the eye. We will view the various parts of the eye in reference to these tunics.

1. Eye Puzzle
Before you take the eye puzzle apart, examine its exterior. See Martini pages 488, 490 and 491. Note the white part of the eye, the sclera. Note the clear structure in front, the cornea. The cornea and sclera make the outer tunic (outer coat) of the eye, the fibrous tunic.

2 Both are composed of dense connective tissue, but the cornea has fibers arranged in a linear fashion which allows light to pass through. Review at this time the muscles of the eye which can be seen as red patches on the eyeball surface. These are the superior rectus, the inferior rectus, the lateral rectus, the medial rectus, the superior oblique (only the tendon is shown here) and the inferior oblique. The term rectus means straight; the term oblique means angled. All the eye muscles are regulated by the oculomotor nerves, except for two. The lateral rectus muscle is regulated by the abducens nerve and the superior oblique muscle is regulated by the trochlear nerve. The term trochlea means pulley. There is indeed a bit of cartilage that forms a pulley system with the tendon of the superior oblique muscle. To see the pulley system, look at the eye muscle model at the front of the room, or see Martini page 272, figure 10.5. Recall that the direction each rectus muscle moves the eye is identical to the name and position of the muscle. By contrast, both oblique muscles pull the eye laterally, but the inferior oblique rolls the eyeball upward while the superior oblique rolls the eye downward. Now look for a great orange mass on the lateral side of the eye. This mass is the lacrimal gland, which is the tear producing gland (lacrimal means tears). See Martini, page 488, figure 18.18c. The tears it produces drain over the eyeball from tiny lacrimal ducts and ultimately drain into the nasal cavity. The tears begin their journey into the nasal cavity via two canaliculi located at the medial corner (or canthus) of the eye. At each canthus are special openings to the canaliculi called the puncta (meaning a prick). Always remember that your author has two puncta, but he is not a puncta. From the canaliculi, the tears drain into the nasolacrimal duct and then into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity . The lacrimal gland is on the lateral side of the eye. Remember, lacrimal and lateral both start with L and so they go together. Now open the eye puzzle. See Martini, p. 492, figure 18.21. Note the clear lens that rests behind the cornea. The lens is not associated with any tunic and is made of specialized epithelial tissue. Lens epithelium begins as cuboidal cells, but they elongate and crystalize as they mature. The lens continues to grow with age, and as it does so, it becomes less flexible. This is why you often see older people reading a menu at arms length. Now note the black anterior region of the eye. This is the region of the ciliary body which contains the ciliary muscle and ciliary process. The ciliary muscles are seen in this model as red comma shaped marks near the edge that holds the lens. Note the white lines in the ciliary body. These represent the suspensory ligaments of the lens. Together, the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments control the shape of the lens. When the ciliary muscles are contracted, the suspensory ligaments relax and the lens fattens. This fattening of the lens allows us to see objects that are close to us. By contrast when we view distant objects, the ciliary muscles are relaxed but the suspensory ligaments are stretched tight. In this situation, the lens is pulled thinner. This is why it takes more energy to look at objects close up than at a distance. See Martini, p. 492, figure 18.21. The ciliary process produces aqueous humor, a fluid that will be discussed later. Well get back to more of the vascular tunic soon, but first lets examine the nervous tunic. See Martini pp. 491 and 494. Note the lavender lining inside the eye model. This lining is the pigmented retina. The pigmented retina helps absorb excess light and recycles the biochemical machinery that allows us to see. Youll discuss that more in physiology. In our model, the neural retina is on the stalked sphere that lies in the cavity of the model. It is represented as a white, cloudy layer and has the microscopic arrangement of its cells depicted on it. We will discuss the neural retina in more detail later in this exercise. The jagged region where the ciliary body and both retinas meet is called the ora serrata retinae. See Martini p. 490, figure 18.20. Now lets find the optic nerve. It is the stalk of the inner globe. The neural retina is simply an extension of the optic nerve as we will see later in this exercise. There is a hole in the eye model where the stalk of the optic nerve enters the eye. This region in a real eye is called the optic disk. It is sometimes called the blind spot, because no photoreceptors can exist here. Well examine this in more detail in the sheep eye.

