Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252

Project Report On

CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF TUBEROSE

Submitted By:
Nabanita Adhikari Roll.-47 B.Sc (Ag.), 8th Semester, 4th Year

CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF TUBEROSE

Introduction:The tuberose occupies a very selective and special position among the ornamental bulbous plants for its beauty, elegance and sweet pleasant fragrance. It has a great economic potential for cut-flower trade and essential oil industry. Due to their great demand, it is currently cultivated in most of the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. India has a long tradition of floriculture. References to flowers and gardens are found in ancient Sanskrit classics like the Rig Veda (C 3000-2000 BC), Ramayana (C 12001300 BC), Mahabharata (prior to 4th Century BC), Sheldrake (100 BC), Ashvagodha (C 100 AD), Kailas (C 400 AD) and Sarangdhara (C 1200 AD). The social and economic aspects of flower growing were, however, recognized much later. The offering and exchange of flowers on all social occasions, in places of worship and their use for adornment of hair by women and for home decoration have become an integral part of human living. With changing life styles and increased urban affluence, floriculture has assumed a definite commercial status in recent times and during the past 2-3 decades particularly. Appreciation of the potential of commercial floriculture has resulted in the blossoming of this field into a viable agri-business option. Availability of natural resources like diverse agro-climatic conditions permit production of a wide range of temperate and tropical flowers, almost all through the year in some part of the country or other. Improved communication facilities have increased their availability in every part of the country. The commercial activity of production and marketing of floriculture products is also a source of gainful and quality employment to scores of people.

Present Situation of Cut Flower Production

In-spite of the long and close association with floriculture, the records of commercial activity in the field are very few. The information on the area under floriculture and the production generated is highly inadequate. As commercial floriculture is an activity which has assumed importance only in recent times, there are not many large farms engaged in organised floriculture. In most part of the country flower growing is carried out on small holdings, mainly as a part of the regular agriculture systems.

Morphology and Classification

Tuberose is a half-hardy, bulbous perennial perpetuating itself through the bulblets. Bulbs are made up of scales and leaf bases and the stem is a condensed structure which remains concealed within scales. Roots are mainly adventitious and shallows. The leaves are long, narrow, linear, grass-like, light green, and arise in rosette. The flowers have a funnel shaped perianth and are fragrant, waxy

white, about 25 mm long, single or double and borne in a spike. The terminal flower spikes arising from the bulb produce flowers for a number of days. Stamens are six in number, anthers dorsifixed in the middle, ovary 3 locular, ovules numerous and fruits are capsule.

Species and Cultivars

The various species and cultivars of tuberose are mentioned here.

Species
Polianthes is a monotypic genus and is closely related to Bravoa from which it differs in having a perianth tube which is widened upwards. The genus contains about a dozen of species but they are not clearly distinct. Nine of the species so described had white flowers, one was white-and-red and two are red. All are found growing wild with the exceptions of P. tuberosa which has never been found anywhere except under cultivation. The only close relative of P. tuberosa is believed to be Polianthes gracilis. The important species is given here.

1. Polyanthus tuberosa
2. Polianthes polustris

3. P. durangensis
4. P. montana 5. P. longiflora 6. P. platyphylla 7. P. graminifolia . 8. P. geminiflora 9. P. gracilis (P. tuberosa vas. gracilis) This species is supposed to be Mexican and is distinguished by slender habit and narrower leaves. Perianth tubes are long and slender Possibly this was the original form of P. tuberosa. 10. P. pringlei Plants of this species have small bulbs and smooth stems. Flowers are sessile, in pairs of 3 or 4, curved, fragrant and white in colour which changes to slightly purplish on drying.

