Soil and Rock

Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual

2010 Edition

State of California Department of Transportation Division of Engineering Services Geotechnical Services

2010

Department of Transportation

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Preface
Detailed soil and rock descriptions are an essential part of the information developed to support Caltrans design and construction processes. Subsurface information for any given area is, and can be, generated and accumulated over a prolonged period of time by various geotechnical practitioners for different projects and purposes. It is imperative that geotechnical practitioners working on Caltrans projects use standardized terminology and procedures to maintain consistency in borehole logging and reporting practices. Geotechnical Services in the Division of Engineering Services has published this Manual to ensure the Departments investment in maintaining consistent logging practices. This Manual, Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, addresses the following: Serves as a comprehensive reference for Departmental staff, consultants, and contractors Provides standardized soil description and identification procedures utilizing field data Provides standardized soil classification procedures utilizing laboratory data Provides standardized rock description and identification procedures utilizing field and laboratory data Serves as a basis for Departmental products and tools, such as: Boring Log presentation formats, Log of Test Borings (LOTB) legend sheets, escriptive terminology presented in geotechnical reports, and D Geotechnical Data Management System The information presented in this Manual is based predominantly on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and other publications. These references provide standardized methods for identifying, describing, or classifying soil and rock; however, they do not provide adequate descriptive terminology and criteria for identifying soil and rock for engineering purposes. Consequently, this manual extends, and in some cases modifies these standards to include additional descriptive terms and criteria. In addition to soil and rock identification, description, or classification, this Manual contains instructions that present Departmental standards for borehole and sample identification, minimum material requirements for various laboratory tests, and boring log presentation formats. Geotechnical Services staff and any other organization providing geotechnical reports or records of geotechnical investigations for the Department must use the procedures presented in this Manual.

Dolores Valls Deputy Division Chief, Geotechnical Services

Acknowledgements

Geotechnical Services wishes to thank the following team members for preparing this Manual. Tim Pokrywka (Team Sponsor), Office of Geotechnical Design West Thomas Whitman (Chair), Office of Geotechnical Design West John Bowman, Office of Geotechnical Support Craig Hannenian, Office of Geotechnical Support Deh-Jeng Jang, Office of Geotechnical Design South 1 Robert Price, Office of Geotechnical Design West Sam Sukiasian, Office of Geotechnical Design South 1 Loren Turner, Division of Research & Innovation Hector Valencia, Office of Geotechnical Design South 2 The team extends its appreciation to the following people and/or organizations for their contributions to the content of this Manual. Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors (ADSC), West Coast Chapter Daniel Alzamora, FHWA Terrence Carroll, Arup Francis R. Greguros, Arup Andy Herlache, Fugro Bruce Hilton, Kleinfelder Chris Kramer, Fugro Steve Mahnke, DWR Lori Prentice, Fugro Barry Siel, FHWA

ii

Table of Contents
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
1.1 Intent of the Manual ...............................................................................................................1
1.2 Limitations ..............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Exceptions .............................................................................................................................1
1.4 Quality Assurance ..................................................................................................................1
1.5 Revisions to the Manual.........................................................................................................1
1.6 Organization of the Manual ....................................................................................................2
1.7 Overview of the Logging Process and Presentation Formats ................................................2
SECTION 2: FIELD PROCEDURES FOR SOIL AND ROCK LOGGING, DESCRIPTION, AND
IDENTIFICATION .............................................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Terms and Definitions ............................................................................................................5
2.3 General Project and Hole Information ....................................................................................6
2.4 Assignment of Hole Identification ...........................................................................................8
2.5 Soil Description and Identification Procedures .......................................................................8

2.5.1 Soil Description and Identification ............................................................................................................8

