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PREFACE
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CONTENTS

C O N T E N T S

SOLUTIONS
Theory Solved Examples Exercises Level I Level II Level III Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams Answers

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SOLUTIONS
AIEEE Syllabus
Types of solutions, Units of concentration, Vapour-pressure of solutions and Raoult's law. Colligative properties. Determination of molecular mass. Non-ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses. Volumetric analysis-concentration unit.

CONTENTS
! ! !

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will explain properties of solutions that depend only on the number of solute particles and are independent of the chemical identity of the solute, such as the relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure are known as colligative properties. Further we will deal with quantitatively, the degree to which a solute behaves as though it were dissociated or associated can be expressed by the Vant Hoff factor (i). This factor has been defined as ratio of normal molecular mass to experimentally determined molecular mass.

Solutions Solubility Methods of expressing concentration Vapour pressure Colligative properties Theory of dilute solutions

! ! !

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1. SOLUTION

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A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition may be altered within certain limits is termed as solution.

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTION

(i) (ii) It is homogeneous in nature, yet retaining the properties of its constituents. It is made of two parts i.e. a solute and a solvent.

(iii) The component which has the same physical state in pure form as the solution is called solvent and the other is called solute. Example, in case of solution of sugar and water, sugar is the solute and water is solvent. (iv) If both the components have same state as the solution, the one component which is in excess is called solvent and the other is called solute. Example, alcohol in water, benzene in toluene etc.

1.2 TYPES OF SOLUTION

Solvent 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solute Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Solid Examples Mixture of gases, air. Water vapour In air, mist. Sublimation of a solid Into a gas, smoke storms. CO2 gas dissolve in water (aerated drink), soda water. Mixture of miscible liquids e.g. alcohol in water. Salt in water, sugar in water. Adsorption of gases over metals, hydrogen over palladium. Mercury in zinc, mercury in gold i.e. all amalgams. Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (i.e. alloys) e.g. copper in gold. zinc in copper.

1.3 CAUSE OF MISCIBILITY OF LIQUIDS

(i) Chemically alike liquids dissolve in one another. e.g. all alkanes are miscible in all proportions with one another because they are non-polar. Similarly polar liquid dissolves in each other; e.g. lower alcohol in water. Dipole interactions i.e. water and ether, water and phenol.

(ii)

(iii) Molecular size of liquids which are mutually soluble are also approximately same.

2.

SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature (usually 25C) is known its solubility at that temperature. Solubility =
Amount of substance dissolved x 100 Amount of solvent

The solubility of a solute in a liquid depends upon the following factors (a) (b)
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Nature of the solute i.e. ionic or covalent (polar or non-polar). Nature of the solvent i.e. polar with high dielectric constant or non-polar.

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(c)

Temperature - Usually the solubility of the solute increases with increase of temperature (e.g. KNO3, NH4Br) but in some cases increase in solubility is negligible (e.g. NaCl) and in cases of some salts (e.g. Na2SO4 and CeSO4 solubility decreases with increase in temperature).

3.

METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION

There are many ways of expressing the concentration of a solution. These methods are as follows(i) Mass percentage It may be defined as the number of parts by mass of solute per hundred parts by mass of solution. For example. a 5% (by mass) solution of sugar in water means that 100 g of solution contain 5 g of sugar. (ii) Volume percentage It may be defined as the number of parts by volume of solute per hundred parts by volume of solution. For example. a 25% (by volume) solution of ethyl alcohol means that 100 cm3. of the solution contain 25 cm3 of ethyl alcohol and 75 cm3 of water. (iii) Normality Normality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalent of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is represented by N. Mathematically. Normality N =
Mass of solute in grams per litre Equivalent mass of the solute

A solution having normality equal to one is called normal solution. Such a solution contains one gram equivalent of solute per litre of solution. A seminormal solution contains equivalent. A decinormal solution contains contains or
1 100 1 10

1 2

gram

gram equivalent and a centinormal solution

gram equivalent of solute per litre of solution.

Mass of the solute 1000 Equivalent mass of the solute V

Normality =

or

Mass of solute in gram (gm. eq. mass of solute) volume of solution (L)

Where V is the volume in millilitre. (iv) Molarity (M) Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of gm moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is represented by capital M. Mathematically. Molarity (M) =
Mass of the solute in grams per litre gram moles of solute = Molecular mass of the solute volume of solution in litre

or

mass of solute 1000 M = GMM of solute vol. of solution in ml

A solution having molarity one is called molar solution. It may be remembered that both normality as well as molarity of a solution changes with change in temperature.

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(v)

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Molality (m) Molality of a solution may be defmed as the number of gm moles of the solute dissolved in 1000 gm (1 kg) of the solvent. It is represented by small m. Mathematically Molality (m) =
Mass of the solute in grams per kg of solvent Molecular mass of the solute

A solution containing one mole of solute per 1000 gm of solvent (1 kg) has molality equal to one and is called molal solution. Molality is expressed in units of moles per kilogram (mol kg1). The molality of a solution does not change with temperature. (vi) Mole fraction Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all the components (i.e. solute and solvent) present in the solution. Let us suppose that a solution contains the components A and B and suppose that a gram of A and b gram of B are present in it. Let the molecular masses of A and B are MA and MB respectively.
a Then number of moles of A are given by nA = M A b and number of moles of B are given by nB = M B Total number of moles of A and B = nA + nB nA Mole fraction of A, XA = n + n A B nb Mole fraction of B, XB = n + n A B

Sum of mole fractions of all components is always one.

nA nB i.e. XA + XB = n + n + n + n = 1 A B A B

So if mole fraction of one component of a binary solution is known say XB. then the mole fraction of XA = 1 XB. It may be noted that the mole fraction is always independent of the temperature. (vii) Mole percent Mole percent is the number of moles of a component in 100 mole of the solute and solvent. Mole percent = Mole fraction x 100 Example. for a solution containing 8 moles NH3 and 12 moles of H2O.
8 mole 2 Mole fraction of NH3, XNH = 12 moles + 8 moles = 5 3

Mole percent of NH3 = (viii) Formality (F) -

2 x 100 = 40 mole % 5

It may be defined as the number of gram formula masses of the ionic solutes dissolved per litre of the solution. Mathematically Formality (F) =
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Mass of the ionic solute in gram per litre Formula mass of the solute

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Commonly, the term formality is used to express the concentration of the ionic solids which do not exist as molecule but as network of ions. (ix) Mass fraction If WA is the mass of component A and WB the mass of component B in the solution, then the mass fraction of component A and B is written as
WA Mass fraction of A = W + W A B WB Mass fraction of B = W + W A B

(x)

Parts per million (ppm) When a solute is present in trace amounts, its concentration is expressed in parts per million. It may be defined as the number of parts by mass of solute per million parts by mass of the solution.
Mass of solute Parts per million (ppm) = Mass of solution x 106

4.