Cultivars
There are three types of tuberose: i. single with one row of corolla segments; ii. semi-double bearing flowers with 2-3 rows of segments; iii. double having more than three rows of corolla segments. Appreciable variation in the morphological characters of plants including the flower have been recorded in the population of single and double types, and selection of large flowered and small flowered types have been done in both the cases. Named cultivars are few, except a double petalled cultivar called the Pearl or Dwarf Pearl Excelsior, one or more variegated forms and a single form usually called Mexican Single but sometimes Mexican Ever blooming. Often the florets of the double tubersome fail to open completely which results in the reduction of its fragrance. Single flowered type is more fragrant and is widely cultivated than the other types. Rajat Rekha and suama Rekha are two cultivars recently released at NBRl, Lucknow . Sometimes cultivar names are given after places like Calcutta Single and Calcutta Double. In India, Calcutta Single and Mexican Single have been identified as promising ones for large scale cultivation.

REQUIRE ENVIRONMENT Climate

Tuberose grows in mild climate without extremes of high or low temperatures even though it can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions. In India, the commercial cultivation of tuberose is mainly confined in warm humid areas with average temperature range from 200 to 350 centigrade. For its luxuriant growth, it requires high humidity and a temperature around 300 centigrade. Temperature above 400C reduces the spike length and quality of the flowers. Very low temperature and frost also damage the plants and flowers. Tuberose grows well in sunny situation.

Soil
The tuberose grows in a wide range of soils. Its cultivation can also be extended economically in almost unproductive soils affected by salinity and alkalinity. Loam and sandy loam soils having a pH range from 6.5 to 7.5 with good aeration and drainage are considered suitable for its cultivation. The soil should be rich in organic matter and retain sufficient moisture for proper growth. However, it is suggested that heavy soils, where rice is cultivated should be preferred to light red soils. For

cultivation in pots, a mixture of garden soil, FYM and leaf mould in the proportion of 2:1:1 should be used.

Propagation
Tuberose is mainly propagated vegetatively by means of bulbs. Seeds, if produced, are difficult to germinate and are seldom used for raising plants. Although, not very common, propagation may also be done by the division of bulbs. To get virus-free material or for a very rapid multiplication, the propagation is done through tissue culture.

A. Seed propagation
Under favourable climatic conditions, seed setting is observed only in the single flowered cultivar. Seeds are sown in well prepared growing medium containing leaf mould and garden soil in equal proportion. Moisture and temperature have a marked effect on germination. The soil temperature of 80F (26.6C) is supposed to be optimum. The bed for raising seedling should thoroughly be prepared by digging and sufficient quantity of FYM is to be mixed before sowing. The seeds are sown in rows 10 cm apart and 1.5 cm deep in heavy soil and 2.0 cm in light soil. B. Vegetative propagation The tuberose can also be propagated vegetatively by the following methods. 1. Propagation by bulbs This is the most common method practised commercially for the multiplication of tuberose. However, care should be taken in the selection of suitable bulbs. Spindle-shaped bulbs free from diseases and having an average diameter of 1.5 cm or above should always to preferred to conical or flat bulbs. The maximum production of bulbs can be obtained by planting the early and to grow as late as possible. 2. Propagation by division Another method of propagation is by using bulb segments. The success, depends on the size of the bulbs and only the segments from large bulbs (2 cm or more in diameter) regenerate well. Bulbs are cut into 2-3 vertical sections, each containing a bud and a part of the basal plate. Each of these sections is treated with fungicide and planted vertically in a rooting medium with their tips just showing above the surface. A moderately warm temperature, slightly higher than for mature bulbs should be maintained. New bulblets along with roots develop from the basal plate. At this time they are transferred to the ground to continue growth. C. Micropropagation The conventional method of propagation through bulbs is rather slow to meet the growing demand and, therefore, clonal propagation through tissue culture may be utilized for rapid and largescale multiplication.

CULTIVATION PROCESS
The various cultivation practices for the growth of tube rose are described here.