2.5.1.1 Description of Pavement Structural Sections 10
2.5.1.2 Description of Interbedded Soil 10
2.5.1.3 Description of Fills 10
Group Name and Group Symbol............................................................................................................11
2.5.2.1 Fine-Grained Soil 12
2.5.2.2 Coarse-Grained Soil 13
Consistency of Cohesive Soil.................................................................................................................15
Apparent Density of Cohesionless Soil ..................................................................................................16
Color .......................................................................................................................................................16
Moisture..................................................................................................................................................17
Percent or Proportion of Soil ..................................................................................................................17
Particle Size............................................................................................................................................17
Particle Angularity...................................................................................................................................17
Particle Shape ........................................................................................................................................18
Plasticity (for Fine-Grained Soil).............................................................................................................18
Dry Strength (for Fine-Grained Soil).......................................................................................................18
Dilatancy (for Fine-Grained Soil) ............................................................................................................18
Toughness (for Fine-Grained Soil) .........................................................................................................19
Structure .................................................................................................................................................19
Cementation ...........................................................................................................................................19
Percent of Cobbles and Boulders...........................................................................................................19
Description of Cobbles and Boulders .....................................................................................................20
Additional Comments .............................................................................................................................21
Other Drilling Observations ....................................................................................................................21
Rock Identification and Descriptive Sequence.......................................................................................22
2.6.1.1 Description of Interbedded Rock 23

2.5.2

2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.5.9 2.5.10 2.5.11 2.5.12 2.5.13 2.5.14 2.5.15 2.5.16 2.5.17 2.5.18 2.5.19 2.5.20

2.6

Rock Identification and Description Procedures...................................................................22

2.6.1

iii

2.6.1.2 Description for Intensely Weathered to Decomposed or Decomposed Rock 23 2.6.1.3 Description of Poorly Indurated Rock 23
2.6.2 Rock Identification ..................................................................................................................................23
2.6.2.1 Igneous Rock 23
2.6.2.2 Sedimentary Rock 24
2.6.2.3 Metamorphic Rock 24
2.6.3 Rock Description ....................................................................................................................................24
2.6.4 Rock Grain-size descriptors ...................................................................................................................27
2.6.5 Bedding Spacing Descriptors .................................................................................................................28
2.6.6 Rock Colors ............................................................................................................................................28
2.6.7 Weathering Descriptors for Intact Rock..................................................................................................29
2.6.8 Rock Hardness .......................................................................................................................................30
2.6.9 Fracture Density .....................................................................................................................................30
2.6.10 Fracture Condition ..................................................................................................................................31
2.6.10.1 Fracture Group Identification 31
2.6.10.2 Fracture Dip Magnitude 31
2.6.10.3 Fracture Spacing 32
2.6.10.4 Fracture Width 32
2.6.10.5 Fracture Infilling 32
2.6.10.6 Composition of Infilling 32
2.6.10.7 Weathering or Alteration 32
2.6.10.8 Hardness 32
2.6.10.9 Healing 33
2.6.10.10 Roughness 33
2.6.11 Rate of Slaking ........................................................................................................................................33
2.6.12 Additional Comments .............................................................................................................................34
2.6.13 Other Drilling Observations ....................................................................................................................34

2.7

Sample Preparation and Identification for Laboratory Testing and Storage .........................34

2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 Sample Preparation and Identification for Laboratory Testing and Storage ..........................................34
Identification of Large Soil Samples .......................................................................................................36
Core Box Layout.....................................................................................................................................38

2.8

Quality Check of Field Observations and Samples ..............................................................39

SECTION 3: PROCEDURES FOR SOIL AND ROCK DESCRIPTION AND/OR CLASSIFICATION

USING LABORATORY TEST RESULTS ......................................................................................41
3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................41
3.2 Revising Soil Descriptions and Assigning Soil Classification Using Laboratory Test Results
.............................................................................................................................................41

3.2.1 3.2.2 Soil Classification and Description Descriptive Sequence .....................................................................42

Group Name and Group Symbol............................................................................................................42
3.2.2.1 Procedure for Classification of Fine-Grained Soil 42
3.2.2.2 Procedure for Classification of Coarse-Grained Soil 46
Consistency of Cohesive Soil.................................................................................................................48
Percent or Proportion of Soil ..................................................................................................................48
Plasticity (for Fine-Grained Soil).............................................................................................................48

3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5

3.3

Strength of Intact Rock.........................................................................................................48

SECTION 4: PRESENTATION OF SUBSURFACE INFORMATION............................................49

4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................49
4.2 Factual vs. Interpretive Subsurface Data .............................................................................49
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4.3

Layer Presentation Method ..................................................................................................50

4.3.1 4.3.2 Rules and Considerations ......................................................................................................................50

Special Cases.........................................................................................................................................50
Example..................................................................................................................................................52

4.4

Incorporating Laboratory Data, Refining Descriptions, and Classifying Soil.........................50