3 Its time now to return to the vascular tunic. Find a brown band between the white sclera and the purple retina. This band represents the choroid coat, or simply choroid, on the puzzle model. When we examine the sheep eye, you will see that the choroid is black. The pigmented retina that rests on the surface of the choroid also contributes to the black pigmentation. The choroid absorbs excess light and is the primary vascular region of the eye. Before we leave the eye puzzle, lets look at the stalked sphere one more time. There is a clear portion of the sphere which represents the vitreous humor. Vitreous humor helps maintain the shape of the eyeball. It is developed during our embryonic phase and is never replaced once made. We will see real vitreous humor when we dissect the sheep eye. Another fluid, aqueous humor, is produced by the ciliary process and will be seen when we dissect the sheep eye as well.

The final tunic is the nervous tunic. The white layer shown just below the choroid is the neural retina. It is the ballooning extension of the optic nerve. The pigmented retina cannot be detected on this model. Now examine the creamy, avascular region below the retina. The front of this region is marked by a bulge which represents the lens on the solid model. Remember the lens is held in place by the suspensory ligaments of the ciliary body. Behind the lens, the creamy mass represents the vitreous humor, a gelatinous mass that helps give the eye its shape. Remember, we only produce vitreous humor as fetuses; none is replaced after birth. Another fluid (humor) of the eye that is continuously made and replaced is aqueous humor. Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary gland. Aqueous humor returns to the bloodstream via the sclero-venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) which is near the junction of the cornea and sclera (See Martini, page 492, figure 18.21.). Incidentally, the name for this junction between the cornea and sclera is the limbus. See Marini, figure 18.20a, page 491. Once again at the rear of the eye is the optic nerve.

Solid Eye Model

Examine the solid eye model. Note the sclera, white of the eyeball. Note the clear region in the front of the eye, the cornea. Recall that the cornea and sclera form the fibrous tunic. We also see the vascular tunic very well on this model. This tunic consists of the iris, which is the colored muscle behind the cornea; the choroid, which is the purple mass at the bottom quarter of the eye model, and the ciliary body. Recall that the ciliary body is composed of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary process. We can see these structures more clearly on the model where the iris is cut away. The pink region is the ciliary body. There are fine threads coursing from the ciliary body, the suspensory ligaments, that hold the lens in place. The ciliary process itself will be near the fiber region. It is the deepest region of the ciliary body. The ciliary muscle can be seen as well. It is a superficial to the ciliary process. The ciliary process is number 17; the ciliary muscle is not numbered on this model. Before we leave the vascular tunic, find the hole in the iris. This is the pupil. The pupil is simply a hole that permits light to pass into the eye. The smooth muscles of the iris determines the size of the pupil. See Martini, page 490, figure 18.20c.

Sheep Eye
Now youre ready for the sheep eye. Take a scalpel and make an incision in the limbus (between the cornea and the sclera). Be careful as this will squirt. Wear your goggles when you do this and make sure your lab partners are wearing theirs or looking away when you do it. The liquid will be aqueous humor. Aqueous humor is the fluid of the anterior cavity of the eye, the region between the cornea and the lens. It is a recycled fluid, made from blood via the ciliary process and returned via the sclero-veonous sinus, also known as the canal of Schlemm. Aqueous humor is also found is the posterior cavity along with vitreous humor. We will see real vitreous humor soon. How exciting! Recall that vitreous humor is not recycled; it is made once while we are still in the womb. Now lets get back to the dissection. Youve made your incision, now cut the cornea away from the sclera. Scissors work well for this. Inside you will see a brownish muscle, the