A. Site selection
For optimum growth and high yield of flowers it is preferable to choose a place having plenty of sunlight. A little shade towards the later part of the afternoon is desirable in hot summer of there is too much shade, the plants grow tall and lanky and the flowering is adversely affected. Tuberose is sensitive to wet feet, hence drainage should be good, water- logging even for a short period damages the root system and affects the growth and flowering.

B. Soil preparation
Land preparation is very important for the cultivation of tuberose. The field should be worked deep to a good tilth and properly manured. If the soil is not thoroughly prepared and contains soil clods or undecomposed organic matter, bulb production is affected and it also reduces the yield and quality of flowers. Well rotten cow dung or farmyard manure @ 50 tonnes/ha, should be incorporated with the soil about a month before planting. Care should be taken to make the land free from weeds.

C. Bulb selection and planting

Selection of good planting materials necessary for obtaining higher yield and good quality of flowers. It has been observed that fresh bulbs if planted, lead only to profuse vegetative growth but little flowering, and a storage for few weeks is essential for better growth and flower production. Therefore, clumps of bulbs should be dug out of the soil when plants cease to grow and are stored in the well ventilated semi-shady place for at least one month before planting. The bulbs before planting, should be treated with fungicide, and Blitox may be used for this purpose. They should carefully be placed upright by land and covered with soil. Clumps as such should never be planted as the plants grow vegetatively rather than produce flowering spikes. For pot cultivation, 2-3 bulbs are planted in the centre of a 20 cm pot.

C.1. Bulb size, depth and planting time

The size of bulb plays an important role on growth and flowering of tuberose. It influences the sprouting of bulbs and the time required is inversely proportional to the size of the bulb. Larger bulbs were found to take more time for sprouting. This might be due to the presence of more layers of membranes scales which interfered exchange of gases and inhibited metabolic process. Plant height

and number of leaves per bulb also showed gradual increase with the increase in bulb size-up to a certain limit. Bulb size also influences flowering. Larger bulbs cause early flowering and give higher yield of spike and flowers. The number of flowers per spike, flower quality, daughter bulb production etc were also found to be related to bulb size.

In general, bulbs having diameter having 2.0 to 3.0 cm are suitable for planting. It has been observed that planting of bulbs having 2.6 to 3.0 cm recorded the highest yield of spikes (15.1 Iakhs/ha) and flowers (30.1 tonnes/hectare). Planting depth also marketedly influences growth and production of flowers. It may vary from 4.0 to 7.0 cm depending on the size of the bulb, mature of soil as well as the growing regions. The bigger is the bulb, the more is the depth. Similarly, in sandy soil, planting is deeper as compared to clay soil. Planting of bulbs at greater depth delays the appearance of shoots. In sandy loam soil, planting of bulbs at the depth of 6.0 cm is recommended. Tuberose is generally planted in February-March in the plains and in April-May in the hills. On a medium fertile clay soil, the best time for planting was reported between 14 and 29 June. In southern parts of India, the bulb should be planted in the month of July-August. Planting of bulbs in the month of April has shown to record the highest yield of spikes and flowers in the cv. single. Sequential planting may be practised to obtain flowers almost throughout the year, if the temperature is not very low in the winter months. Replanting is necessary after 3 years

C.2. Planting distance

Plant density influences the yield and quality of flowers and bulbs obtained per unit area. Higher plant density has been found to produce greater yield of spikes, flowers and bulbs. The planting distance varies in different regions. Similarly the quantity of planting material required for an area is also variable.

D. Irrigation
Soil moisture is an important factor affecting growth and flowering in tuberose. Irrigation should be done before planting to provide optimum moisture for sprouting and further irrigation should be avoided until the bulbs have sprouted .Too much moisture in the soil at the time of sprouting results in the rotting of bulbs and similar condition during flowering adversely affects the development of spikes and flowers. The frequency of irrigation depends upon soil type, stage of growth and weather conditions. The tuberose fields should be irrigated at interval of 10-15 days, if the weather is dry. It has been suggested that during summer months (April to June) the crop should be irrigated at weekly interval and during winter at 10-day interval.