4.4.3

SECTION 5: BORING LOG AND LEGEND PRESENTATION FORMATS ..................................57

5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................57
5.2 Log of Test Borings ..............................................................................................................57

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Contents and Characteristics of the LOTB............................................................................................59

Notes on the LOTB.................................................................................................................................59
LOTB Sheet Formatting..........................................................................................................................59
5.2.3.1 Signature Block (Upper Right Corner) 59
5.2.3.2 Title Block (Bottom, from left to right) 60
5.2.3.3 Plan View 60
5.2.3.4 Profile View 61
As-Built LOTB Sheet Formatting ............................................................................................................61
5.2.4.1 Obtaining and Reproducing the As-Built LOTB Sheet 61
5.2.4.2 Typical Modifications to As-Built LOTB Sheets 61
5.2.4.3 The As-Built LOTB Title Block must include the following information for the current project 61
The LOTB Legend Sheets......................................................................................................................62
5.2.5.1 Hand Boring 67
5.2.5.2 Rotary Boring 67
5.2.5.3 Dynamic Cone Penetration Boring 67
5.2.5.4 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Boring 68
5.2.5.5 Rock Coring 68
5.2.5.6 Hole Type Symbols 68
5.2.5.7 Graphical Representation of Material Types 69
Content and Characteristics of the BR ...................................................................................................73
Notes on the BR .....................................................................................................................................73
Boring Record Format ............................................................................................................................73
The Boring Record Legend Sheets ........................................................................................................73

5.2.4

5.2.5

5.3

Boring Records ....................................................................................................................70

5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4

REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................77
APPENDIX A: FIELD TEST PROCEDURES ...............................................................................79
A.1 Pocket Penetrometer ...........................................................................................................79
A.2 Torvane................................................................................................................................79
A.3 Dry Strength Test .................................................................................................................79
A.4 Dilatancy ..............................................................................................................................79
A.5 Toughness ...........................................................................................................................79
A.6 Jar Slake Index Test ............................................................................................................80
A.7 Calcium Carbonate ..............................................................................................................80
A.8 Standard Penetration Test ...................................................................................................80
A.9 Core Recovery (REC) ..........................................................................................................81
A.10 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)..........................................................................................81
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vi

Section 1: Introduction
1.1 Intent of the Manual
This Manual defines the Departments practices and procedures for soil and rock description, identification, classification, and for preparation of boring logs. Standardized terminology and consistent presentation procedures for projects statewide benefit the Departments staff, engineering consultants, bidders, and contractors. Geotechnical Services staff as well as any other organization providing geotechnical reports or records of geotechnical investigations to the Department must follow the procedures presented in this Manual. The following terms are used throughout this Manual to convey the Departments policy:
Figure 1-1 Policy Terminology
Term Must, Required Definition Mandatory Standard. The associated provisions shall be used. There is no acceptable alternative. Advisory Standard. The associated provisions are preferred practices. Permissive Standard. Use or application of the associated provisions is left to the discretion of the Geoprofessional.

the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish, or adhere to, appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The reader must follow at a minimum, the Caltrans Code of Safe Drilling Practices.

1.3

Exceptions

Exceptions to the procedures set forth in this Manual (and Errata Sheet) require prior approval per the memorandum titled Exception Process for Geotechnical Services Policies and Procedures, dated December 7, 2009.

1.4

Quality Assurance

Prior to issuing a Log of Test Borings staff must complete the quality control and assurance (QC/QA) process as required per the memorandum titled Quality Control/Quality Assurance Documentation on LOTB Sheets dated July 1, 2007.

Should

1.5

Revisions to the Manual

May, Optional

1.2

Limitations

Although this manual may be used to train new employees, this is not its primary intent. This manual does not replace education or experience and must be used with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this manual may be applicable in all circumstances and thus it should be applied with consideration of a projects many unique aspects. This manual does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is

Staff may propose changes to the Manual by posting their comments on the Geotechnical Services Discussion Board found on the Caltrans intranet. Those who are not employed directly by Caltrans must submit their comments to the Committee Chairperson, who is identified on the Geotechnical Services webpage. Approved revisions will be issued via the Errata Sheet.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 1