VAPOUR PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature is called vapour pressure of the liquid.

4.1 VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS AND RAOULTS LAW

When a small amount of a non-volatile solute is added to the liquid (solvent). it is found that the vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of the pure solvent. This is due to the fact that the solute particles occupy a certain surface area and as the evaporation is to take place from the surface only. the particles of the solvent will have a less tendency to change into vapour i.e. the vapour pressure of the solution will be less than that of the pure solvent and it is termed as lowering of vapour pressure. The vapour pressure of the solutions of non-volatile solutes can be obtained by applying Raoults law. According to this law. the vapour pressure of a solution containing non-volatile solute is proportional to mole fraction of the solvent. For a two component solution A (volatile) and B (non-volatile) the vapour pressure of solution is given by Vapour pressure of solution = Vapour pressure of solvent in solution Mole fraction of solvent. P = PA XA or PA = KXA Where K is proportionality constant. For pure liquid XA = 1. then K becomes equal to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent which is denoted by PA. Thus PA = PAXA or Psolution = Ppure
solvent

x mole fraction of solvent

In a solution of two miscible non-volatile liquids. A and B the partial vapour pressure PA of the liquid A is proportional to its mole fraction XA and the partial vapour pressure PB of liquid B is proportional to its mole fraction XB. Thus PA XA
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Also

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PA = PAXA PB XB PB = PBXB Where PA and PB are the vapour pressures of pure components A and B respectively. This relation is called Raoults law. It states that For a solution of two or more miscible liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to its mole fraction. Total vapour pressure of solution P = PAXA + PBXB The solutions which obey Raoults law are called Ideal solutions. For such solution, vapour pressure of the solution always lies between the vapour pressure of the pure components. Raoults law is applicable only in case of dilute solutions.

4.2 RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE

For a solution of non-volatile solute with volatile solvent. P = PA XA PA = PA XA P = vapour pressure of solution PA = vapour pressure of solvent

If mole fraction of solute is XB, then XA = mole fraction of solvent and P = vapour pressure of pure A solvent. XA + XB = 1 or XA = 1XB or PA = PA (1XB) = PA PA PAXB or PA PA = PAXB or XB =
o PA PA 0 PA

o PA PA (PA PA) is the lowering of vapour pressure whereas 0 PA

is called relative lowering of

vapour pressure. So Raoults law can also be defined as For a solution containing non-volatile solute, at a particular temperature. the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of the solute.

4.3 IDEAL SOLUTIONS

An ideal solution may be defined as the solution which obeys Raoults law over the entire range of concentration and temperature and during the formation of which no change in enthalpy or volume takes place. So for ideal solutions (i) (ii) It should obey Raoults law. i.e. PA = PAXA and PB = PBXB Hmixture = 0 (iii) Vmixture = 0 There is no solution which behaves strictly as the ideal solution. However. the solution in which solvent solvent and solutesolute interactions are almost of the same type as solvent-solute interactions. behaves as ideal solutions. Example. (a) (b) (c) (d)
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n-heptane and n-hexane Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene Benzene and toluene Ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide

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Only very dilute solutions behave as ideal solutions.

4.4 NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS

For a non-ideal solutions, the conditions are (i) (ii) Raoults law is not obeyed i.e. PA PA XA and PB PBXB Hmixture 0 (iii) Vmixture 0 The non-ideal solutions are further classified into two catagories (a) (b) Solutions with positive deviation and Solutions with negative deviation.

4.5 SOLUTION WITH POSITIVE DEVIATION

It has the following characteristics (i) (ii) Solution in which solvent-solvent and solutesolute interactions are stronger than solvent-solute interactions. At intermediate composition vapour pressure of the solution is maximum. .

(iii) At intermediate composition boiling point is minimum. So for the non-ideal solutions exhibiting positive deviations (i) (ii) PA > PAXA and PB > PBXB Hmixture = + ve

(iii) Vmixture = + ve

4.6 AZEOTROPE OR AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE

A solution which distills without change in composition is called azeotropic mixture or azeotrope. Example of positive deviation - A mixture of nhexane and ethanol

4.7 SOLUTION WITH NEGATIVE DEVIATION

It has the following characteristics (i) (ii) Solutions in which solvent-solvent and solutesolute interactions are weaker than solute-solvent interactions. At intermediate composition vapour pressure of the solution is minimum.

(iii) At intermediate composition boiling point is maximum. So for non-ideal solutions exhibiting negative deviations (i) (ii) PA < PA XA and PB < PB XB Hmixture = ve

(iii) Vmixture = ve

5.

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of dilute solutions containing nonvolatile solute, which depends upon relative number of solute and solvent particles but do not depend upon their nature are called colligative properties. Some of the colligative properties are
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(i) (ii) (iv)

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Relative lowering of vapour pressure: Elevation of boiling point; Osmotic pressure.