In South India, the crop requires irrigation twice a week during dry months and at weekly interval during other months except in the rainy season. In an investigation on the effect of irrigation frequency on the growth and flowering, it was observed that plants of cv. Pearl irrigated at 40 11m2 every 7 days were large, flowered earlier and produced large bulbs than those irrigated at every 14 days. The effect of different watering rates and mulching on tuberose for bulb enlargement was studied and found that drip irrigation at 2000-3000 m3/ha gave the best yield of 30-32 bulbs/m2 of planting size. Mulching with black polythene does not reduce the water requirement.

E. Manuring and Fertilization

The requirement of manures and fertilizers for tuberose vary with climatic conditions and soil types. During the preparation of soil a basal application of leaf mould, farmyard manure or cattle manure @ 20 to 50 tonnes/ha. High dose of, N and P markedly promotes leaf and bulb formation in tuberose. These treatments also improve flowering. The effect of K has been less pronounced than N and P in these respects. The plants treated with low dose of N and P shows growth inhibition and fails to flower. Tuberose responds to fertilizer application but it should not be fertilized with excessive N as the flower spike become quite tall and soft, making it vulnerable to wind and the plants become more susceptible to diseases and pests. The flower quality is also affected adversely. The effect of deficiency of various elements is given in Table 1 here.

Table 1: Effect of fertilizer deficiency

Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fertilizer element Nitrogen Phosphorus Calcium Magnesium Iron Boron Manganese Deficiency symptom Reduction in number of spikes and number of flowers per spike; typical pale green foliage Dark green upper leaves and purple colouration in lower leaves; reduction in growth and flowering Cracking of the spike, bud rot in case of acute deficiency Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves Interveinal chlorosis of new leaves Cracking of leaf margins, deformed leaves and stunted inflorescence Yellowing between the veins of lower leaves

Although tuberose cultivation has been found to be a profitable enterprise, experimental evidence on their nutritional requirements are meagre. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium greatly influence growth and flower production. In a neutral clay soil, having high amount of potassium, the best nutrient combination has been found to be N @ 200 kg/ha and P 25 @ 60 kg/ha. K2O (potash) has not shown any response. However, for tuberose cultivation soils low in potassium, application of K2O @ 50 kgiha have been suggested.

F. Growth and Flowering

Tuberose bulb goes through a characteristic cycle of development beginning with its initiation as a growing point. In the vegetative stage the bulblets grow and attain their maximum size. The subsequent reproductive stage includes the initiation of flower differentiation of floral parts, elongation of the flowering shoot and finally flowering and sometimes seed production. Tuberose normally begins to flower in 80 to 95 days after sprouting. It flowers profusely during summer and rains (April-September) in the plains of eastern parts of India, in the hills it flowers in May-August, while in milder climate this flowers well throughout the year.

Environmental factors
The various environmental factors affecting the growth and flowering of tuberose are mentioned here.

1. Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor affecting growth and initiation and subsequent flower development of bulbous plants. High (40C) as well as low temperature (10C) reduce spike length, weight and quality of tuberose flowers. The optimum temperature range for growth and development is 20 to 30C. However, it was observed that a temperature of 19.3C was optimum for the differentiation and development of flower bud. Storage temperature also influences the sprouting of bulbs after planting and subsequent growth and flower production. Preplant storage of bulbs at 10C for a period of 30 days was found to improve the plant growth and increase yield of spikes and flowers. This treatment also caused early emergence of flower spikes and improved the quality of flowers.The bulb remain dormant during winter months in places where the temperature is low.

2. Light
Although tuberose is not strictly photosensitive, long day exposure promotes vegetative growth as well as early emergence of the first flower spike, and also increases the length of the flower spikes. A day length of about 16 hours promoted growth and flowering. Though the influence of light on growth and development of tuberose has not been methodically studied, reduction in light intensity promotes the leaf length whereas increase in the intensity and duration of light result in production of quality blooms, provided there is optimum temperature. Low light intensity adversely affects flowering, therefore, in short-day conditions i.e. winter growing, supplementary light may help producing better blooms.

