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CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture: Topic: Introduction Reading: Chapter 1

The document discusses the difference between computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally. It also discusses hierarchical system design, modular design approaches like top-down and bottom-up, and ways to implement system components using hardware, software, or firmware. Performance characteristics are discussed for each approach.

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Narender Kumar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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30 views

CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture: Topic: Introduction Reading: Chapter 1

The document discusses the difference between computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally. It also discusses hierarchical system design, modular design approaches like top-down and bottom-up, and ways to implement system components using hardware, software, or firmware. Performance characteristics are discussed for each approach.

Uploaded by

Narender Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture

Topic: Introduction Reading: Chapter 1

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Architecture vs. Organization


Architecture is the set of attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. Examples:
Does this processor have a multiply instr.? How does the compiler create object code? How best is memory handled by the O/S?

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Architecture vs. Organization (continued)


Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. Examples:
Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? What type of non-volatile memory is used to store the BIOS?

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Architecture vs. Organization (continued)


All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture Consistent architecture gives code compatibility, at least backwards, thus protecting users software investment Organization differs between different versions
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

In-class Exercise
Assume you are part of a processor manufacturer's marketing group, and you've been asked to generate specifications for a processor that comes in three versions: economy, mid-range, and high-end. In groups of three or four, discuss the differences you would have between the three versions of this processor.
Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Differences in organization but not architecture leads to families


Different cost and performance Run same code Families may span years of technological advancement

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

How do CSCI 2150 and CSCI 2160 relate to CSCI 4717?


CSCI 2150/2160 Implementation Bottom-up design Problem solving with: bits bytes code CSCI 4717 Theoretical Top-down design Problem solving with: block diagrams flow diagrams performance measures
Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

How do CSCI 2150 and CSCI 2160 relate to CSCI 4717? (continued)
Understanding digital logic:
offers ideas as to how architecture is implemented reveals some of the difficulties encountered when trying to realize an architecture.

Understanding assembly language:


helps explain needs of architecture provides foundation for understanding execution of instructions provides insight to compiler design
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

In-Class Exercise
In groups of three or four, discuss methods for optimizing a fast food drive thru lane. Be sure to address:
Menus (both content and presentation) Number of steps patrons must go through Resources needed for:
Ordering Methods of payment Cooking Pickup
Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Hierarchical Nature of Complex Systems


Each level of system hierarchy consists of set of components and their interrelationships
Operation of components Function Interrelation of components Structure

Each successively higher layer describes simplified/more abstract view of lower levels
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Hierarchical Nature of Complex Systems (continued)


Breaking system into components or modules forces designer to develop a detailed understanding of the data that is passed between them Working within the hierarchy, a designer needs to only concern him/herself with the details of his or her module at that specific level Working with a well-defined set of inputs, outputs, and function definition, designers can completely design their module without any knowledge of how rest of system is made
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Modular System Design


Applying a modular methodology to system design results in:
a more manageable project quicker design time by allowing multiple people with differing expertise to participate (although up-front investment of time feels like a drawback) a higher quality system a more maintainable system increased module reusability
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Modular System Design (continued)


There are two methods to use toward a designing a modular system:
Top down Bottom up

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Top Down System Design


Solving a problem by dividing the system into individual functions and building a component to satisfy each function. Benefits of Top Down Design
Efficient use of components Easier to meet performance goals of the system specification

Drawbacks of Top Down Design


More expensive and time consuming
CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Bottom Up System Design


Solving a problem using an existing system (e.g., using DLL's to create a new application) Cheaper in small quantities Design time is reduced Past experiences can be drawn upon

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Concept of Black Boxes


This is the building block of the hierarchical system design. If inputs, outputs, and functions are well defined, the designer doesn't need to know about anything above or below in the system

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Implementation of components
There are three basic ways to implement a system component
Hardware (HW) Software (SW) Firmware (FW)

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Hardware
The permanent, physical implementation of circuits and devices Hardware is required for all systems

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Software
The programs contained in read/write memory ranging from machine language to high-level languages Requires a processor to run (hardware dependent)

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Firmware
Lies between hardware and software Programs (usually machine code) contained in read only memory

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

Performance Characteristics
Throughput/speed HW best; FW average; SW worst Development Cost HW best; FW average; SW worst Adaptability HW worst; FW average; SW best Reliability HW best; FW average; SW average

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

In-Class Exercise
In groups of three or four, discuss the performance characteristics of hardware, software, and firmware for the following system measures:
Security User interface requirements Remote connectivity Regulatory standards

CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture

Intro to Architecture Page # of 22

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