Chapter 2 Application Layer

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

Were making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Theyre in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all, wed like people to use our book!) If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Application Layer 2-1

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach

6th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail
SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.5 DNS

Application Layer 2-2

Chapter 2: application layer

our goals: conceptual, implementation aspects of network application protocols transport-layer service models client-server paradigm peer-to-peer paradigm

learn about protocols by examining popular application-level protocols

HTTP FTP SMTP / POP3 / IMAP DNS

creating network applications socket API

Application Layer 2-3

Some network apps

e-mail web text messaging remote login P2P file sharing multi-user network games streaming stored video (YouTube, Hulu, Netflix)

voice over IP (e.g., Skype) real-time video conferencing social networking search

Application Layer 2-4

Creating a network app

write programs that: run on (different) end systems communicate over network e.g., web server software communicates with browser software no need to write software for network-core devices network-core devices do not run user applications applications on end systems allows for rapid app development, propagation

application transport network data link physical

application transport network data link physical

application transport network data link physical

Application Layer 2-5

Application architectures
possible structure of applications: client-server peer-to-peer (P2P)

Application Layer 2-6

Client-server architecture
server:

always-on host permanent IP address data centers for scaling

clients:

client/server

communicate with server may be intermittently connected may have dynamic IP addresses do not communicate directly with each other
Application Layer 2-7

P2P architecture

no always-on server arbitrary end systems directly communicate peers request service from other peers, provide service in return to other peers self scalability new peers bring new service capacity, as well as new service demands peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses complex management

peer-peer

Application Layer 2-8

Processes communicating
process: program running within a host

clients, servers client process: process

that initiates communication

within same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS) processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages

server process: process

that waits to be contacted

aside: applications with P2P architectures have client processes & server processes

Application Layer 2-9

Sockets

process sends/receives messages to/from its socket socket analogous to door sending process shoves message out door sending process relies on transport infrastructure on other side of door to deliver message to socket at receiving process
application

process
transport network link physical

socket

application

process
transport network

controlled by app developer

Internet

link
physical

controlled by OS

Application Layer 2-10

Addressing processes

to receive messages, process must have identifier host device has unique 32-bit IP address Q: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice for identifying the A: no, many process? processes can be running on same host

identifier includes both IP address and port numbers associated with process on host. example port numbers:
HTTP server: 80 mail server: 25

to send HTTP message to gaia.cs.umass.edu web server:

IP address: 128.119.245.12 port number: 80

more shortly

Application Layer 2-11

App-layer protocol defines

types of messages exchanged, e.g., request, response message syntax: what fields in messages & how fields are delineated message semantics meaning of information in fields rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages

open protocols: defined in RFCs allows for interoperability e.g., HTTP, SMTP proprietary protocols: e.g., Skype

Application Layer 2-12

What transport service does an app need?

data integrity some apps (e.g., file transfer, web transactions) require 100% reliable data transfer other apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss timing some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be effective

throughput some apps (e.g., multimedia) require minimum amount of throughput to be effective other apps (elastic apps) make use of whatever throughput they get security encryption, data integrity,
Application Layer 2-13

Transport service requirements: common apps

application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games text messaging data loss no loss no loss no loss loss-tolerant loss-tolerant loss-tolerant no loss throughput time sensitive

elastic no elastic no elastic no audio: 5kbps-1Mbps yes, 100s video:10kbps-5Mbps msec same as above few kbps up yes, few secs elastic yes, 100s msec yes and no

Application Layer 2-14

Internet transport protocols services

TCP service:

UDP service:

reliable transport between sending and receiving process flow control: sender wont overwhelm receiver congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded does not provide: timing, minimum throughput guarantee, security connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes

unreliable data transfer between sending and receiving process does not provide: reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, throughput guarantee, security, orconnection setup,

Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP?