3. Role of growth substances and other chemicals

Growth and developmental behaviour of bulbous plants is also regulated either by a single or by an interaction of several endogenous growth hormones like gibberellin, auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA). They playa major role in directing the movement of organic metabolites and in establishing sinks. Application of certain growth substances has been found to influence the growth and flowering of tuberose. i. Soaking of sprouting bulbs for one hour in solution of 100 ppm GA or 400 ppm CCC advanced the flowering by 17 and 15 days. Treatment of plants with CCC at 1000 ppm increases flower yield. However, at higher concentration (3000 ppm), delay in flowering has been noticed. ii. Soaking of bulbs in GA, ethrel, kinetin and thiourea solutions before planting, improves the growth and flowering of tuberose. iii. Among the different chemicals used GA and thiourea has proved more effective than others. Thiourea promotes plant height and leaf number, while GA improves flowering. Treatment with GA @ 200 mg/l causes earliest flowering and gives the maximum yield of spikes and flowers. iv. The dormancy can successfully be broken by dipping the bulbs in 4% thiourea solution for one hour. Ethylene chlorhydrin is found to be effective for large bulbs but does not stimulate sprouting in small bulbs. Soaking in carbon tetrachloride is only partially effective for large bulbs and is harmful to small bulbs.

Weed Control
Weeds become serious problem in the cultivation of tuberose as heavy manurial and irrigation requirements of this crop create conducive conditions for the growth of various types of weeds. If these weeds are not removed in time, growth and productivity will be markedly reduced. Manual weeding is effective if done frequently. But this method is very laborious and increases the cost of cultivation. Generally, after each irrigation, weeding is done. Hoeing between plants is also necessary to loose the soil and destroy the weeds. Certain chemicals have proved effective in controlling both monocot and dicot weeds. It has been reported that pre-emergence application of Diaron (80%) @2.8kg ai./ha and ATP+CIPC mixture @2.0+1.5 Kg ai/ha, effectively controlled weeds in tuberose field. About 65-85% reduction of weeds was noted by the application of these chemicals. It has been observed that treatment with Treflan @ 2kg/ha and emulsified in 20 hl of water control most weeds except Cyperus longus. Pre-plant application of Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino- 6-isopropylamino, 1,3,5. triazine) @ 3.0kg ai./ha was also found very useful for the reduction of weed population in tuberose field resulting in the highest yield (10.2 tonnes/ha) of good quality flowers.

Disease Control
Tuberose is hardy and there are no serious diseases and pests posing problems for the cvItivatiqn of this crop. However, it is attacked by some diseases and pests which are described here.

1. Fungal diseases
The important fungal diseases affecting Tuberose are mentioned here.

a. Stem rot The stem rot disease is caused by a fungal organism known as Sclerotium rolfsii.
Symptoms The disease symptom is preceded by the appearance of prominent coarse mycelial masses on leaf surface at or near the soil level. Soon the infected spots lose green colour due to rotting which extend and cover the whole leaf. The infected leaves fall on the soil surface and become detached from the plant. More or less round sclerotia, brown in colour, are formed on and around the infected leaves. As a result the infected plants become weak and send out few or none of the flowering shoots in case of severe damage. Control The disease can be controlled by soil application of Brassico! (quintozene) or Zineb at 3-week interval. All India Co-ordinated Floriculture Improvement Project recommended dusting of Brassicot (20%) @ 30kg/ha. Mercuric chloride at 0.1 % and commercial formalin at 0.2% also gave excellent.control. Infection can also be minimized by reducing soil moisture or planting at wider spacing. Destruction of infected plant debris is also important because it harbours the fungus. b. Botrytis spots and blight This disease is caused by Botrylis elliptica. This organism seriously damages the leaves. . Control When the fungus has not caused serious damage to the leaves, it can be controlled by spraying the plants with i. ammoniacal copper @ 2gal/l00 gal. of water, ii. greeno and iii. sodium salt of O-hydroxydiphenyl, 1:200. The treatment should be repeated at fortnightly interval. 2. Bacterial disease The important bacterial diseases affecting Tuberose are mentioned here. a. Flower bud rot This disease is caused by Erwinia spp. Symptoms The disease appears mainly on young flower buds and results in dry rotting of the buds with brown scorched necrotic discolouration of peduncles. At later stage, buds shrivel and become dry. Control The disease can be controlled by segregation of plants and application of corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1000).