(iii) Depression of freezing point; and

5.1 RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE

As shown earlier the mathematical expression for relative lowering of vapour pressure is as follows
P
0 PA

= XB = mole fraction of solute

P = PA PA = lowering of vapour pressure PA = vapour pressure of pure solvent Molecular mass of non-volatile substance can be determined from relative lowering of vapour pressure
0 PA P 0 PA

WB / M B = W /M +W /M A A B B

For dilute solution WB/MB < WA/MA and hence WB/MB may be neglected in the denominator. So
Pao PA
o PA

WB / M B WB MA = W /M = W x M A A A B WB / M A WA
o PA o P P A A

or

MB =

5.2 ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

The boiling points elevates when a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent. Which occurs due to lowering of vapour pressure. The boiling point of a liquid may be defined as the temperature at which its vapour pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. So when a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent results lowering of vapour pressure and consequent elevation of boiling point Tb P XB; or Tb = KXB Tb = elevation in B.P. P = lowering of V.P. XB = mole fraction of solute K = elevation constant or
WB MA nB Tb = K M W = K W MA A B A nB WA is the weight of solvent in kg. then W is equal to molality (m) of the solution. A

If

Tb = KMAm or Tb = Kbm Where Kb is molal elevation constant or molal ebullioscopic constant.

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When molality of the solution is equal to one. then Tb = Kb Hence molal elevation constant of the solvent may be defined as the elevation in its boiling point when one mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved per kg (1000 gm) of solvent. The unit of Kb are K kg mol1.
WB 1000 Because molality of solution m = M . W A B

So Tb = Kb

WB 1000 . MB WA

MB =

1000 K b WB Tb WA

When the volume is taken as 1000 ml., then elevation in boiling point is known as molar elevation constant.

5.3 DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT

The freezing point of a pure liquid is fixed. If a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a liquid the freezing point of the solution is lowered. The freezing point is that temperature at which the solvent has the same vapour pressure in two phases. liquid solution and solid solvent. Since the solvent vapour pressure in solution is depressed. its vapour pressure will become equal to that of the solid solvent at a lower temperature So Tf P XB or
nB WB / MB Tf = KXB = K n + n = K W / M + W / M A B A A B B

WB WA WB For dilute solution M < M and hence M can be neglected in the denominator So. B A B WB / MB nB MA Tf = K W / M = K WA A A nB If WA is the mass of solvent in kg. then W is equal to molality (m) of the solution. A

Tf = KMAm or Tf = Kfm (K x MA = Kf) Where Kf is molal depression constant. When molarity (m) of the solution is one. then Tf = Kf Hence molal depression constant or molal cryoscopic constant may be defined as the depression in freezing point when one mole of non-volatile solute is dissolved per kilogram (1000 gm) of solvent and molar depression constant is defined as the depression in freezing point when one mole of nonvolatile solute is dissolved per litre (1000 ml) of solvent. The molecular mass of the non-volatile solute may be calculated by the use of following mathematical equation MB =
K f WB 1000 WA Tf

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Solvent Acetic acid Benzene Water

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B.P. 118.1C 80.2C 100C

Kb 2.93 2.53 0.53

F.P. 17C 5.4C 0C

Kf 3.9 5.13 1.86

5.4 ANTIFREEZE SOLUTIONS

Water is used in radiators of vehicles as cooling liquid. If the vehicle is to be used at high altitudes where temperature is sub-zero. water would freeze in radiators. To avoid this problem. a solution of ethylene glycol in water is used in radiators which will lower the freezing point lower than zero. The molar mass of ethylene glycol required per kilogram of solvent is calculated by the following formula
Tf MV = K kf (water) = 1.86 K kg mol1 r

Tf = depression of freezing point

6.

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
When a solution is separated from the pure solvent with the help of a semipermeable membrane. there occurs the flow of solvent molecules from the pure solvent to the solution side. The flow of solvent molecules from a region of higher concentration of solvent to the region of lower concentration of solvent is termed as the phenomenon of osmosis. This also happens when two solution of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane. As a result of osmosis a pressure is developed which is termed as osmotic pressure. It is defined in various methods. (1) (2) (3) (4) The excess hydrostatic pressure which builds up as a result of osmosis is called osmotic pressure. The excess pressure that must be applied to the solution side to prevent the passage of solvent into it through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure of a solution is equal to the negative pressure which must be applied to the solvent in order to just stop the osmosis. The osmotic pressure of a solution may be defined as the extra pressure which should be applied to the solution to increase the chemical potential of solvent in solution equal to the chemical potential of the pure solvent at the same temperature.

7.

ISOTONIC SOLUTION
The two solutions having equal osmotic pressure are termed as isotonic solution. Hypertonic solution - A solution having higher osmotic pressure than some other solution is said to be called hypertonic solution. Hypotonic solution - A solution having a lower osmotic pressure relative to some other solution is called hypotonic solution. Semipermeable Membrane A membrane which allows the passage of solvent molecules but not that of solute. when a solution is separated from the solvent by it is known as semipermeable membrane. Some example of it are as follows
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(a) (b) (c)

Copper ferrocyanide Cu2[Fe(CN)6]; Calcium phosphate membrane; and Phenol saturated with water.

8.

THEORY OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS

The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution was the same as the solute would have exerted if it were a gas at the same temperature as of the solution and occupied a volume equal to that of the solution. This generalization is known as Vant Hoff theory of dilute solutions. The osmotic pressure is a colligative property. So the osmotic pressure is related to the number of moles of the solute by the following relation V= nRT
n RT V = CRT

n = C) V

Here C = concentration of solution in moles per litre; R = solution constant; T = temperature in Kelvin degree; n = number of moles of solute; and V = volume of solution. Equation A is called Vant Hoffs solution equation.

8.1 VANT HOFF-BOYLES LAW

If the temperature remaining constant the osmotic pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the molar concentration of the solute. ie. C (T constant) or
n V

(T constant)
1 (T constant) V

For a solution containing same amount at different volume. we will have i.e. osmotic pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.

8.2 VANT HOFF-CHARLES LAW

At constant volume. the osmotic pressure of a solution is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. i.e. T (C constant) Berkeley and Hartleys method is used to determine the osmotic pressure.