Application Layer 2-15

Internet apps: application, transport protocols

application application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] HTTP (e.g., YouTube), RTP [RFC 1889] SIP, RTP, proprietary (e.g., Skype) underlying transport protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP or UDP

e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia

Internet telephony

TCP or UDP

Application Layer 2-16

Securing TCP
TCP & UDP no encryption cleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet in cleartext SSL provides encrypted TCP connection data integrity end-point authentication SSL is at app layer Apps use SSL libraries, which talk to TCP SSL socket API cleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet encrypted See Chapter 7

Application Layer 2-17

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-18

Web and HTTP

First, a review

web page consists of objects object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file, web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects each object is addressable by a URL, e.g.,
www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif host name path name

Application Layer 2-19

HTTP overview
HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol

Webs application layer protocol client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, (using HTTP protocol) and displays Web objects server: Web server sends (using HTTP protocol) objects in response to requests

PC running Firefox browser

server running Apache Web server

iphone running Safari browser

Application Layer 2-20

HTTP overview (continued)

uses TCP:

client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80 server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server) TCP connection closed

HTTP is stateless
server maintains no information about past client requests aside protocols that maintain state are complex!

past history (state) must be maintained if server/client crashes, their views of state may be inconsistent, must be reconciled
Application Layer 2-21

HTTP connections
non-persistent HTTP at most one object sent over TCP connection connection then closed downloading multiple objects required multiple connections persistent HTTP multiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client, server

Application Layer 2-22

Non-persistent HTTP
suppose user enters URL:
www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index
(contains text, references to 10 jpeg images)

1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server (process) at www.someSchool.edu on port 80 2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDepartment/home.inde x time

1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. accepts connection, notifying client 3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its socket
Application Layer 2-23

Non-persistent HTTP (cont.)

5. HTTP client receives response
message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects

4. HTTP server closes TCP connection.

time

6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects

Application Layer 2-24

Non-persistent HTTP: response time

RTT (definition): time for a small packet to travel from client to server and back HTTP response time: one RTT to initiate TCP connection one RTT for HTTP request and first few bytes of HTTP response to return file transmission time non-persistent HTTP response time = 2RTT+ file transmission time

initiate TCP connection

RTT
request file RTT file received time time to transmit file

time

Application Layer 2-25

Persistent HTTP
non-persistent HTTP issues:

persistent HTTP:

requires 2 RTTs per object OS overhead for each TCP connection browsers often open parallel TCP connections to fetch referenced objects

server leaves connection open after sending response subsequent HTTP messages between same client/server sent over open connection client sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced object as little as one RTT for all the referenced objects
Application Layer 2-26

HTTP request message

two types of HTTP messages: request, response HTTP request message:

ASCII (human-readable format)
carriage return character line-feed character

request line (GET, POST, HEAD commands) header lines carriage return, line feed at start of line indicates end of header lines

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: www-net.cs.umass.edu\r\n User-Agent: Firefox/3.6.10\r\n Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml\r\n Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\n Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate\r\n Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7\r\n Keep-Alive: 115\r\n Connection: keep-alive\r\n \r\n

Application Layer 2-27

HTTP request message: general format

method sp URL sp value version cr lf ~ ~ header lines cr lf request line header field name

~ ~ header field name

cr ~ ~ lf entity body value cr lf

~ ~

body

Application Layer 2-28

Uploading form input

POST method:

web page often includes form input input is uploaded to server in entity body

URL method:

uses GET method input is uploaded in URL field of request line:

www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana

Application Layer 2-29

Method types
HTTP/1.0:

HTTP/1.1:

GET POST HEAD asks server to leave requested object out of response

GET, POST, HEAD PUT uploads file in entity body to path specified in URL field DELETE deletes file specified in the URL field

Application Layer 2-30

HTTP response message

status line (protocol status code status phrase)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Date: Sun, 26 Sep 2010 20:09:20 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/2.0.52 (CentOS)\r\n Last-Modified: Tue, 30 Oct 2007 17:00:02 GMT\r\n ETag: "17dc6-a5c-bf716880"\r\n Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n Content-Length: 2652\r\n Keep-Alive: timeout=10, max=100\r\n Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-88591\r\n \r\n data data data data data ...

header lines

data, e.g., requested HTML file

Application Layer 2-31

HTTP response status codes

status code appears in 1st line in server-toclient response message. some sample codes:

200 OK
request succeeded, requested object later in this msg

301 Moved Permanently

requested object moved, new location specified later in this msg (Location:)

400 Bad Request

request msg not understood by server

404 Not Found

requested document not found on this server

505 HTTP Version Not Supported

Application Layer 2-32

Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself

1. Telnet to your favorite Web server:
telnet cis.poly.edu 80

opens TCP connection to port 80 (default HTTP server port) at cis.poly.edu. anything typed in sent to port 80 at cis.poly.edu

2. type in a GET HTTP request:

GET /~ross/ HTTP/1.1 Host: cis.poly.edu by typing this in (hit carriage return twice), you send this minimal (but complete) GET request to HTTP server

3. look at response message sent by HTTP server!