4 iris. Note the pupil as well. Behind the iris lies an opaque, ball-like lens. The lens is opaque because of the preservative; normally it is very clear. Pop the lens out of the eye, using a probe or a dissecting needle. You will see some jellylike fluid coming out with it. This jelly is the vitreous humor (its so much more interesting to have real stuff than models!) Now that weve seen whats behind the cornea, lets see whats inside the eye. Cut the eye in half sagittally so that you have two half spheres. Notice the tan membrane inside the eye. This membrane is the retina. Notice the black region behind the retina. Part of this is the choroid and part is the pigmented retina. The pigmented retina helps absorb light and maintains the rods and cones. You will see a shiny mother-of-pearl coating as well. This is the tapetum which we find in animals that have eye-shine, but not in us. The tapetum helps gather light at night and helps these animals see. Their vision is probably fuzzier than ours because excess light is not absorbed by a dark choroid. Do you see where the retina attaches? This is the optic disk. On the back of the eye you will see a flesh-tone nub, the optic nerve. Notice that it enters right at the site of the optic disk. Note the black ciliary body located behind the iris and in front of the retina. It is built with spoke-like pleats. The edge of this pleated region where the retina and choroid meet is called the ora serrata retinae. Notice the pupil, the hole in the iris. It is not round in a sheep eye. It is more oval in shape. Again, the iris controls the size of the pupil: a large hole for little light or night vision to let light in; a small hole for bright daylight. Examine the cornea slide under the microscope first at low power, then at high power. You can see a thin layer of squamous epithelium covering the inner surface of the cornea, and a layer of stratified squamous epithelium covering the outer surface. . Behind it is an avascular layer of dense connective tissue. In the corner of the slide, the ciliary process may be present. It is a pink tissue lined with black. Sometimes it resembles a deformed hand! Draw the cornea and ciliary process and label them.

The Microscopic Retina (Gartner and Hiatt p. 391)

Examine the retina slide under the microscope, first at low power (4x) and work your way up to 40x. Notice the black region which represents part of the choroid. The pigmented retina is usually not clearly visible on our slides. The tissue (pastel) directly above the choroid is the photoreceptor layer. Here we find the outer segments of the rods and cones. Above this layer are the nuclei of the rods and cones (the photoreceptor nuclei). They are seen in a broad blue to purple band of spots. The next band of spots is thin relative to the photoreceptor nuclei. These are the nuclei of the bipolar cells. The final band consists of sparsely distributed nuclei, the ganglion cell layer. Here the neuron cell bodies are spread far apart from one another. This layer transmits messages from the rods and cones to the tracts of the optic nerve. You can often see these tracts just above the ganglion cells. Light must pass through the ganglion on its way to the photoreceptors first. This happens in all the regions of the retina except for the fovea centralis, a region that contains all cones that is located directly behind the pupil. On a bright, clear, day your vision is due to the fovea centralis. Draw the retina and label the cellular layers.

The Microscopic Eye The Microscopic Cornea (Gartner & Hiatt p. 389)

Part II: Lend Me Your Ears

In this exercise, we will examine the macroscopic and microscopic ear. Two models will be used. One ear model, which I will call the whole ear model contains the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The second model shows only the inner ear. The second model resembles a snail with a series of three loops at the opposite end. We will call the inner ear model William. Pardon the humor. Lets call it the inner ear model and leave it at that. for the location or function of the tube. Pharyngotympanic is a mouthful, but its a mouthful with anatomical meaning. Anyway, its purpose is to regulate pressure within the inner ear. It is normally a collapsed tube, but it opens when pressure changes are required, like when youre riding in an airplane. Your ears pop when the pharyngo-tympanic tube opens. The stapes is attached to a membrane which makes the base of the stirrup. The membrane is called the oval window, and it is our entrance into the inner ear. The inner ear itself is a cavity. If we use the cavity as a mold and fill it with plastic, we find that the cavity resembles a snail shell. This snail shell is called the cochlea (meaning shell). Projecting from the cochlear are three rings, the semi-circular canals. Between the semi-circular canals and the cochlea is a region called the vestibule (an entrance). We use the cochlea for hearing; the semi-circular canals and vestibule give us our sense of equilibrium or balance.