8.3 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASS FROM. OSMOTIC PRESSURE

The molecular mass of a substance i.e. solute can be calculated by applying the following formula M =
WRT V

Accurate molecular mass will only be obtained under following conditions

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(i) (ii)

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The solute must be non-volatile; The solution must be dilute; and

(iii) The solute should not undergo dissociation or association in the solution. Solution Constant R - The solution constant R has the same significance and value as the gas canstant. i.e. R = 0.0821 litre-atm K1 mol1 = 8.314 X 107 erg K1mol1 = 8.314 JK1 mol1 = 8.314 Nm K1 mol1 Abnormal molecular masses - When the substances undergo dissociation or association in solution then the value of observed colligative property and value of calculate colligative property are quite different. As the dissociation and association cause changes in the number of particles as compared to usual condition.

8.4 VANT HOFF FACTOR

In 1886, Vant Hoff introduced a factor i called Vant Hoff factor to express the extent of association or dissociation of solute in solution.
Normal molecular mass Vant Hoff factor i = Observed molecular mass

In case of association, observed molecular mass being more than the normal the factor i has a value less than 1. But in case of dissociation, the Vant Hoff factor is more than 1 because the observed molecular mass has a lesser magnitude. In case there is no association or dissociation the value i becomes equal to 1. Therefore
Observed value of colligative property i = Calculated value of colligative property

Introduction of the Vant Hoff factor modifies the equations for the colligative properties as follows Elevation of B.P. Tb = iKb m Depression of F.P. Tf= iKf m Osmotic pressure p =
inRT V

From the value of[ it is possible to calculate degree of dissociation or degree of association of substance in solution by the following formula i =
(1 ) + m = 1 + (m 1) 1

So

i 1 (m 1)

Where is the degree of dissociation and m is the number of particles per molecule. Similarly degree of association is calculated from i by the following mathematical formula =

i 1 1/(m 1)

The ratio ofVant Hoff factor ,i to the number of ions furnished by. one molecule of the electrolyte! n is known as the osmotic coefficient. It is denoted by g. Mathematically Osmotic coefficient g =
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Van' t Hoff factor 'i' 'n'

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 1.82 a metal required 32.5 mL of N HCl to dissolve it. What is equivalent weight for metal? (1) (3) Solution : 65 56 or (2) (4) 75 90

Meq. of metal = Meq. of HCl E = 56

1.82 x 1000 = 32.5 x 1 E

Ans. (3)

Example - 2

Calculate the amount of oxalic acid (H2C2O4. 2H2O) required to obtain 250 ml of semimolar solution. (1) (3) 15.75 g 157.5 g (2) (4) 1.575 g None

Solution :

Molarity of solution = 0.5 M Volume of solution = 250 ml milli mole oxalic acid = M x V (ml) =
250 126 w = 2 1000 = 15.76 g 1 x 250 2

or

w x 1000 = 0.5 x 250 M

Ans. (1)

Example - 3

The vapour pressure of pure liquid A at 310C is 120 torr. The vapour pressure of this liquid in solution with liquid B is 72 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of A in solution if the mixture obeys Raoults law. (1) (3) 0.06 0.3 (2) (4) 0.9 0.6

Solution :

Given is vapour pressure of pure component A, PA = 120 torr Partial pressure of A, PA = 72 torr Suppose its mole fraction is solution is XA, then according to Raoults law. PA = PA . xA 72 = 120 x xA or xA =
72 = 0.6 120

Ans. (4)

Example - 4

If latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cals per g at 0C, calculate molal depression constant for water. (1) (3) 18.63 1.863 (2) (4) 186.3 0.1863

Solution :

Kf =

RTf2 1000lv

Here R = 2 cals, Tf = 0 + 273 = 273 K, lf = 80 cals

Kf =

2 273 273 1000 80 = 1.863

Ans. (3)
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Example - 5

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Calculate the molal elevation constant of water evaporates at 100C with the absorption of 536 calories per gm (R = 2 cals) (1) (3) 0.519C 1.519C (2) (4) 0.0519C 2.519C

Solution :

Molal elevation constant of the solvent.

2 2 373 373 RTb = 536 1000 = 0.519C Kb = lv 1000

Ans. (1)

Example - 6

214.2 gram of sugar syrup contains 34.2 gram of sugar. Calculate (i) molality of the solution and (ii) mole fraction of the sugar in the syrup (1) (3) 0.555m, 0.0099 0.355m, 0.0199 Mass of sugar = 34.2 gram.
34.2 34.2 Number of moles of sugar = mol. mass = = 0.1 34.2

(2) (4)

0.455m, 0.0110 None of these

Solution :

(i)

Mass of water = (214.2 34.2) = 180 gram or

180 = 10 18

180 kg 1000

Number of moles of water =

No. of moles of sugar 0.1 Molality = Mass of water in kg = x 1000 = 0.555 m 180

(ii)

Total no. of moles = 10.0 + 0.1 = 10.1

No. of moles of sugar 0.1 Mole fraction of sugar = Total number of moles = = 0.0099 10.1

Ans. (1)

Example - 7

15 gram of methyl alcohol is dissolved in 35 gram of water. What is the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution? (1) (3) 30% 70% (2) (4) 50% 75%

Solution :

Total mass of solution = (15 + 35) gram = 50 gram mass percentage of methyl alcohol =
Mass of methyl alcohol 15 x 100 = x 100 = 30% Mass of solution 50

Ans. (1) Example - 8 Osmotic pressure of a sugar solution at 24C is 2.5 atmospheres. Determine the concentration of the solution in gm mole per litre. (1) (3) Solution : 0.0821 moles/litre 0.1025 moles/litre (2) (4) 1.082 moles/litre 0.0827 moles/litre

Here it is given that = 2.5 atm, T = 24 + 273 = 297A, S = 0.0821 lit. atm. deg1 mol1, C = ? We know that = CST or C=
2.5 = 0.0821 297 = 0.1025 moles/litre ST

Ans. (3)

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Example - 9

Twenty grams of a substance were dissolved in 500 ml. of water and the osmotic pressure of the solution was found to be 600 mm of mercury at 15C. Determine the molecular weight of the substance. (1) (3) 1120 1200 (2) (4) 1198 None of these

Solution :

