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Growth and Development

The document outlines Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is defined by a developmental goal and key tasks. For example, stage one (infancy) focuses on developing trust and having basic needs met by caregivers. Stage two (early childhood) focuses on autonomy and independence. Hospitalization considerations are provided for each stage, emphasizing maintaining routines, explaining procedures, and involving family.

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Jhey Malanyaon
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19 views

Growth and Development

The document outlines Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is defined by a developmental goal and key tasks. For example, stage one (infancy) focuses on developing trust and having basic needs met by caregivers. Stage two (early childhood) focuses on autonomy and independence. Hospitalization considerations are provided for each stage, emphasizing maintaining routines, explaining procedures, and involving family.

Uploaded by

Jhey Malanyaon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Growth and Development

Theory and Application Based on Ericsons Theory

Stage I Infant/Birth to 1 year Developmental Goal: Maintain trust


Basic needs include: sleep, feeding, sucking, affection and cleanliness. Totally dependent on others for these needs. Unmet needs result in mistrust Hospitalization: maintain consistency in care. Involve parents in care when possible. Provide love and nourishment. Hold and rock after procedures. Crying is the infants way of communicating unmet needs.

Stage II Toddler/ 1-3 years Developmental Goal: Maintain Autonomy


Development of gross and fine motor skills. Learns by imitation and repetition. Walks, talks, feeds self. Participates in care Discovers the world through its mouth. Parents assist in appropriate decisions Positive feedback essential for self confidence and control. Hospitalization: maintain independence, address concerns related to separation anxiety. Maintain daily rituals, such as blanket, potty training, bedtime story, feeding self, etc.

Stage III Pre-schooler/ 3-6 yrs Developmental Goal: Imagination Prevent Exaggerated Ideas
Imagination develops, imaginary friends. Learns to show initiative and drive Uses senses to discover the world Creative, enjoys using hands Develops a conscious-learning right from wrong. Must learn responsibility for choices Hospitalization: abolish feelings of guilt and punishment about hospital. Use picture books, puppets, etc to explain procedures. Let child practice procedures with doll or teddy bear. Allow child to touch equipment. Allow them to keep favorite toy at all times.

Stage IV School Age/ 6-12 years Developmental Goal: Maintain Industry


Focus on industry and achievement. Take tasks from start to finish Competitive, cooperative, teamwork. Need to feel significant Feelings of inferiority may surface from high expectations of peers and parents Hospitalization: Be honest about procedures, what will hurt. Explain everything in detail, to alleviate fears. Encourage involvement in won care. Keep busy. Design a daily schedule, similar to home, involve in development. Bring in favorite things from home.

Stage V Adolescent 12-18 years Developmental Goal: Preserve Identity


Focus on identity Self conscious about appearance Progresses through puberty, body changes occur. Life away from parents Role confusion may result Begins to make career decisions. Hospitalization: Assist to maintain physical appearance during hospital stay. Provide privacy. Encourage contact with peers regarding school and activities. Explain procedures and involve them in decision making. Active listening, avoid giving advice.

Stage VI Young Adult 18-30 Developmental Goal: Intimacy/Address Commitments


Becomes committed to life socially, occupationally, and sexually. Intimacy develops Develop strong ties in life Must focus on economic status Have a need for love, commitment, and compassion. Isolation may result in those who avoid commitment Hospitalization: May mask symptoms hoping to return to normal immediately. Gradually increase in activity, address concerns related to family, work, and financial obligations. Involve significant others in care.

Stage VII Generativity 30-60 years Developmental Goal: Generativity/Evaluate Expectations


Focus on obligation to care for self and others. Strive to maintain economic status Stress may result when obligations are not met or when unrealistic expectations are place on self. Hospitalization: Assess family, work, and economic concerns. Encourage delegation of work and home obligations during hospitalization. Involve in decision making. Keep patient and family informed. Encourage family visits.

Stage VIII Elderly > 60 years of age Developmental Goal: Assess Integrity
Looking back at life and evaluating choices. Family relations and financial status affect feelings of accomplishment Despair may result if focusing only on mistakes made in life Mastery of feelings of distinction and honor result when integrity is maintained. Hospitalization: Assess to determine feelings of hopefulness, or despair. Identify family or support structure in place. Address spiritual concerns and feelings of fear related to the unknown. Use open ended questions to encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. Encourage family visits and participation of care.

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