(or use Wireshark to look at captured HTTP request/response)

Application Layer 2-33

User-server state: cookies

example: many Web sites use Susan always access cookies Internet from PC four components: visits specific e1) cookie header line of commerce site for first HTTP response time message when initial HTTP requests arrives at site, 2) cookie header line in site creates: next HTTP request message unique ID entry in backend 3) cookie file kept on database for ID users host, managed by users browser 4) back-end database Application Layer 2-34

Cookies: keeping state (cont.)

client
ebay 8734

server
usual http request msg usual http response

cookie file
ebay 8734 amazon 1678

set-cookie: 1678
usual http request msg

Amazon server creates ID 1678 for user create backend entry database

cookie: 1678
usual http response msg one week later:
ebay 8734 amazon 1678

cookiespecific action

access

access

usual http request msg

cookie: 1678
usual http response msg

cookiespecific action
Application Layer 2-35

Cookies (continued)
what cookies can be used for:

authorization shopping carts recommendations user session state (Web e-mail)

aside cookies and privacy: cookies permit sites to learn a lot about you you may supply name and e-mail to sites

how to keep state:

protocol endpoints: maintain state at sender/receiver over multiple transactions cookies: http messages carry state
Application Layer 2-36

Web caches (proxy server)

goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server user sets browser: Web

accesses via cache browser sends all HTTP requests to cache object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client

proxy server
client
origin server

client

origin server

Application Layer 2-37

More about Web caching

cache acts as both client and server

server for original requesting client client to origin server

typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP)

why Web caching? reduce response time for client request reduce traffic on an institutions access link Internet dense with caches: enables poor content providers to effectively deliver content (so too does P2P file sharing)
Application Layer 2-38

Caching example:
assumptions:

avg object size: 100K bits avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec avg data rate to browsers: 1.50 Mbps RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec access link rate: 1.54 Mbps
problem!

origin servers
public Internet

1.54 Mbps access link institutional network

consequences:

LAN utilization: 15% access link utilization = 99% total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + usecs

1 Gbps LAN

Application Layer 2-39

Caching example: fatter access

link
assumptions:

consequences:

avg object size: 100K bits avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec avg data rate to browsers: 1.50 Mbps RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec 154 access link rate: 1.54 Mbps Mbps
institutional network

origin servers
public Internet

1.54 Mbps 154 Mbps access link

LAN utilization: 15% 9.9% access link utilization = 99% total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes msecs + usecs

1 Gbps LAN

Cost: increased access link speed (not cheap!)

Application Layer 2-40

Caching example: install local

cache
assumptions:

avg object size: 100K bits avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec avg data rate to browsers: 1.50 Mbps RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec access link rate: 1.54 Mbps
LAN utilization: 15% ? access link utilization = 100% ? total delay = Internet delay + access How to delay delay + LANcompute link utilization, + usecs = 2 sec + minutes delay?
institutional network

origin servers
public Internet

1.54 Mbps access link

consequences:

1 Gbps LAN

local web cache

Cost: web cache (cheap!)

Application Layer 2-41

Caching example: install local

cache
Calculating access link utilization, delay with cache:
suppose

origin servers
public Internet

cache hit rate is 0.4

40% requests satisfied at cache, 60% link utilization: accessrequests satisfied at origin
60% of requests use access link

data rate to browsers over access link = 0.6*1.50 Mbps = .9 Mbps

utilization = 0.9/1.54 = .58

1.54 Mbps access link institutional network

total

delay

= 0.6 * (delay from origin servers) +0.4 * (delay when satisfied at cache) = 0.6 (2.01) + 0.4 (~msecs) = ~ 1.2 secs less than with 154 Mbps link (and cheaper too!)