The Macroscopic Ear The Whole Ear Model

Upon first examination, its easy to see the whole ear model is the model of the ear because there is a large ear jutting out of the side. Calling the outer ear an ear would be too easy, so we will call it the auricle. Now look at the canal running from the auricle. This is the external auditory meatus, also called the external acoustic meatus, and the external auditory (or acoustic) canal. Traveling inward, you run into a membrane called the tympanic membrane, the common name for which is ear drum. As we cross to the inner side of the tympanic membrane, we enter the middle ear Note three little white parts attached to the tympanic membrane. These little parts represent little bones or ossicles. The one attached directly to the tympanic membrane is the malleus (the hammer), the middle ossicle is the incus (the anvil) and the third ossicle which resembles a stirrup or horseshoe is the stapes. The term stapes means stirrup. In a real ear, the stapes is attached to the cochlea; on our models it is usually unattached. We will see at least one real ossicle as well, and hopefully more. Before we leave the middle ear, note the tube traveling medially and obliquely from the middle ear. This tube is called the pharyngotympanic tube (also the auditory tube or the Eustachian tube). I dont relish these two synonyms. Auditory implies that the tube has something to do with hearing, and indeed, it does not. Eustachian is an old term derived from the name of some dude which does us little good as

The Inner Ear Model

Now lets look at the inner ear in more detail. Recall that even though we are examining a solid structure (William, the model) we are actually examining a cavity. Once again find the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. Lets look at the cochlea first. The h on this model represents the inner most part of the cochlea, the helicotrema. The helicotrema is a connecting point between sound entering the inner ear and exiting the inner ear. Typically these sounds are so low they cannot be heard. Most elephant communication happens at this level. We will discuss why later. As you advance toward the semi-circular canals, you see an oval depression. This is once again the oval window, this time with the stapes detached. Sound waves enter the inner ear here. Near the oval window is another depression. This depression is round, and so it is called the round window. Sound waves leave the inner ear here. The great yellow stalk attached to the cochlea is the

6 vestibulocochlear nerve, the nerve we use for both hearing and balance. . Now lets examine the vestibule and semicircular canals. There are two gray pouches on the vestibule. The light gray pouch is the utricle and the dark gray pouch is the saccule. The utricle and saccule contribute to static equilibrium, that is how our bodies are positioned standing still. The utricle contributes to our horizontal balance, and the saccule to our vertical balance. Although they are for static equilibrium, there is a dynamic component as well. They are activated when we move forward horizontally (utricle) or up and down as in riding an elevator (saccule). If you remember the phrase, you have to go up the hill, to see the view and you remember that up means utricle and hill means horizontal, and see means saccule and view means vertical, you will not get the functions of the utricle and saccule confused. One more region to explore is the semicircular canals. Each canal has a bulge at the base. This bulge is the ampulla. It contains a special saillike membrane that gives us our sense of dynamic equilibrium when we move in an angular fashion. A ballerina relies heavily on the semicircular canals when she performs. We will see the ampulla under the microscope later in this lab. that lines the scala vestibuli and scala tympani and the canals themselves are called the osseous labyrinth. The scala media and its membranes are called the membranous labyrinth. Perilymph flows in the osseous labyrinth; endolymph flows in the membranous labyrinth. Now let us examine the membranes that are found around and within the membranous labyrinth. The vestibular membrane is a thin piece of simple squamous epithelium that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media. A thick membrane, the basilar membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani. The tectorial membrane is a partial membrane that only travels half the distance or less across the scala media. It holds special hair cells in the place that fire the vestibulocochlear nerve. These hair cells are part of the Organ of Corti, a group of cells that resemble a suspension bridge resting on the basilar membrane. In real life, the tectorial membrane should rest on top of the hair cells of the Organ of Corti. Often this membrane is displaced and bent back when slides are prepared. Our slides are no exception. Note the structure that resembles a cliff which holds the tectorial membrane. If positioned properly, the tectorial membrane resembles a diving board, Martini p. 481. The cliff itself is called the spiral limbus. Deep within and below the spiral limbus, ganglion cells and axonal tracts of the vestibulocochlear nerve can often be seen. Draw the inner ear and label the structures.