1.6 Organization of the Manual

The Manual is divided into five sections: Section 1 Explains the intent and organization of the Manual and the processes for requesting exceptions and proposing changes to it Presents an overview of the logging process and acceptable presentation formats Section 2 Presents the Departments field description and identification procedures for soil and rock, without laboratory testing Explains procedures for handling and labeling soil and rock samples Requires a quality check of borehole logs and soil and rock samples Section 3 Describes the Departments classification procedures for soil and rock samples using laboratory tests Section 4 Presents the process for developing and presenting geotechnical information on a Log of Test Borings (LOTB) or a Boring Record (BR) Section 5 Specifies presentation content and formats for the Log of Test Borings (LOTB) and Boring Record (BR)

1.7 Overview of the Logging Process and Presentation Formats

The Department presents subsurface information using: Log of Test Borings (LOTB), and/or Boring Record (BR) An LOTB is typically associated with a structure and is attached to Project Plans. A BR is typically associated with an earthwork project and is attached to a Geotechnical Report. The process of creating boring logs, i.e., Log of Test Borings (LOTB) and Boring Record (BR) can be summarized in four steps (See Figure 1-2): Field sampling and descriptions (Section 2) Quality check of field descriptions and samples (Section 2) Refinement of descriptions, and classification of soil, based on laboratory test results, if performed (Section 3) Preparation of the boring log(s) (Sections 4 and 5) Prior to the field investigation, the geoprofessional should have a general understanding of the local soil and geologic information, and know the parameters and the basic descriptors required for the planned analyses. The need for specific laboratory tests, such as strength, consolidation, or permeability may govern the type of drilling and sampling used. A combination of field observations and laboratory test results may be needed to describe or classify the soil or rock samples, and generate appropriate layer descriptions for the LOTB or BR (Sections 2 and 3). In most cases, however, field identifications and descriptions are adequate for project design, bidding and construction.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 1

If the results of laboratory tests differ from the field description of the sample, and, in the opinion of the geoprofessional, the test results represent the actual conditions of the soil or rock, the classification and/or description resulting from the laboratory tests must be used on the LOTB or BR, and in the geotechnical report. Disclosure of the tests on the LOTB and/or the BR may indicate the sample or layer description was modified based on laboratory test results. (See Sections 4 and 5) Throughout this manual the terms identification and classification are used in context to differentiate the basis for assigning a soil's Group Name and Group Symbol. A soil's classification is only determined on the basis of laboratory test results (described in Section 3), whereas, its identification is determined by visual/manual methods (described in Section 2).

Figure 1-2 Logging and Presentation Process

Step 1: Field Sampling and Descriptions (Sec. 2)

Step 2: Quality Check of Field Observations (Sec. 2)

Laboratory Tests?
YES NO

Step 3: Incorporate Laboratory Data, Refine Descriptions, and Classify (Sec. 3)

Step 4: Prepare Boring Logs (Sec. 4 & 5)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 1

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 1

Section 2:
Field Procedures for Soil and Rock Logging, Description,
and Identification
2.1 Introduction
The identifications and descriptions in the field logs may be corrected, calibrated, or verified later based on laboratory test results (as described in Section 3) in order to develop the final boring logs. In addition to soil and rock identification and description, this section contains instructions for hole and sample identification, and minimum material requirements for various laboratory tests. This section presents the procedures for logging, describing, and identifying soil and rock samples in the field based on visual and manual procedures. The information presented in this section is predominantly based on: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 2488, Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (VisualManual Procedure), and The Engineering Geology Field Manual published by the Bureau of Reclamation. This Manual extends, and in some cases modifies, the ASTM standard to include additional descriptive terms and criteria. It is not our intent to replace the ASTM standards but to build on them, and make them better understood.

2.2

Terms and Definitions

The following terms and definitions may be used to describe soil and rock description components.
Figure 2-1 Distribution Terms
Descriptor Scattered Definition Occurring at widely spaced and usually irregular intervals Occurring singly or widely apart Occurring at random locations Occurring at regular, predictable locations Examples Scattered thin shale interbeds Sporadic boulders Moderately hard, locally very hard Rhythmically bedded sandstone and shale

Sporadic Locally

Rhythmically

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Figure 2-2 Relational Terms

Descriptor to Definition Intermediate, having properties in between two adjacent descriptors, (borderline) Having roughly equal amounts of two or more descriptors Having properties of three or more descriptors, including all descriptors in range Denoting a gradual change with depth, may range over several descriptors Denotes non-uniform variation, does not include all descriptors in range No discernable pattern Having more than any other constituent Examples Moderately hard to moderately soft

and

Fine and coarse sand

Caution should be used to correctly apply the above terms as not all terms can be used with all descriptors. For example, a weathering description of slightly weathered to fresh is not acceptable because the term fresh indicates absence of any discoloration and oxidation. As such, the rock is either fresh or it isnt. Similarly, describing a soils moisture to be dry to moist is incorrect because the soil either contains moisture (moist) or it doesnt (dry).