1 Gbps LAN

local web cache

Application Layer 2-42

Conditional GET
client

server

Goal: dont send object if cache has up-to-date cached version

no object transmission delay lower link utilization

HTTP request msg

If-modified-since: <date>

HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

cache: specify date of cached copy in HTTP request

If-modified-since: <date>

object not modified before <date>

HTTP request msg

If-modified-since: <date>

server: response contains no object if cached copy is up-todate:

HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified

HTTP response
HTTP/1.0 200 OK

object modified after <date>

<data>
Application Layer 2-43

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-44

FTP: the file transfer protocol

FTP user interface user at host

file transfer
FTP client FTP server remote file system

local file system

transfer file to/from remote host client/server model

client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote) server: remote host

ftp: RFC 959 ftp server: port 21

Application Layer 2-45

FTP: separate control, data connections

FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21, using TCP client authorized over control connection client browses remote directory, sends commands over control connection when server receives file transfer command, server opens 2nd TCP data connection (for file) to client after transferring one file, server closes data connection

TCP control connection, server port 21

FTP client

TCP data connection, server port 20

FTP server

server opens another TCP data connection to transfer another file control connection: out of band FTP server maintains state: current directory, earlier authentication
Application Layer 2-46

FTP commands, responses

sample commands:

sample return codes

sent as ASCII text over control channel USER username PASS password LIST return list of file in current directory RETR filename retrieves (gets) file STOR filename stores (puts) file onto remote host

status code and phrase (as in HTTP) 331 Username OK, password required 125 data connection already open; transfer starting 425 Cant open data connection 452 Error writing file
Application Layer 2-47

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-48

Electronic mail
Three major components:

outgoing message queue user mailbox user agent mail server user agent

user agents mail servers simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP

SMTP

mail server

user agent

SMTP

User Agent

SMTP
mail server user agent user agent

a.k.a. mail reader composing, editing, reading mail messages e.g., Outlook, Thunderbird, iPhone mail client outgoing, incoming

user agent

Application Layer 2-49

Electronic mail: mail servers

mail servers:

mailbox contains incoming messages for user message queue of outgoing (to be sent) mail messages SMTP protocol between mail servers to send email messages client: sending mail server server: receiving mail server

user agent mail server user agent

SMTP

mail server

user agent

SMTP
SMTP
mail server user agent user agent user agent

Application Layer 2-50

Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]

uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client to server, port 25 direct transfer: sending server to receiving server three phases of transfer
handshaking (greeting) transfer of messages closure

command/response interaction (like HTTP, FTP)

commands: ASCII text response: status code and phrase

messages must be in 7-bit ASCI

Application Layer 2-51

Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob

1) Alice uses UA to compose message to [email protected] 2) Alices UA sends message to her mail server; message placed in message queue 3) client side of SMTP opens TCP connection with Bobs mail server
1 user agent 2 mail server 3 Alices mail server

4) SMTP client sends Alices message over the TCP connection 5) Bobs mail server places the message in Bobs mailbox 6) Bob invokes his user agent to read message

mail server 4 6 5 Bobs mail server

user agent

Application Layer 2-52

Sample SMTP interaction

S: C: S: C: S: C: S: C: S: C: C: C: S: C: S: 220 hamburger.edu HELO crepes.fr 250 Hello crepes.fr, pleased to meet you MAIL FROM: <[email protected]> 250 [email protected]... Sender ok RCPT TO: <[email protected]> 250 [email protected] ... Recipient ok DATA 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself Do you like ketchup? How about pickles? . 250 Message accepted for delivery QUIT 221 hamburger.edu closing connection

Application Layer 2-53

Try SMTP interaction for yourself:

telnet servername 25 see 220 reply from server enter HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT commands

above lets you send email without using email client (reader)

Application Layer 2-54

SMTP: final words

SMTP uses persistent connections SMTP requires message (header & body) to be in 7-bit ASCII SMTP server uses CRLF.CRLF to determine end of message

comparison with HTTP:

HTTP: pull SMTP: push both have ASCII command/response interaction, status codes HTTP: each object encapsulated in its own response msg SMTP: multiple objects sent in multipart msg

Application Layer 2-55

Mail message format

SMTP: protocol for exchanging email msgs RFC 822: standard for text message format: header lines, e.g.,
To: From: Subject:

header

blank line

body

different from SMTP

MAIL FROM, RCPT TO: commands!