Here it is given that w = 20 gm ; V = 500 ml. = = 600 mm =

500 = 0.5 litre 1000

600 atm ; T = 15 + 273 = 288A m = ? 760

According to Vant Hoff equation, V = nST V =

w ST m

m= Example - 10

20 0.0821 288 760 wST = = 1198 600 0.5 V

Ans. (2)

0.15g of a substance dissolved in 15g of solvent boiled at a temperature higher by 0.216C than that of the pure solvent. Calculate the molecular weight of the substance. Molal elevation constant for the solvent is 2.16C. (1) (3) 216 178 (2) (4) 100 None of these

Solution :

Here it is given that w = 0.15 g,Tb = 0.216C W = 15 g Kb = 2.16C m? Substituting values in the expression, m=
1000 K b w Tb W 1000 2.16 0.15 = 100 0.216 15

m=

Ans. (2)

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EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. The amount of anhydrous Na2CO3 present in 250 mL of 0.25 M solution is (1) 6.625 g (3) 66.25 g 2. An example of colligative property is (1) Freezing point (2) Boiling point (3) Vapour pressure (4) Osmotic pressure 3. If P0 and P are the vapour pressures ofthe solvent and solution respectively and n1 and n2 are the mole fractions of the solvent and solute respectively, then (1) Ps = P0n1 (3) P0 = Psn2 4. (2) Ps = P0n2 (4) Ps = P0 (n1/n2) (2) 6.0 g (4) 6.225 g

If P0 and Ps, are the vapour pressure of solvent and its solution respectively. N1 and N2 are the mole fraction of solvent and solute respectively then (1) Ps = P0/N2 (2) P0 - Ps = P0N2 (3) Ps = P0N2 (4) (P0 - Ps) / Ps = N1 / (N1 + N2)

5.

A substance will be deliquescent if its vapour pressure is (1) Equal to the atmospheric pressure. (2) Equal to that of water vapour in the air (3) Greater than that of water vapour in the air (4) Lesser than that of water vapours in the air

6.

The lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent by the addition of a non-volatile solute to it, is directly proportional to (1) The strength of the solution (2) The nature of the solute in the solution (3) The atmospheric pressure (4) All
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7.

When a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour pressure of solvent decreases. This brings (1) An increase in b.pt. of the solution (2) A decrease in b.pt of a solution (3) An increase in f.pt of the solvent (4) none

8.

A solution of sulphuric acid in water exhibits (1) Negative deviations from Raoults law (2) Positive deviations from Raoults law (3) Ideal properties (4) The applicability of Henrys law

9.

Which of the follwing is not correct for ideal solution (1) Raoults law is obeyed for entire concentration range and temperatures (2) Smix = 0 (3) Vmix = 0 (4) Hmix = 0

10.

An ideal solution is that which (1) Shows positive deviation from Raoults law (2) Shows negative deviation from Raoults law (3) Has no connection with Raoults law (4) Obeys Raoults law

11.

1000 gram aqueous solution of CaCO3 contains 10 gram of carbonate. Concentration of solution is (1) 10ppm (3) 1000ppm (2) 100ppm (4) 10,000 ppm

12.

Azeotropic mixture of water and HCI boils at 381.5 K. By distilling the mixture it is possible to obtain (1) Pure HCI only (2) Pure water only (3) Neither HCI nor water (4) Both water and HC! in pure state

13.

Which does not influence the solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent (1) Nature of solute (3) Temperature (2) Nature of solvent (4) Pressure

14.

Which solution will show maximum elevation in b.pt (1) 0.1 M KCI (3) 0.1 M FeCI3 (2) 0.1 M BaCI2 (4) 0.1 M Fe2(SO4)3

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In cold countries, ethylene glycol is added to water in the radiators of cars during winters. It results in (1) Lowering in boiling point (2) Reducing viscosity (3) Reducing specific heat (4) Lowering in freezing point

16.

Which of the following 0.1 M aqueous solutions will have the lowest freezing point (1) Potassium sulphate (3) Urea (2) Sodium chloride (4) Glucose

17.

The use of common salts, e.g., NaCI or CaCI2 anhydrous is made to clear snow on the roads. This causes (1) A lowering in f. pt of water (2) A lowering in m.pt of ice (3) Ice melts at the temperature of atmosphere present at that time (4) All

18.

The correct relation ship between the boiling points of very dilute solutions of AICI3 (t1) and CaCI2(t2) having the same molar concentration is - . (1) t1 = t2 (3) t2 > t1 (2) t1 > t2 (4) t2 t1

19.

In the case of osmosis, solvent molecules move from (1) Higher vapour pressure to lower vapour pressure (2) Higher concentration to lower concentration (3) Lower vapour pressure to higher vapour pressure (4) Higher osmotic pressure to lower osmotic pressure

20.

As a result of osmosis, thevolume of the concentrated solution (1) Gradually decreases (3) Suddenly increases (2) Gradually increases (4) none

21.

The osmotic pressure of a solution of benzoic acid dissolved in benzene is less than expected because (1) Benzoic acid is an organic solute (2) Benzene is a non-polar solvent (3) Benzoic acid dissociates in benzene (4) Benzoic acid gets associated in benzene

22.

The spontaneous movement of solute particles from a more concentrated solution to less concentrated solution is called (1) Osmosis (3) Plasmolysis (2) Diffusion (4) Fusion

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23.

Assuming each salt to be 90% dissociated which of the following will have highest osmotic pressure(1) Decinormal AI2(SO4)3 (2) Decinormal BaCI2 (3) Decinormal Na2SO4 (4) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes of (2) and (3) and filtering

24.

Two solutions have different osmotic pressures. The solution of higher osmotic pressure is called (1) Isotonic solution (2) Hypotonic solution (3) Isotopic solution (4) Hypertonic solution

25.