Rounded and angular From rounded to angular

2.3 General Project and Hole Information

An important aspect of fieldwork is properly identifying the location of the project site, drilling tools and methods used, and the personnel involved in the fieldwork. Figure 2-3 presents the information to be recorded for every hole. This information may not necessarily be reported on the LOTB or BR.

From/to

Grading from/to or Increasing/Decreasing from/to

Grading from moderately weathered to fresh

Varies from/to or - (used with numerical ranges)

Varies from soft to hard

4-6 Cobbles

Chaotic

Chaotic interbeds of silt, sand and clay Predominantly Cobbles

Predominantly

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Figure 2-3 Information Required for Field Log

Item 1 2 3 Description Date(s) of work Hole Identification Project and Site Information: Project Name Structure/Bridge Name and Number (if available) Project Number (Charge District - Expenditure Authorization, 8-digits) District County Route Postmile, range and prefix

Borehole Location and Elevation: Location: o Station and offset (required if available) o Latitude and longitude, horizontal datum (optional) o Northing and Easting, local coordinate reference system (optional) Note: In the absence of accurate coordinate data, a suitable and verifiable field description may be temporarily used. (e.g. postmile and centerline offset, distance to fixed object or benchmark, etc.) Elevation, vertical datum, benchmark location and description Survey method(s) used, approximate accuracy (e.g. less than a foot) Personnel: Logger/Geoprofessional Drillers Drilling and Sampling Equipment (verify with Driller): Drill rig (manufacturer and model, and Caltrans equipment identification number) Drilling method (mud rotary, air rotary, solid auger, hollow stem auger. etc.) Drill rod description (type, diameter) Drill bit description Casing (type, diameter) and installation depth SPT Hammer Type: Safety/Automatic Hammer, etc. o Lifting mechanism (for safety hammer) o Hammer Energy Ratio (ERi) Type of sampler(s) and size(s) o Undisturbed Shelby tube o Undisturbed Piston o Split spoon (e.g. SPT, Cal Mod, etc.) o Core (both rock and soil) o Disturbed (include auger cuttings) o Other Groundwater Method (observed while drilling, measured in hole, etc.) Date, time, and elevation of each reading Hole Completion Reason for termination (e.g., drilled to depth, refusal, early termination of traffic control, etc.) Backfill Method (e.g., grout, soil cuttings, dry bentonite chips, piezometers installed, slope inclinometer installed, TDR, instrumentation, etc.)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.4 Assignment of Hole Identification

Identify holes using the following convention: H YY NNN Where: H: YY: Hole Type Code (Figure 2-4) 2-digit year

2.5 Soil Description and Identification Procedures

This section presents the method for identification and description of soil after ASTM D 2488 and USBR (2001). The detail of description provided for a particular soil should be dictated by the complexity and objectives of the project. Optional descriptors, if presented, should be critical to the design and/or construction needs of the project. It is recognized that the uncertainty in visual soil description may be greater than 5% for any given soil constituent. Proportional or percentage descriptions varying by up to 10% for individual constituents may be considered to be descriptions of the same material. 2.5.1 Soil Description and Identification When describing and identifying soil, record the data in accordance with Figure 2-5, and present the information on the LOTB or BR in the sequence shown. Items marked required must be used, when applicable, to describe the soil sample. For example, percent cobbles and/or boulders is required only if cobbles and/or boulders are encountered. Do not report negative information (e.g. no boulders or cobbles). Use semicolons between required descriptors, commas within a descriptive component for optional descriptors, and a period at the end of each descriptive sequence. Report each soil component identified by sequence 7 in order of decreasing proportion (not particle size). Report particle size range and (optionally) angularity and shape, separated by commas. Separate soil components with semicolons. For example, moist; some SAND, coarse, subangular; little GRAVEL, fine, angular; -ormoist; some coarse, subangular SAND; little fine, angular GRAVEL;

