01 - The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models

By Muhammad Asghar Khan

Reference: CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide By Wendell Odom

Agenda

Networking Model ? TCP/IP Networking Model OSI Reference Networking Model Comparing OSI & TCP/IP Networking Models

Layering Concepts and Benefits

Layers Interaction Concept Data Encapsulation Terminology

www.asghars.blogspot.com

1/1

Networking Model ?

Networking Model or Networking Architecture refers to an organized set of documents Collectively, these documents define details of how to create a complete network By the late 1980s, the world had many competing vendor-proprietary networking models plus the two competing standardized networking models

TCP/IP Networking Model OSI Reference Networking Model

www.asghars.blogspot.com

TCP/IP won in the end

1/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Initially started by the U.S. Defense Department Researchers at various universities volunteered to help further develop the TCP/IP Networking Model TCP/IP Networking Model defines a large collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate Like other Networking Architectures, TCP/IP classify the various protocols into different categories or layers

www.asghars.blogspot.com

2/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Application Layer

TCP/IP application layer protocols provide services to the application software (e.g. web browser) running on a computer HTTP is an example of TCP/IP Application Layer protocol The following figure depicts the usage of HTTP protocol

www.asghars.blogspot.com

3/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Transport Layer

Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data It consists of two main protocol options: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) In layered architecture, each layer provide service to the layer above it

www.asghars.blogspot.com

4/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

The following figure depicts the services provided by the TCP to HTTP

www.asghars.blogspot.com

5/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Internet Layer

It is also responsible for routing of IP datagrams Internet layer of the TCP/IP networking model, primarily dened by the Internet Protocol (IP) IP denes logical addresses, called IP addresses, which allow each IP hosts to have an address with which to communicate IP also denes routing, the process of how a router should forward, or route, packets of data

www.asghars.blogspot.com

6/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

The following figure depicts the services provided by the IP to TCP

www.asghars.blogspot.com

7/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Network Access Layer

This layer denes the protocols and hardware required to deliver data across physical network The term Network Access refers to the fact that this layer denes how to physically connect a host computer to the physical media over which data can be transmitted The functions of Network Access Layer can be broken into two major categories:

Data Link (Encapsulation & Addressing) Physical ( Bit Transmission)

www.asghars.blogspot.com

10

8/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

Ethernet is one of the protocol at the TCP/IP Network Access Layer Ethernet denes the required cabling, addressing, and protocols used to create an Ethernet LAN Network Access Layer also defines protocols used to deliver data across WAN links, such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Frame Relay

11

www.asghars.blogspot.com

9/9

TCP/IP Networking Model

The following figure depicts the services provided by the Ethernet and PPP to IP

12

www.asghars.blogspot.com

1/4

OSI Reference Networking Model

In late 1970s, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was created by the ISO The OSI model was meant to help vendors create interoperable network devices The OSI reference model consists of seven layers Each layer denes a set of typical networking functions OSI as a whole never succeeded in the marketplace So, why to read about OSI? Well, the OSI model now is mainly used as a point of reference for discussing other protocol specications
13 www.asghars.blogspot.com

2/4

OSI Reference Networking Model

The seven layers are divided into two groups:

Upper Layers Lower Layers

Upper Layers
Lower Layers
14 www.asghars.blogspot.com

3/4

OSI Reference Networking Model

Summary of the functions defined at each layer of the OSI model

All People Seem To Need Data Processing (Layers 7 to 1)

15

www.asghars.blogspot.com

4/4

OSI Reference Networking Model

Devises and Protocols covered in CCNA exams, and their comparable OSI layers.

16

www.asghars.blogspot.com

1/1

Comparing OSI & TCP/IP Networking Models

OSI can be used as a standard of comparison to other networking models You can examine any networking protocol or specication and make some determination of whether it most closely matches OSI Layer L1, L2, and so on

17

www.asghars.blogspot.com

1/1

Layering Concepts and Benefits

The layers break a large, complex set of concepts and protocols into smaller pieces, making it easier to talk about, easier to implement with hardware and software, and easier to troubleshoot The following list summarizes the benets of layered protocol specications

18

Less complex compared to not using a model Easier to learn Easier to develop Multivendor interoperability Modular engineering
www.asghars.blogspot.com

1/1

Layers Interaction Concept

Same-Layer Interaction on Different Computers

The two computers use a protocol to communicate with the same layer on another computer The protocol dened by each layer uses a header that is transmitted between the computers, to communicate what each computer wants to do On a single computer, one layer provides a service to a higher layer The software or hardware that implements the higher layer requests that the next lower layer perform the needed function
www.asghars.blogspot.com

Adjacent-Layer Interaction on Same Computer

19

1/1

Data Encapsulation Terminology

The term encapsulation refers to the process of putting headers and trailers around some data

TCP/IP Encapsulation

OSI Encapsulation
OSI uses a more generic term: protocol data unit, or PDU

20

www.asghars.blogspot.com