Which one of the following pairs of solution can we expect to be isotonic at the same temperature (1) 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M NaCI (2) 0.1 M urea and 0.2 M MgCI2 (3) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4 (4) 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0.1 M Na2SO4

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LEVEL - II
1. The normality of 0.3 M phosphorus acid (H3PO3) is (1) 0.1 (2) 0.9 (3) 0.3 (4) 0.6 The maximum amount of BaSO4 precipitated on mixing 20 mL of 0.5 M BaCI2 with 20 mL of 1 M H2SO4 is (1) 0.25 mole (2) 0.5 mole (3) 1 mole (4) 0.01 mole What weight of sodium hydroxide is required to neutralise 100 mL of 0.1 N HCI (1) 4.0 g (2) 0.04 g (3) 0.4 g (4) 2.0 g To prepare 0.1 M KMnO4 solution in 250 mL flask, the weight of KMnO4 required is (1) 4.80g (2) 3.95g (3) 39.5g (4) 0.48 g The density of NH4OH solution is 0.6 g/mL. It contains 34% by weight of NH4OH. Calculate the normality of the solution (1) 4.8 N (2) 10 N (3) 0.5 N (4) 5.8 N 100 mL each of 0.5 N NaOH, N/5 HCI and N/1 0 H2SO4 are mixed together. The resulting solution will be (1) Acidic (2) Neutral (3) Alkaline (4) None ofthese 25 mL of 3.0 M HNO3 are mixed with 75 mL of4.0M HNO3 Ifthe volumes are additive, the molarity of the final mixture would be (1) 325M (2) 4.0M (3) 3.75M (4) 3.50M H3PO4 is a tribasic acid and one of its salts is NaH2PO4. What volume of 1 M NaOH should be added to 12 g NaH2PO4 (mol. wt. 120) to exactly convert it into Na3PO4 (1) 100 mL (2) 300 mL (3) 200 mL (4) 80 mL How many grams of NaOH will be needed to prepare 250 mL of 0.1 M solution (1) 1g (2) 10g (3) 4g (4) 6g How many grams of glucose be dissolved to make one litre solution of 10% glucose (1) 10g (2) 180g (3) 100g (4) 1.8g The volume of 0.1 M H2SO4 required to neutralise 30 mL of 2.0 M NaOH is (1) 100 mL (2) 300 mL (3) 400 mL (4) 200 mL 100 mL of 0.3 N HCI solution were mixed with 200 mL of 0.6 N H2SO4 solution. The final acidic normality is (1) 0.9 N (2) 0.6 N . (3) 0.5 N (4) 0.4 N How much water is to be added to dilute 10 mL of 10 N HCI to make it decinormal (1) 990 mL (2) 1010 mL (3) 100 mL (4) 1000 mL
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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

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14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

The molality of 15% (wt.lvol.) solution of H2SO4 of density 11 g/cm3 is approximately (1) 1.2 (2) 1.4 (3) 1.8 (4) 1.6 10 mL of concentrated H2SO4 (18M) is diluted to one litre. The approximate strength of the dilute acid is (1) 18M (2) 180M (3) 0.18M (4) 1.8M Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.2 M NaCI are mixed. The concentration of NO3 ions in the mixture will be (1) 0.1 M (2) 0.05 M (3) 0.2 M (4) 0.15 M 2.3 g of C2H5OH (mol. wt. 46) are dissolved in 500 mL of water. The molarity of the solution is (1) 0.01 (2) 0.1 (3) 0.05 (4) 2.0 The volume of 0.25 M H3PO4 required to neutralise 25 mL of 0.03 M Ca(OH) is (1) 1.32 mL (2) 13.2 mL (3) 26.4 mL (4) 2.0 mL The nature of mixture obtained by mixing 50 mL of 0.1 MH2SO4 and 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is (1) Acidic (2) Basic (3) Neutral (4) Amphoteric The solution A and Bare 0.1 and 0.2 molar in a substance. If 100 mL of A are mixed with 25 ml of B and there is no change in volume, then the final molarity of the solution is (1) 0.15M (2) 0.18M (3) 0.12M (4) 0.30M The number of milli equivalents contained in 0.5 litre of 0.2 N solution is (1) 0.1 (2) 100 (3) 0.01 (4) 1.0 The normality of 1 % (wt.lvol.) H2SO4 is nearly (1) 0.02 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.1 (4) 1 The concentration of solution containing 0.5 mole H3PO4 dissolved in 500 g water (1) 1m (2) 1M (3) 1N (4) 0.5M 3.0 molal NaOH solution has a density of 1110 g/ml. The molarity of the solution is (1) 2.9732 (2) 3.05 (3) 3.64 (4) 3.0504 An aqueous solution of urea containing 18 g urea in 1500 cm3 of solution has a density of 1052 g/cm3. If the molecular weight of urea is 60, then the molality of solution is (1) 0.2 (2) 0.192 (3) 0.064 (4) 1.2

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LEVEL - III
1. What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution that has a density of 1.84 gm/cc at 35C and contains 98% by weight (1) 4.18M (3) 18.4M 2. (2) 8.14M (4) 18M

In order to prepare 100 cm3 of 0.250 M barium chloride solution the amount of BaCI2.2H2O re quired will be (1) 0.250 moles (3) 2.5 moles (2) 0.0025 moles (4) 6.1 gram of BaCI2.2H2O

3.

0.2 moles of HCI and 0.1 moles of CaCI2 were dissolved in water to have 500 ml of solution, the molarity of CI ions is (1) 0.04 M (3) 0.4 M (2) 0.8 M (4) 0.08 M (2) 24.08 x 1021 (4) 6.02 x 1022

4.

The number of iodine atoms present in 40 mL solution of its 0.1 M solution (1) 4.81 x 1021 (3) 0.408 x 1023

5.

10 gram of glucose are dissolved in 150 gram of water. The mass % of glucose is (1) 5% (3) 93.75% (2) 6.25% (4) 15%

6.

The volume strength of H2O2 solution is 10. What does it mean (1) At S.T.P. 10gm solution of H2O2 gives 10ml. of O2 (2) At S.T.P. 1gm equivalent of H2O2 gives 10ml. of O2 (3) At ST.P. 10 litre solution of H2O2 gives 10ml . of O2 (4) At S.T.P. 1ml solution of H2O2 gives 10ml . of O2

7.

If 5.85 gm. of NaCI are dissolved in 90gms.of water the mole fraction of NaCI is (1) 0.1 (3) 0.02 (2) 0.01 (4) 0.2

8.