The Microscopic Inner Ear (Gartner & Hiatt, pp.395-399)

Turn to Gartner and Hiatt and examine the Microscopic Ear photo. This illustration represents the microscopic view of the cochlea. Note the various chambers in the ear. Look for one of the many three ringed chambers. We sometimes refer to this combination of chambers as the cochlear canal. Now examine the cochlea slide and focus it on 4x. Find one of the many cochlear canals. Now take your magnification up to 10x and then 40x. Find the following on your slide: the scala vestibuli, the scala tympani, the scala media (cochlear duct). Perilymph, a fluid resembling cerebral spinal fluid is found in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. Endolymph, a thicker fluid resembling cytoplasm, is found in the scala media. Together, the connective tissue

How We Hear
Sound travels to the auricle through the external auditory meatus, vibrating the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane in turn vibrates the malleus which vibrates the incus, which vibrates the stapes. The stapes vibrates the oval window which vibrates perilymph in the scala vestibuli. Sound courses through the scala vestibuli and then crosses over through the vestibular membrane into the endolymph of the scala media (we will discuss what determines the point of crossing later). Then as sound travels through the endolymph of the scala media, it displaces the basilar membrane. As sound travels through the basilar membrane it travels into the scala tympani and makes its way back toward the middle ear via the round window. Ultimately

7 sound waves go back into the middle ear where they have no effect. This is because the entire auditory system is geared to vibrate one way, not backwards. Furthermore, any pressure in the middle ear resulting from an accumulation of sound waves is soon displaced of by the pharyngo-tympanic tube. Now to answer the question, When does sound cross over from the scala vestibuli to the scala media via the vestibular membrane? That depends upon the pitch of the sound. High pitch sound crosses over early, low pitch later, and very low pitch may travel through the helicotrema and may not be heard at all. We have a range of sounds we can hear. Dogs respond to a dog whistle, because their cochlear canal is longer than ours which means they can hear higher pitches. When sound travels across the endolymph in the scala media, it places pressure on the basilar membrane. Recall that the basilar membrane moves to displace sound into the perilymph of the scala tympani. When the basilar membrane moves, it slightly displaces the hair cells of the Organ of Corti. These hair cells are pulled away slightly from the tectorial membrane. The pulling of the hair cells sends signals to the vestibulocochlear nerve which fires particular axons for particular pitches. Few sounds fire one set of pitch ganglia; most fire several ganglia at once, which is why a violin sounds different from a clarinet or a trumpet, or a piano. A tuning fork gives the purest pitch, but the sounds it makes are bland compared to musical instruments and the human voice.

Crista Ampullaris (Gartner & Hiatt p. 395)

Turn to Gartner and Hiatt. Note that within the base of each semi-circular canal there is an inner chamber, the ampulla, which is composed of both an osseous labyrinth and a membranous labyrinth. Within the membranous labyrinth rests a sail-like device called the crista ampullaris. Recall that the crista ampullaris is involved with angular dynamic equilibrium. Examine the slide called crista ampullaris and locate the crista ampullaris on low power. The crista resembles a little nipple either pointing up or hanging down depending upon the position of your slide. Move to higher power. Note the cupulla, the tip of the sail-like membrane of the crista ampullaris Note the ampulla as well, the lower part of the sail-like membrane. At the base of the ampulla lies a line of epithelial sensory cells. Supporting cells are found on either side of the ampulla; nerve fibers from the vestibulocochlear nerve course from the base of the sensory cells and are sometimes seen as linear structures. Draw the crista ampullaris and label the structures.

