The Periodic Table

1 IA 1

H
1.00797

2 IIA 4

Periodic Table

13 IIIA 5

14 IVA 6

15 VA 7

16 VIA 8

17 VIIA 9

18 VIIIA 2

He
4.0026 10

Li Na K Rb
85.47 55

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
[226] 3 IIIB 21 4 IVB 22 5 VB 23 6 VIB 24 7 VIIB 25 8 9 VIIIB 27 10 11 IB 29 12 IIB 30

B Al Ga
65.37 49

C Si Ge Sn Pb

N P As Sb Bi

O S Se Te Po

F Cl Br I At
[210]

Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
[222]

6.939 9.0122 12 11 22.9898 24.305 20 19

10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179 18 17 16 15 14 13 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948 36 35 34 33 32 31 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80 54 53 52 51 50

26

28

Sc Y La Ac
[227]

Ti Zr Hf Ku
[260]

V Nb Ta

Cr Mo W

Mn Tc
[99] 75

Fe Ru Os
190.2 108

Co Rh Ir

Ni Pd Pt

Cu
63.54 47

Zn
65.37 48

39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 74 73 72 57 56

Ag Au

Cd Hg

In Tl

101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30 85 86 84 83 82 81 79 80 78 76 77 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] 109

Cs Fr
[223]

Re

132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 105 106 107 104 88 89 87

Origin of the Periodic Table

originally organized by Dmitri Mendeleev in the 1850s arranged the known elements according to atomic mass

Origin of the Periodic Table

Mendeleev noticed that when you put the elements in rows of 8 that all the columns seemed to have similar elements in them

Origin of the Periodic Table

Henri Moseley discovered that each element has a unique atomic number current periodic table is organized by atomic number

Organization of the Periodic Table

1) By increasing atomic number 2) Divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids 3) Divided into A and B type elements 4) Into rows and columns

Metals vs. Nonmetals

Metals are on left of staircase line Nonmetals are on right of staircase line Metalloids (properties of both metals and nonmetals) touch the staircase line

What do the As and Bs mean?

A group = representative elements B group = transition metals

Columns
Called groups or families Elements have similar chemical properties

Family: arranged vertically down the periodic table

(1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)
*have the same number of e- in the outer most or valence shell
1 IA 1 2 IIA 18 VIIIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

2 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Rows
Called periods or series The row is the number of e- energy levels Elements have similar masses

Periods: arranged horizontally across periodic table (rows 1-7)

*have same number of valence shells
1 IA 1 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 18 VIIIA

2nd Period
3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

6th Period

Review Questions:
1) Who originally organized the elements into what later became the periodic table? 2) What property did he use to organize the periodic table? 3) How are the elements on the periodic table arranged now? 4) How do you find the number of valence electrons for representative elements? 5) How can you tell which elements are metals and which are non-metals?

Groups of the Periodic table

Groups are numbered 1-18 (0) or 1A-VIIIA and 1B-VIIIB

Group 1 or 1A: Alkali Group

1 valence e- so ions are +1

does not include H soft, silver-white and shiny metals very reactive (explosive with water)

Group 2 or 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

2 valence e- so ions are +2

react with oxygen react with water at high temperatures characteristic flame colors

Groups 3-12 or the B Groups: Transition Metals

Not predictable (# of valence e- can change) many ionic charges (ex: Fe+, Fe2+, Fe3+ ) hard metals that have a silvery luster, except Cu and Au best conductors of heat and electricity

Groups 3-12 or the B Groups: Transition Metals

include Rare Earth Elements - all are radioactive (89-112) Form very colorful compounds (gems!)

Group 13 or IIIA: Boron Family

3 valence e- so ions are +3

Groups 13-16 all vary greatly in physical and chemical properties because they include metals, metalloids, and non-metals

Group 14 or IVA: Carbon Family

4 valence e-

relatively unreactive tend to form covalent compounds

Group 15 or VA: Nitrogen Family

5 valence e- so ions are -3

very abundant elements (N and P) and relatively rare elements (As, Sb, Bi)

Group 16 or VIA: Oxygen Family

6 valence e- so ions are -2

tend to form covalent compounds tend to be diatomic (2 atoms) and polyatomic (many atoms), such as O2, O3, S6, S8 and Se8

Group 17 or VIIA: The Halogens

7 valence e- so ions are -1

VERY reactive Most are poisonous gases atoms are never alone - diatomic

Group 0 or 18 or VIIIA: The Noble Gases

8 valence e-

colorless gases all monatomic (1 atom) full valence shell = unreactive and stable

Periodic Trends
(a.k.a. Periodicity) Properties of atoms that can be predicted by patterns on the periodic table.

Atomic Radius
the SIZE of an atom from nucleus to outer energy level

More energy levels (bottom) = larger radius or size Atoms with more p+ (right) are smaller because positive charge attracts e- more

Atomic Size Increase

Metallic Character
1 IA 1 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 18 VIIIA

2 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

Nonmetals

Metals

Metallic Character
Metallic character means an atom tends to give up electrons easily Atoms with fewer valence e- (left) want to lose them to get an octet Larger atoms (bottom) lose e- more easily because p+ in nucleus are farther away.