What is the strength in g per litre of a solution of H2SO4 12 ml of which neutralized 15ml of N/10 NaOH solution (1) 3.125 g/l (3) 5.125 g/l (2) 4.125 g/l (4) 6.125 g/l

9.

What weight of HNO3 is required to make 1 litre of 2N solution to be used as an oxidising agent in the. reaction: 3 Cu + 8 HNO3 3Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4 H2O (1) 63gm (3) 42 gm (2) 21 gm (4) 84gm

10.

What weight of ferrous ammonium sulphate is needed to prepare 100 ml of 0.1 normal solution (equivalent weight = 392) (1) 39.2 gram (3) 1.96 gram
22

(2) 3.92 gram (4) 19.6 gram

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11.

An aqueous solution of non-electrolyte A with molecular mass 60 contains 6 g in 500 ml and has density equal to 1.05. The molality of solution is (1) 1.25 (3) 0.25 (2) 0.19 (4) 0.30

12.

One among the following is an incorrect statement (1) Molality of a solution is dependent on the temperature (2) Molarity of a solution is dependent on the temperature (3) Normality of 0.5 M aqueous solution of H2C2O4.2H2O is 1 N (4) Molality of a,solution relates moles of solute and mass of solvent

13.

What will be the normality of a solution obtained by mixing 0.45 Nand 0.60 N NaOH in the ratio 2 : 1 by volume (1) 0.4N (3) 1.05N (2) 0.5N (4) 0.15N

14.

1.0 g of pure calcium carbonate was found to require 50 mL of dilute HCI for complete reactions. The strength of the HCI solution is given by (1) 4N (3) 0.4N (2) 2N (4) 0.2 N

15.

If the vapour pressure of solutions of two liquids are less than those expected from ideal solution they are said to have (1) Negative deviation from ideal behaviour (2) Positive deviations from ideal behaviour (3) Ideal behaviour (4) Positive deviation for lower cone. and negative deviations for higher concentration

16.

Pure water freezes at 5.45C at a certain place but a 0.374 m solution of tetra chloroethane in benzene freezes at 3.55C. The Kf for benzene is (1) 5.08 K. kg mol1 (3) 0.508 K kg mol1 (2) 508 K kg mol1 (4) 50.8 C kg mol1

17.

At certain Hill-station pure water boils at 99.725C. If Kb for water is 0.513C kg mol1. The boiling point of 0.69 m solution of urea will be (1) 100.079C (3) 100.359C (2) 103C (4) Un predictable

18.

The molar freezing point constant for water is 1.86 C/mole. if 342 gm of cane sugar (C12H22O11) is dissolved in 1000 gram of water, the solution will freeze at(1) -1.86 C (3) -3.92 c (2) 1.86C (4) 2.42C

19.

The melting points of most of the solid substance increase with an increase of pressure acting on them. However, ice melts at a temperature lower than its usual melting point, when the pressure is increased. This is because (1) ice is less dense than water (3) the chemical bonds break under pressure (2) pressure generate heat (4) ice is not a true solid

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At low concentrations, the statement that equimolal solutions under a given set of experimental conditions have equal osmotic pressures is true for (1) All solutions (3) Solution of electrolyte only (2) Solutions of non-electrolyte only (4) None of these

21.

If the observed and theoretical molecular mass of NaCI is found to be 31.80 and 58.50, then the degree of dissociation of NaCI is (1) 83.96% (3) 90% (2) 8.39% (4) 100% (2) 2 m solution of glucose (4) 5.8 % solution of glucose

22.

A 5.8% solution of NaCI has vapour pressure closest to (1) 5.8 % solution of urea (3) 1 m solution of urea

23.

For dilute solution Raoults law states that (1) The lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute (2) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction ofthe solute (3) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is proportional to the amount of solute in solution (4) The vapour pressure of the solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent

24.

An azeotropic solution of two liquids has boiling point lower than either of them when it (1) Shows a negative deviation from Raoults law (2) Shows no deviation from Raoults law (3) Shows positive deviation from Raoults law (4) Is saturated

25.

A 5% solution of cane sugar is isotonic with 0.877 % of X. The molecular weight of substance X is (1) 58.98 (3) 95.58 (2) 119.96 (4) 126.98

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PROBLEMS ASKED IN COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS

1. A 5.25% solution of a substance is isotonic with a 1.5% solution of urea (molar mass = 60 g mol-1) in the same solvent. If the densities of both the solutions are assumed to be equal to 1.0 g cm-3, molar mass of the substance will be [AIEEE 2007] -1 -1 (1) 105.0 g mol (2) 210.0 g mol -1 (2) 90.0 g mol (4) 115.0 g mol-1 If an aqueous solution of glucose is allowed to freeze, then crystals of which will be separated out first? [DPMT 2005] (1) glucose (3) both of these 3. (2) water (4) none of these

2.

If two substances A and B have pA: pB = 1 : 2 and have mole fraction in solution 1 : 2, then mole fraction of A in vapours is [DPMT 2005] (1) 0.33 (3) 0.52 (2) 0.25 (4) 0.2

4.

Solution A contains 7 g/L MgCl2 and solution B contains 7 g/L of NaCl. At room temperature, the osmotic pressure of [DCE 2005] (1) solution A is greater than B (3) solution B is greater than A (2) both have same osmotic pressure (4) cant determine [DCE 2005] (2) 200 ml of 1 M glucose solution (4) all have same [DCE 2005] (2) BaCl2 (4) urea

5.

Which has minimum osmotic pressure? (1) 200 ml of 2 M NaCl solution (3) 200 ml of 2 M urea solution

6.

X is dissolved in water. Maximum boiling point is observed when X is .... (0.1 M each) (1) CuSO4 (3) NaCl

7.

A solution of urea (mol. mass 56 g mol1) boils at 100.18C at the atmospheric pressure. If Kf and Kb for water are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol1 respectively, the above solution will freeze at [CBSE PMT 2005] (1) 6.54C (3) 6.54C (2) 0.654C (4) 0.654C

8.