Body: the message

ASCII characters only
Application Layer 2-56

Mail access protocols

user agent

SMTP

SMTP

mail access protocol

(e.g., POP, IMAP)

user agent

senders mail server

receivers mail server

SMTP: delivery/storage to receivers server mail access protocol: retrieval from server
POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]: authorization, download IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]: more features, including manipulation of stored msgs on server HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.
Application Layer 2-57

POP3 protocol
authorization phase

client commands: user: declare username pass: password server responses +OK -ERR

S: C: S: C: S: C: S: S: S: C: S: S: C: C: S: S: C: C: S:

+OK POP3 server ready user bob +OK pass hungry +OK user successfully logged list 1 498 2 912 . retr 1 <message 1 contents> . dele 1 retr 2 <message 1 contents> . dele 2 quit +OK POP3 server signing off

on

transaction phase,
client:

list: list message numbers retr: retrieve message by number dele: delete quit

Application Layer 2-58

POP3 (more) and IMAP

more about POP3

IMAP

previous example uses POP3 download and delete mode Bob cannot re-read e-mail if he changes client POP3 download-andkeep: copies of messages on different clients POP3 is stateless across sessions

keeps all messages in one place: at server allows user to organize messages in folders keeps user state across sessions: names of folders and mappings between message IDs and folder name

Application Layer 2-59

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-60

DNS: domain name system

people: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) used for addressing datagrams name, e.g., www.yahoo.com used by humans Q: how to map between IP address and name, and vice versa ?

Domain Name System:

distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers application-layer protocol: hosts, name servers communicate to resolve names (address/name translation)
note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol complexity at networks edge
Application Layer 2-61

DNS: services, structure

DNS services

why not centralize DNS?

hostname to IP address translation host aliasing

canonical, alias names

mail server aliasing load distribution replicated Web servers: many IP addresses correspond to one name

single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance

A: doesnt scale!

Application Layer 2-62

DNS: a distributed, hierarchical database

Root DNS Servers

com DNS servers yahoo.com amazon.com DNS servers DNS servers

edu DNS servers poly.edu umass.edu DNS serversDNS servers

org DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers

client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st approx:

client queries root server to find com DNS server client queries .com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for www.amazon.com
Application Layer 2-63

DNS: root name servers

contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server:
contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server
c. Cogent, Herndon, VA (5 other sites) d. U Maryland College Park, MD h. ARL Aberdeen, MD j. Verisign, Dulles VA (69 other sites ) k. RIPE London (17 other sites) i. Netnod, Stockholm (37 other sites) m. WIDE Tokyo (5 other sites)

e. NASA Mt View, CA f. Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 48 other sites) a. Verisign, Los Angeles CA (5 other sites) b. USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l. ICANN Los Angeles, CA (41 other sites) g. US DoD Columbus, OH (5 other sites)

13 root name servers worldwide

Application Layer 2-64

TLD, authoritative servers

top-level domain (TLD) servers:
responsible for com, org, net, edu, aero, jobs, museums, and all top-level country domains, e.g.: uk, fr, ca, jp Network Solutions maintains servers for .com TLD Educause for .edu TLD

authoritative DNS servers:

organizations own DNS server(s), providing authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organizations named hosts can be maintained by organization or service provider
Application Layer 2-65

Local DNS name server

does not strictly belong to hierarchy each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has one
also called default name server

when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server
has local cache of recent name-to-address translation pairs (but may be out of date!) acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy

Application Layer 2-66

DNS name resolution example

2

root DNS server

host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu

local DNS server
dns.poly.edu

3 4 5

TLD DNS server

iterated query:

contacted server replies with name of server to contact I dont know this name, but ask this server

authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu

requesting host
cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu
Application Layer 2-67

DNS name resolution example

recursive query:
2

root DNS server

3 7 6 TLD DNS server

puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server heavy load at upper levels of hierarchy?

local DNS server

dns.poly.edu

8
authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu

requesting host
cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu
Application Layer 2-68

DNS: caching, updating records

once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping

cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time (TTL) TLD servers typically cached in local name servers
thus root name servers not often visited

cached entries may be out-of-date (best effort name-to-address translation!)