NNN: 3-digit number (001-999) The YY-NNN component of the hole identification is unique and matched to a Caltrans project expenditure authorization number (EA), site, structure, or bridge number. If two drilling methods are used, such as auger boring followed by rotary drilled boring, the predominant tool governs the selection of Hole Type Code (H).
Figure 2-4 (after ASTM D 6453) Hole Type Code and Description
Hole Type Code A R RC RW P HD HA D CPT O Description Auger boring (hollow or solid stem, bucket) Rotary drilled boring (conventional) Rotary core (self-cased wire-line, continuously-sampled) Rotary core (self-cased wire-line, not continuously sampled) Rotary percussion boring (Air) Hand driven (1-inch soil tube) Hand auger Driven (dynamic cone penetrometer) Cone Penetration Test Other (note on LOTB)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Figure 2-5 Identification and Description Sequence Refer to Section

Field Lab

Sequence

The following examples illustrate the application of the descriptive sequence based on field procedures.
Required Optional

Identification Components
Group Name Group Symbol

1. Example of a complete descriptive sequence for a sample using required and optional components: Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; 75% SAND, from coarse to fine, rounded; 20% GRAVEL, coarse, subrounded to rounded, flat and elongated; 5% fines; weak cementation. Example of a complete descriptive sequence for the same soil sample using only required components: Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; mostly SAND, from coarse to fine; little coarse GRAVEL; trace fines; weak cementation. Example of the complete descriptive sequence for the same soil sample that omits the percent or proportion of the primary soil constituent and omits the particle size range, which may be done when the percentage or proportion and particle size range of the primary soil constituent are clearly inferred: Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; little coarse GRAVEL; trace fines; weak cementation. 2. Example of a complete descriptive sequence that omits the percent or proportion of the primary and secondary soil constituents, which may be done when the percentage or proportion of the primary and secondary soil constituents can be clearly inferred:

1 2

2.5.2 2.5.2

3.2.2 3.2.2

Description Components
3 4 5 6 Consistency of Cohesive Soil Apparent Density of Cohesionless Soil Color Moisture Percent or Proportion of Soil Particle Size Particle Angularity Particle Shape 8 9 10 11 12 13 Plasticity (for fine grained soil) Dry Strength (for fine-grained soil) Dilatency (for fine grained soil) Toughness (for fine-grained soil) Structure Cementation Percent of Cobbles and Boulders Description of Cobbles and Boulders Consistency Field Test Result Additional Comments 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.5.9 2.5.10 2.5.11 2.5.12 2.5.13 2.5.14 2.5.15 2.5.16 2.5.17 3.2.5 3.2.4 2.5.8 3.2.3

14

2.5.18 2.5.3 2.5.19

15 16

SANDY lean CLAY (CL); stiff; brown and light gray; wet; fine SAND; PP=1.5 tsf. Corresponds to the following complete description: SANDY lean CLAY (CL); stiff; brown and light gray; wet; mostly fines; some fine SAND; medium plasticity; PP=1.5 tsf.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.1.1

Description of Pavement Structural Sections

2.5.1.3

Description of Fills

Do not use the descriptive sequence (Figure 2-5) to describe pavement sections. Report each material and its thickness, e.g., ASPHALT CONCRETE (12) CONCRETE (24 bridge footing) AGGREGATE BASE (30) Description of Interbedded Soil

State the word FILL parenthetically after the soil descriptive sequence. For complex fills (e.g. thinly-layered, chaotic, highly variable soil), state the predominant soil group name and symbol followed by the layer thickness (Figure 2-30) of the components and the group name and symbol of the secondary layers. This is followed by the complete individual descriptions of the layers, e.g. Poorly-graded SAND (SP); thickly interlayered with thin layers of SILT (ML) and GRAVEL (GP); SAND (SP); dense; brown; moist; fine SAND; SILT (ML); dense; brown; moist; nonplastic; GRAVEL (GP); medium dense; gray; moist; coarse; (FILL).

2.5.1.2

State the predominant soil group name and symbol followed by the bedding thickness (Figure 2-30) of the components and the group name and symbol of the secondary layers. Follow this with the complete individual descriptions of the layers, e.g., for a sample consisting of moderate beds of sand interbedded with thin beds of silt: Poorly-graded SAND (SP) moderately bedded with thin interbeds of SILT (ML). SAND (SP); dense; brown; moist; fine SAND. SILT (ML); dense; brown; moist; nonplastic.