3. Bunchy top disease A contagious disease known as bunchy top causes mal-formation of the inflorescence like a ball and the flower spike grows to only one-third of its normal height. Control of thrips which are associated with this disease, checks the malady.

Pest Control
The important pests affecting the tuberose are mentioned here. 1. Grasshopper The insects feed on young leaves and flower buds. Control Spraying the plants thoroughly at fortnightly interval with 0.1 % Roger or 0.1 % Malathion keeps away these pests. 2. Weevil The adult weevils which become active in darkness damage the shoots and feed on the leaves. Generally they feed at the edge of the leaf producing a characteristic notched effect. The larvae feed on roots and tunnel into the bulbs. Control Larvae can be controlled by dressing the soil with BHC dust before planting and working it into the top few inches. 3. Aphids Aphids, very small in size, feed on the flower buds and growing points.

Control
These pests may be controlled by spraying 0.1 % Malathion at 10-day interval. Spraying with dimethoate (Roger) is also effective. 4. Thrips Thrips feed on leaves, flower stalks and flowers. They suck sap from these parts and ultimately damage the whole plant. Sometimes they are associated with a contagious disease known as bunchy top where the inflorescence is mal- formed. Control Thrips can be controlled by spraying the plants with 0.1 % Rogor or 0.1% Malathion. 5. Red spider mites Mites such sap and yellow stripes and streaks appear on the foliage, which spread until the leaves become yellow, silvery or bronze and distorted. Control Spraying with Kelthane has been found very effective to control the mites.

Harvesting and Yield

The harvesting and yield of tuberose has been briefly explained here. A.

Harvesting of Dowers
Harvesting of tuberose bulbs at proper stage of maturity is important for storage of bulbs and their growth. The bulbs reach maturity when the flowering is over and plant growth ceases. At this stage, the old leaves become dry before digging out the bulbs. The leaves are cut at the ground level and bulbs are taken out of the soil.

Tuberose is harvested by cutting the spikes from the base for table decoration or the individual flower is picked from the spike for making garlands and other floral ornaments. Picking of flowers should be done in cool hours of the day either in the morning or evening. Harvesting of flowers, on the previous evening and marketing in the next morning leads to a weight loss of about 40 percent. Four to five persons can harvest about 60 kg flowers in 2 to 2.5 hours. The flower spike for table decoration should be cut when the first pair of flowers fulIy open, with a sharp knife and placed immediately in water. The small clasping leaves on the flower stalk should be retained for a longer life of the flowers.

B. Yield
Flower production varies with cultivars and depends upon bulb size at planting time and density of planting and cultural practices adopted. In a 3-year experiment with tuberose cv. Single, flower yield of 12,000 kg/ha was recorded by using FYM alone, while fertilization with N and P increased the yield to 29~951 kg/ha. Average yield of 4.8 to 9.6 tonnes in the plant crop, 8.9-12.1 tonnes/ha in the first ratoon crop and 4.2-5.4 tonnes/ha in the second ratoon crop, depending on the size of bulbs were recorded in cv.single.