The vapour pressure of the two liquids P and Q are 80 and 60 torr respectively. The total vapour pressure of the solution obtained by mixing 3 mole of P and 2 mole of Q would be [CBSE PMT 2005] (1) 68 torr (3) 72 torr (2) 140 torr (4) 20 torr [CBSE PMT 2005] (2) 0.036 (4) 0.009 [AIIEE 2005]

9.

The mole fraction of the solute in one molal aqueous solution is (1) 0.027 (3) 0.018

10.

Equimolar solutions in the same solvent have (1) same boiling point but different freezing point (2) same freezing point but different boiling points (3) same boiling and same freezing points (4) different boiling and different freezing points

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Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner : 480 mL of 1.5 M first solution + 520 mL of 1.2 M second solution. What is the molarity of the final mixture? [AIIEE 2005] (1) 1.20 M (3) 1.344 M (2) 1.50 M (4) 2.70 M

12.

Benzene and Toluene form nearly ideal solution. At 20C, the vapour pressure of benzene is 75 torr and that of toluene is 22 torr. The partial vapour pressure of benzene at 20C in a solution containing 78 g of beznene and 46 g of toluene in torr is [AIEEE 2005] (1) 50 (3) 37.5 (2) 25 (4) 53.5

13.

If is the degre of dissociation of Na2SO4, the vant Hoff factor (i) used for calculating the molecular mass is [AIIMS 2005] (1) 1 + (3) 1 + 2 (2) 1 (4) 1 2

14.

The elevation in boiling point of a solution of 13.44 g of CuCl2 in 1 kg of water is (Given Kb = 0.52 K kg mol1, molecular weight of CuCl2 = 134.4]. [IIT 2005] (1) 0.05 (3) 0.16 (2) 0.1 (4) 0.21 [Kerala MEE 2004]

15.

The volumes of 4 N HCl and 10 N HCl required to make 1 litre of 6 N HCl are (1) 0.75 litre of 4 N HCl and 0.25 litre of 10 N HCl (2) 0.25 litre of 4 N HCl and 0.75 litre of 10 N HCl (3) 0.67 litre of 4 N HCl and 0.33 litre of 10 N HCl (4) 0.80 litre of 4 N HCl and 0.20 litre of 10 N HCl

16.

Ethylene glycol is added to water as antifreeze. It will (2) only decrease the freezing point of water (3) only increase the boiling point of water (4) be used for cleaning the radiator in a car

[Kerala CEE 2004]

(1) decrease the freezing point of water in winter and increase the boiling point of water in summer

17.

Mole fraction of solute in benzene is 0.2, then the molality of the solution is (1) 3.2 (3) 4 (2) 2 (4) 3.6

[Bihar CECE 2004]

18.

Vapour pressure of dilute aqueous solution of glucose is 750 mm of mercury at 373 K. The mole fraction of the solute is [J&K CET 2004] (1) 1/76 (3) 1/38 (2) 1/7.6 (4) 1/10 [J&K CET 2004] (2) naphthalene (4) water

19.

Maximum freezing point falls in (1) camphor (3) benzene

20.

In 100 g of naphthalene, 2.423 g of S was dissolved. Melting point of naphthalene = 80.1C. Tf = 0.661. Lf = 35.7 cal/g of naphthalene. Molecular formula of sulphur added is [Orissa JEE 2004] (1) S2 (3) S6 (2) S4 (4) S8

26
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Chemistry : Solutions

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21.

To neutralise completely 20 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution of phosphorous acid (H3PO3), the volume of 0.1 M aqueous KOH solution required is [AIEEE 2004] (1) 10 mL (e) 40 mL (2) 20 mL (4) 60 mL [AIEEE 2004] (1) 0.001 M (3) 0.02 M (2) 0.01 M (4) 0.1 M

22.

6.02 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration of urea solution is

23.

A 0.004 M solution of Na2SO4 is isotonic with a 0.010 M solution of glucose at the temperature. The [IIT 2004] apparent degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 is (1) 25% (3) 75% (2) 50% (4) 85% [CBSE PMT 2004]

24.

Camphor is often used in molecular mass determination because (1) it is readily available (2) it has a very high cryoscopic constant (3) it is volatile (4) it is solvent for organic substances

25.

The average osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.8 bar at 37C. What is the concentration of an aqueous NaCl solution that could be used in the blood stream? [AIIMS 2004] (1) 0.15 mol/L (3) 0.60 mol/L (2) 0.30 mol/L (4) 0.45 mol/L

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Chemistry : Solutions

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ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. 6. (1) (1) 2. (4) 7. (1) 12. (3) 17. (4) 22. (2) 3. (1) 8. (1) 13. (4) 18. (2) 23. (1) 4. (2) 9. (2) 14. (4) 19. (1) 24. (4) 5. (4) 10. (4) 15. (4) 20. (2) 25. (4)

11. (4) 16. (1) 21. (4)

LEVEL - II
1. 6. (4) (3) 2. (4) 7. (3) 12. (3) 17. (2) 22. (2) 3. (3) 8. (3) 13. (1) 18. (4) 23. (1) 4. (2) 9. (1) 14. (4) 19. (1) 24. (1) 5. (4) 10. (3) 15. (3) 20. (3) 25. (2)

11. (2) 16. (2) 21. (2)

LEVEL - III
1. 6. (3) (4) 2. (4) 7. (3) 12. (1) 17. (1) 22. (2) 3. (2) 8. (4) 13. (2) 18. (1) 23. (2) 4. (1) 9. (3) 14. (3) 19. (4) 24. (3) 5. (2) 10. (2) 15. (1) 25. (2) 25. (1)

11. (2) 16. (1) 21. (1)

PROBLEMS ASKED IN COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS

1. 6. (2) (2) 2. (2) 7. (2) 12. (1) 17. (1) 22. (2) 3. (4) 8. (3) 13. (3) 18. (1) 23. (3) 4. (3) 9. (3) 14. (3) 19. (1) 24. (2) 5. (2) 10. (3) 15. (3) 20. (4) 25. (1)

11. (3) 16. (1) 21. (3)

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