Metallic Character Trend

Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract and hold an extra electron (how greedy atom is for e-) Atoms that are small (top) can attract eeasier since nucleus is closer Atoms with ALMOST full valence shells (right) really want more e- to be stable/happy

Electronegativity Trend

Ionization Energy
The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom (a.k.a. to make the atom an ion) More electronegative = harder to remove an electron = higher ionization energy

Ionization Energy

Reactivity
Determined by position on the table: Metals: most metallic character Non-metals: most electronegativity

Review Questions:
1) How do energy levels determine size? 2) Which element probably has the most metallic character? 3) Which is the largest? 4) Why does it take more energy to remove an electron from F than it does to remove an e- from Cs? 5) Pair up the trends according to their similarity (look at arrows!).

The Role of Electrons

How are electrons arranged in atoms?

Usually there are as many electrons as protons (the atom is neutral) Electrons are found in the electron cloud The electron cloud is divided into energy levels

Ions
Ions are atoms that have gained or lost an electron Gain an electron = get more negative Lose an electron = get more positive

Energy Levels
The electron cloud is divided into energy levels The farther away an electron is from the nucleus, the higher its energy level The first energy level is the closest to the nucleus

Energy levels (contd.)

The energy levels are like the layers of an onion, as they get farther from the nucleus they get larger in diameter Each increasing energy level holds an increasing amount of electrons

2n2 = the number of electrons that will fit in an

energy level (given that n = the energy level number)

Energy levels
The first energy level holds two electrons The second energy level has 8 electrons The third energy level has 18 electrons The forth energy level has 32 electrons

Energy sublevels
Its important to know that energy levels can overlap to form sublevels In fact, each energy level is subdivided into regions called electron orbitals

Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the electrons found in the outermost energy level of the atom Valence electrons are responsible for forming chemical bonds

Valence electrons
The maximum number of valence electrons an atom can have is 8 Exception: the first energy level has only 2 electrons

Valence Electrons (contd.)

You can tell how many valence electrons an atom has by the Roman numeral above the group it is in (for example: group IV has 4 valence electrons) If the groups are numbered 1-18, then the number of valence electrons is the last number of the group number (for example: group 18 would have 8, group 2 would have 2)

Lewis Dot Symbol

A Lewis Dot symbol is used to quickly show the number of valence electrons on an atom They are dots drawn around the symbol, starting with one on each side and continuing around in a circle.

Octets
When an atom has eight valence electrons it has an octet Octets are chemically stable Atoms want to be stable, so they will gain, lose or share electrons to have an octet (BONDING)

Bohr Models

Niels Bohr proposed that electrons circle (orbit) the nucleus like planets orbit the sun. We now know that this is not true.

How to draw a Bohr model: 1. Protons and neutrons go in the middle. Write the number of each, with symbols this is the nucleus 2 . Each energy level is represented by a circle around the nucleus 3. Electrons are put on the appropriate energy level and are written in with their symbol, e-

Monatomic Ions of the Periodic Cation Table Hydrogen H Anion

+

Lithium Sodium Potassium Caesium Beryllium Magnesiu m Calcium Barium Aluminum Silver Zinc

Li + Na + K + Cs 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Ba 3+ Al + Ag 2+ Zn

hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide oxide sulfide nitride phosphi de

H F Cl Br I 2 O 2 S 3 N 3 P

Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration
The electron configuration is notation which shows how the electrons are distributed among atomic orbitals and energy levels. Example:

2 1s

Helium

Decoding

2 1s

"1" = principle quantum number "n" which stands for the energy level. "s" = angular momentum quantum number l it tells us that heliums electrons are in an s orbital "2" = total number of electrons in that orbital or sub-shell.

I. Principle Quantum Number (n) and Sublevels

The number of sublevels that an energy level can contain is equal to the principle quantum number of that level. So, for example, the second energy level would have two sublevels, and the third energy level would have three sublevels.

I. Principle Quantum Number (n) and Sublevels

The first sublevel is called an s sublevel. The second sublevel is called a p sublevel. The third sublevel is called a d sublevel and the fourth sublevel is called an f sublevel.

I. Principle Quantum Number (n) and Sublevels

Although energy levels that are higher than 4 would contain additional sublevels, these sublevels have not been named because no known atom in its ground state would have electrons that occupy them.

II. Sublevels and Orbitals

An orbital is a space that can be occupied by up to two electrons. Each type of sublevel holds a different number or orbitals, and therefore, a different number of electrons

II. Sublevels and Orbitals

III. Total Orbitals and Electrons

n2 = formula for how many orbitals are in an energy level 2 n2 = formula for how many electrons are in an energy level (total)

III. Total Orbitals and Electrons

V. Order of Filling Sublevels with Electrons