if name host changes IP address, may not be known Internet-wide until all TTLs expire

update/notify mechanisms proposed IETF standard

RFC 2136
Application Layer 2-69

DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)
RR format: (name,
value, type, ttl)

type=A
name is hostname value is IP address

type=CNAME
name is alias name for some canonical (the real) name www.ibm.com is really
servereast.backup2.ibm.com

type=NS
name is domain (e.g., foo.com) value is hostname of authoritative name server for this domain

value is canonical name

type=MX
value is name of mailserver associated with name
Application Layer 2-70

DNS protocol, messages

query and reply messages, both with same message format 2 bytes 2 bytes
identification # questions # authority RRs flags # answer RRs # additional RRs

msg header

identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative

questions (variable # of questions) answers (variable # of RRs) authority (variable # of RRs) additional info (variable # of RRs)
Application Layer 2-71

DNS protocol, messages

2 bytes 2 bytes

identification # questions # authority RRs

flags # answer RRs # additional RRs

name, type fields for a query RRs in response to query records for authoritative servers additional helpful info that may be used

questions (variable # of questions) answers (variable # of RRs) authority (variable # of RRs) additional info (variable # of RRs)
Application Layer 2-72

Inserting records into DNS

example: new startup Network Utopia register name networkuptopia.com at DNS registrar (e.g., Network Solutions)
provide names, IP addresses of authoritative name server (primary and secondary) registrar inserts two RRs into .com TLD server:

(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS) (dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)

create authoritative server type A record for www.networkuptopia.com; type MX record for networkutopia.com

Application Layer 2-73

Attacking DNS
DDoS attacks Bombard root servers with traffic
Not successful to date Traffic Filtering Local DNS servers cache IPs of TLD servers, allowing root server bypass

Redirect attacks Man-in-middle

Intercept queries

DNS poisoning
Send bogus relies to DNS server, which caches

Bombard TLD servers

Potentially more dangerous

Exploit DNS for DDoS Send queries with spoofed source address: target IP Requires amplification Application Layer 2-74

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-75

Pure P2P architecture

no always-on server arbitrary end systems directly communicate peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses
file distribution (BitTorrent) Streaming (KanKan) VoIP (Skype)

examples:

Application Layer 2-76

File distribution: client-server vs P2P

Question: how much time to distribute file (size F) from one server to N peers?
peer upload/download capacity is limited resource
us: server upload capacity di: peer i download capacity di ui

file, size F

server

us

u1

d1

u2

d2

uN
dN

network (with abundant bandwidth)

ui: peer i upload capacity

Application Layer 2-77

File distribution time: client-server

server transmission: must sequentially send (upload) N file copies:

time to send one copy: F/us time to send N copies:

us di network

ui

NF/us client: each client must download file copy

dmin = min client download rate min client download time: F/dmin time to distribute F to N clients using D c-s client-server approach

> max{NF/us,,F/dmin}
increases linearly in N
Application Layer 2-78

File distribution time: P2P

server transmission: must upload at least one copy

time to send one copy: F/us

us di network

client: each client must download file copy

min client download time: F/dmin

ui

clients: as aggregate must download NF bits

max upload rate (limting max download rate) is us + Sui

time to distribute F to N clients using P2P approach

DP2P > max{F/us,,F/dmin,,NF/(us + Sui)}

increases linearly in N but so does this, as each peer brings service capacity
Application Layer 2-79

Client-server vs. P2P: example

client upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, us = 10u, dmin us
3.5 P2P Client-Server

Minimum Distribution Time

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

10

15

20

25

30

35

N
Application Layer 2-80

P2P file distribution: BitTorrent

file divided into 256Kb chunks peers in torrent send/receive file chunks
tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent

torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file

Alice arrives obtains list of peers from tracker and begins exchanging file chunks with peers in torrent
Application Layer 2-81

P2P file distribution: BitTorrent

peer joining torrent: has no chunks, but will accumulate them over time from other peers registers with tracker to get list of peers, connects to subset of peers (neighbors) while downloading, peer uploads chunks to other peers peer may change peers with whom it exchanges chunks churn: peers may come and go once peer has entire file, it may (selfishly) leave or (altruistically) remain in torrent
Application Layer 2-82