Post Harvest Handling and Packaging

Loose flowers are packed in bamboo baskets holding about 10-15 kg flowers and are transported to the nearby wholesale market where they are sold by weight. The flowers spikes are graded according to length of spike, length of flowering zone and quality of individual flower and then bunched in round bundles each having about 100 sticks. The stem portion of the bundles is wrapped in wet newsprint sheets. To avoid damage of the flowers and buds, the whole bundle should be wrapped in soft, white tissue paper or polythene. These bundles may be packed in the card-board boxes and shipped by air to reach the destination quickly.

Importance and Uses

Tuberose has gained considerable importance and it is cultivated commercially for its varied uses. 1. It can successfully be grown in pots, beds and borders. 2. The flower remains fresh for a pretty long time and stands long distance transportation and fills a useful place in the flower market. 3. Flowers are used for artistic garlands, floral ornaments, bouquets and buttonholes. The long flower spikes are excellent as cut-flowers for table decoration when arranged in bowls and vases. The variegated type with golden striped leaf margins is very attractive and suitable for the beautification of gardens. 4. Flowers are the source of the tuberose oil. The natural flower oil of tuberose remains today one of the most expensive of the perfumer's raw material. The most common constituents of tuberose concrete are geranial, nerol, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, engenol, benzyl benzoate and methyl anthranilate. 5. Fragrant flowers are added along with stimulants or sedatives to the favourite beverage prepared from chocolate and served either hot or cold as desired. 6. The bulbs are reported to contain alkaloid lycorine, which causes vomiting. Two steroidal sapogenins namely hecogenin and a small amount of tigogenin, a poly fructosan have been isolated from the bulbs. Presence of transfructosidase has also been observed. 7. The bulbs are considered diuretic and emitic. They are rubbed with turmeric and butter and applied as a paste over red pimples of infants. Dried tuberose bulbs in the powdered form are used as a remedy for gonorrhoea.

CULTIVATION TUBEROSE V/S FIXED DEPOSITE IN THE BANK

If a farmer wants to make an Enterprise of TUBEROSE, he will get more profit from his enterprise than return from the Bank if he Fixed deposited the same amount of money expensed for the enterprise in one year. The following balance-sheet is given below:

Name of the Farmer: Address:

Sukumar Shit

Vill.-Mirupur, PO.-Josoraj Pur PS- Pingla, Dist-Paschim Medinipur

Operational Holding (Total area under cultivation): (100 decimal) LOCAL MARKET: KOLAGHAT

Acre

INPUT (Annual)
TYPE OF THE INPUT
1. For Bed preparation spending for Tractor

QUANTITY

COST(Rs. )

[email protected]/hr

1,400 1500 12,000 80,000 12,000

2. Spending for Power- [email protected]/hr Tiller 3. Bulb 5

Quintal@Rs2400/q
4. Fertilizer(Organic+ ChemicalDAP) 5. Pesticide (Risivan, Coragine, Flame, ) 6. Labour* 7. Irrigation Total
#

470 @ Rs.140

8. Risk Factor

56,000 15,000 22,100 2,00,0 00

*For Planting=18 labour, weeding purpose=120 labour, Fertilizer & Pesticide purpose=32 labour Plucking purpose= 300 labour # 52 Irrigation

OUTPUT (Annual)
TOTAL AREA 1 ACRE AMOUNT OF CUT FLOWER (KG./ACRE) 12, 000 COST Rs. 50/Kg Net Return Rs. 6, 00, 000

Profit=OUTPUT-INPUT =6,00,000 2,00,000 =4,00,000(Rs.)

If the amount of Rs.2, 00,000 is fixed deposited to the bank then the return will be = 2, 00, 000+ (2, 00, 000*10)/100 = 2, 20, 000 *interest @ 10%

So the Profit ratio will be= (4,00,000/2,20,000) =20:11

So from the above balance sheet we can conclude that if anyone invest his money to open an enterprise of tuberose rather than fixing the same amount in the bank he will get nearly double profit.