Part III: You have Taste

Taste is a sense that is detected by specialized neural epithelial cells located mainly on the tongue. The tongue has only four modalities (kinds) of tastes that it can detect. Sweet taste is at the tip of the tongue (a), salt is on the tip and sides (b), sour is at the sides of the tongue (c) and bitter is at the rear of the tongue (d). The anterior two thirds of the tongue is innervated by the facial nerve, while the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve innervate the rear. These last two nerves register only bitter taste. Now examine Tongue #2. Note that the tongue is made of little hill-like projections called papillae. There are three kinds: filiform papillae (long and thin containing no taste buds), fungiform papillae, fatter containing taste buds and cicumvallate or just vallate papillae at the rear of the tongue are last round papillae that also contain taste buds. Figure C shows a taste bud and its various cells. Take the taste bud slide and examine it for taste buds on low power (also see Gartner & Hiatt p. 267 and p. 269). You should see little onion-like objects at low power on the sides of the papillae (figure B). Once you locate one, go up to 40x power. Try to find the elongated hair cells with cilia projecting from them. These are the sensory cells. Non-ciliated elongated epithelial cells are supporting cells. They will mature into sensory cells. You may find a few small cells tucked in the corner. These are basal cells. Basal cells are mitotic cells that will give rise to supporting cells. Taste bud cells live for approximately seven to ten days. We have fewer of them as we age. Draw the taste bud and label the cells. Go to the front of the room and take a jelly belly out of the sac. Hold your nose and then place the candy in your mouth. Chew it while still holding your nose. After a few chews, release your nose. You will be able to detect the flavor of the jelly belly with your nose open. Why? Taste is 80% smell. We detect certain flavors with our taste buds, but we fine-tune our sense of taste by combing it with your sense of smell. Bon appetit!

Part IV: A Class of Touch

We do not have a sense of touch all through our bodies. You cant feel your breakfast, or the urine in your urinary bladder. Your skin, on the other hand, is full of sensory mechanisms for light touch, pressure, vibration and temperature, but even here not all skin is created equal. You have better, more refined sense of touch in your finger tips than you do on your arm, or the back of your neck. A receptor filed experiment reveals as much. If we have time, Ill demonstrate it. However, in this exercise we will examine two of these receptors, the Meissners corpuscle and the Pacinian corpuscle. You can see these in your Skin and Special Senses handout on the Touch page along with other sensory receptors. Find the slide called Finger tip and examine it on low power. You will see folds between the stratified squamous epithelium, the epidermis, and the dense irregular connective tissue of the dermis (Gartner & Hiatt, p. 225, figure 1). Within these folds, called dermal papillae, are sensory neurons called Meissners corpuscles (Gartner & Hiatt, p. 231, figure 3). Examine your slide on high power (10x or 40x). Find the Meissners corpuscles. Notice that they are surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule. Meissners corpuscles are used for sensitive touch. We will return to the skin later. Draw the Meissners corpuscle. Now find the pancreas slide that has the Pacinian corpuscle (corpuscle of Vater). Although the pancreatic tissue is far from being skin, it does possess a similar pressure receptor, the Pacinian corpuscle. Pacinian corpuscles resemble horizontally cut onions (Gartner & Hiatt p. 231, figure 4). The dendritic end of the neuron within the corpuscle is surrounded by multiple layers of Schwann cells. Similar receptors are found in joints, which send feedback to the cerebellum for balance. Draw the Pacinian corpuscle.

Other Receptors (see Skin Model)

Receptor
Meissners corpuscle Free Nerve Endings Merckels cells Corpuscle (Organ) of Ruffini Bulb of Krause (Mucocutaneous Corpuscles) Pacinian Corpuscle

Model #
28 29 30 31 32 33

Function
Light, discriminative touch Pain, touch and temperature Touch, neuroendocrine function? Stretch receptor Light touch primarily in mucous membranes of mouth and anus. Shouldnt be on the skin model. Deep pressure, vibration detector.

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Senses Lab

Name____________________________

Draw the cornea and ciliary process.

Draw the retina and label the cellular layers.

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Draw the inner ear and label the membranes and scala.

Draw the taste bud.

Draw the Meissners corpuscle

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Draw the Pacinian corpuscle.