BitTorrent: requesting, sending file chunks

requesting chunks:

sending chunks: tit-for-tat

at any given time, different peers have different subsets of file chunks periodically, Alice asks each peer for list of chunks that they have Alice requests missing chunks from peers, rarest first

Alice sends chunks to those four peers currently sending her chunks at highest rate
other peers are choked by Alice (do not receive chunks from her) re-evaluate top 4 every10 secs

every 30 secs: randomly select another peer, starts sending chunks

optimistically unchoke this peer newly chosen peer may join top 4
Application Layer 2-83

BitTorrent: tit-for-tat
(1) Alice optimistically unchokes Bob (2) Alice becomes one of Bobs top-four providers; Bob reciprocates (3) Bob becomes one of Alices top-four providers

higher upload rate: find better trading partners, get file faster !
Application Layer 2-84

Distributed Hash Table (DHT)

DHT:

a distributed P2P database database has (key, value) pairs; examples:

key: ss number; value: human name key: movie title; value: IP address
Distribute

the (key, value) pairs over the (millions of peers) a peer queries DHT with key
DHT returns values that match the key
peers

can also insert (key, value) pairs

Application 2-85

Q: how to assign keys to peers?

central
basic

issue:

assigning (key, value) pairs to peers.

idea:

convert each key to an integer Assign integer to each peer put (key,value) pair in the peer that is closest to the key

Application 2-86

DHT identifiers
assign

integer identifier to each peer in range [0,2n-1] for some n.

each identifier represented by n bits.

require

each key to be an integer in same

range to get integer key, hash original key

e.g., key = hash(Led Zeppelin IV) this is why its is referred to as a distributed hash table Application 2-87

Assign keys to peers

rule:

assign key to the peer that has the closest ID. convention in lecture: closest is the immediate successor of the key. e.g., n=4; peers: 1,3,4,5,8,10,12,14;
key = 13, then successor peer = 14 key = 15, then successor peer = 1

Application 2-88

Circular DHT (1)

1 15 3 4 12 10

5
8

each peer only aware of immediate successor and predecessor. overlay network
Application 2-89

Circular DHT (1)

O(N) messages on avgerage to resolve query, when there I am are N peers 1111
1110 1110 1110

0001 0011

Whos responsible for key 1110 ?

0100
1110
1110

1100 0101
Define closest as closest successor
1110

1010

1000
Application 2-90

Circular DHT with shortcuts

1

3
15

Whos responsible for key 1110?

4
12 10

5 8

each peer keeps track of IP addresses of predecessor, successor, short cuts. reduced from 6 to 2 messages. possible to design shortcuts so O(log N) neighbors, O(log N) messages in query
Application 2-91

Peer churn
1

handling peer churn:

peers

may come and go

(churn) 3 each peer knows address of 15 its two successors each peer periodically pings 4 its 12 two successors to check 5 aliveness 10 if immediate successor 8 leaves, example: peer 5 abruptly leaves choose next successor as new immediate successor
peer

4 detects peer 5 departure; makes 8 its immediate successor; asks 8 who its immediate successor is; makes 8s immediate successor its second successor. what if peer 13 wants to join? Application 2-92

Chapter 2: outline
2.1 principles of network applications
app architectures app requirements

2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP

2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail

SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS
Application Layer 2-93

Socket programming
goal: learn how to build client/server applications that communicate using sockets socket: door between application process and end-end-transport protocol
application

process
transport network link physical

socket

application

process
transport network link physical

controlled by app developer

Internet

controlled by OS

Application Layer 2-94

Socket programming
Two socket types for two transport services: UDP: unreliable datagram TCP: reliable, byte stream-oriented

Application Example: 1. Client reads a line of characters (data) from its keyboard and sends the data to the server. 2. The server receives the data and converts characters to uppercase. 3. The server sends the modified data to the client. 4. The client receives the modified data and displays the line on its screen. Application Layer 2-95

Socket programming with UDP

UDP: no connection between client & server

no handshaking before sending data sender explicitly attaches IP destination address and port # to each packet rcvr extracts sender IP address and port# from received packet

UDP: transmitted data may be lost or received out-of-order

Application viewpoint:
UDP provides unreliable transfer of groups of bytes (datagrams) between client and server
Application Layer 2-96

Client/server socket interaction: UDP

server (running on serverIP)
create socket, port= x: serverSocket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)

client
create socket: clientSocket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) Create datagram with server IP and port=x; send datagram via clientSocket

read datagram from serverSocket write reply to serverSocket specifying client address, port number

read datagram from clientSocket close clientSocket

Application 2-97

Example app: UDP client

Python UDPClient
include Pythons socket library

from socket import * serverName = hostname

serverPort = 12000
create UDP socket for server get user keyboard input Attach server name, port to message; send into socket read reply characters from socket into string print out received string and close socket

clientSocket = socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) message = raw_input(Input lowercase sentence:) clientSocket.sendto(message,(serverName, serverPort)) modifiedMessage, serverAddress = clientSocket.recvfrom(2048)

print modifiedMessage
clientSocket.close()
Application Layer 2-98

Example app: UDP server

Python UDPServer
from socket import * serverPort = 12000
create UDP socket bind socket to local port number 12000

serverSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)

serverSocket.bind(('', serverPort)) print The server is ready to receive while 1:
message, clientAddress = serverSocket.recvfrom(2048) modifiedMessage = message.upper() serverSocket.sendto(modifiedMessage, clientAddress)

loop forever Read from UDP socket into message, getting clients address (client IP and port) send upper case string back to this client

Application Layer 2-99

Socket programming with TCP

client must contact server

server process must first be running server must have created socket (door) that welcomes clients contact Creating TCP socket, specifying IP address, port number of server process when client creates socket: client TCP establishes connection to server TCP

client contacts server by:

when contacted by client, server TCP creates new socket for server process to communicate with that particular client allows server to talk with multiple clients source port numbers used to distinguish clients (more in Chap 3)

application viewpoint: TCP provides reliable, in-order byte-stream transfer (pipe) between client and server
Application Layer 2-100

Client/server socket interaction: TCP

server (running on hostid)
create socket, port=x, for incoming request: serverSocket = socket()

client

wait for incoming TCP connection request connectionSocket = connection serverSocket.accept() read request from connectionSocket write reply to connectionSocket close connectionSocket

setup

create socket, connect to hostid, port=x clientSocket = socket() send request using clientSocket

read reply from clientSocket close clientSocket

Application Layer 2-101

Example app: TCP client

Python TCPClient
from socket import * serverName = servername
create TCP socket for server, remote port 12000

serverPort = 12000
clientSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) clientSocket.connect((serverName,serverPort)) sentence = raw_input(Input lowercase sentence:)

No need to attach server name, port

clientSocket.send(sentence) modifiedSentence = clientSocket.recv(1024) print From Server:, modifiedSentence

clientSocket.close()

Application Layer 2-102

Example app: TCP server

Python TCPServer
create TCP welcoming socket server begins listening for incoming TCP requests loop forever server waits on accept() for incoming requests, new socket created on return

from socket import * serverPort = 12000 serverSocket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM) serverSocket.bind((,serverPort)) serverSocket.listen(1) print The server is ready to receive while 1: connectionSocket, addr = serverSocket.accept() sentence = connectionSocket.recv(1024) capitalizedSentence = sentence.upper() connectionSocket.send(capitalizedSentence) connectionSocket.close()
Application Layer 2-103

read bytes from socket (but not address as in UDP)

close connection to this client (but not welcoming socket)

Chapter 2: summary
our study of network apps now complete!

application architectures client-server P2P application service requirements: reliability, bandwidth, delay Internet transport service model connection-oriented, reliable: TCP unreliable, datagrams: UDP

specific protocols: HTTP FTP SMTP, POP, IMAP DNS P2P: BitTorrent, DHT socket programming: TCP, UDP sockets

Application Layer 2-104

Chapter 2: summary
most importantly: learned about protocols!

typical request/reply message exchange: client requests info or service server responds with data, status code message formats: headers: fields giving info about data data: info being communicated

important themes:

control vs. data msgs in-band, out-of-band centralized vs. decentralized stateless vs. stateful reliable vs. unreliable msg transfer complexity at network edge
Application Layer 2-105