10

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.2 Group Name and Group Symbol Identify a soil by assigning a group name and group symbol using the figures in the section for fine- or coarse-grained soil (Figure 2-6 or 2-8). The ASTM procedure for identifying and describing fine-grained and coarse-grained soil is only applicable to material passing the 3-inch sieve. The percentage(s) of cobbles and/or boulders (if encountered) must be reported per Section 2.5.17. Borderline Symbol Because ASTM D 2488 is based on estimates of particle size distribution and plasticity characteristics, it may be difficult to assign it a single group symbol. To indicate that the soil may fall into one of two groups, use a borderline symbol, which is two symbols separated by a slash, e.g., SC/CL or CL/CH. A borderline symbol must be used when: The percentage of fines is estimated to be between 45 and 55%. One symbol must be for a coarse-grained soil with fines; the other for a fine-grained soil, e.g., GM/ML or CL/SC. The percentage of sand and the percentage of gravel are estimated to be about the same, e.g., GP/SP, SC/GC, GM/SM.

The soil could be well- or poorly-graded, e.g., GW/GP, SW/SP. The dominant fine-grained component of the soil could be either silt or clay, e.g., CL/ML, CH/MH, SC/SM. The group name for a soil with a borderline symbol must be the group name for the first symbol, except for: CL/CH lean to fat CLAY, ML/CL CLAYEY SILT, and CL/ML SILTY CLAY Borderline symbols should not be used indiscriminately. Use of a single group symbol is preferable. Dual Symbol A dual symbol is two symbols separated by a hyphen, e.g., GP-GM, SW-SC, CLML. They are used to indicate that the soil has about 10% fines.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

11

2.5.2.1

Fine-Grained Soil

Fines are particles that pass through a Number 200 sieve. A soil is considered to be fine-grained if it contains 50% or more fines. Assign a Group Name and Symbol to fine-grained soil according to Figure 2-6.
Figure 2-6
Identification of Fine-Grained Soil (after ASTM D 2488)

Group Symbol Coarse Fraction Coarse Fraction <15% plus No.200 <30% plus No.200 CL >30% plus No.200 % sand < % gravel <15% plus No.200 <30% plus No.200 ML >30% plus No.200 % sand < % gravel <15% plus No.200 <30% plus No.200 CH >30% plus No.200 % sand < % gravel <15% plus No.200 <30% plus No.200 MH >30% plus No.200 % sand < % gravel <15% plus No.200 <30% plus No.200 15-25% plus No.200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel % sand > % gravel >30% plus No.200 % sand < % gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand 15-25% plus No.200 % sand > % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand 15-25% plus No.200 % sand > % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand 15-25% plus No.200 % sand > % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand 15-25% plus No.200 % sand > % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand Sand or Gravel Group Name Lean CLAY Lean CLAY with SAND Lean CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY lean CLAY SANDY lean CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY lean CLAY GRAVELLY lean CLAY with SAND SILT SILT with SAND SILT with GRAVEL SANDY SILT SANDY SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY SILT GRAVELLY SILT with SAND Fat CLAY Fat CLAY with SAND Fat CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY fat CLAY SANDY fat CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY fat CLAY GRAVELLY fat CLAY with SAND Elastic SILT Elastic SILT with SAND Elastic SILT with GRAVEL SANDY elastic SILT SANDY elastic SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY elastic SILT GRAVELLY elastic SILT with SAND ORGANIC SOIL ORGANIC SOIL with SAND ORGANIC SOIL with GRAVEL SANDY ORGANIC SOIL SANDY ORGANIC SOIL with GRAVEL GRAVELLY ORGANIC SOIL GRAVELLY ORGANIC SOIL with SAND

OL/ OH

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Clay and Silt Identify the soil as Lean CLAY (CL), Fat CLAY (CH), SILT (ML), or Elastic SILT (MH), using the criteria in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-7 Identification of Clayey and Silty Soil
Group Symbol ML Dry Strength None to low Dilatancy Slow to rapid Toughness Low or thread cannot be formed Medium Low to medium High Plasticity Low to nonplastic

CL MH CH

Medium to high Low to medium High to very high

None to slow None to slow None

Medium Low to medium High

Organic Soil Identify the soil as organic, OL/OH, if the soil contains enough organic particles to influence the soil properties. Organic soil is usually dark brown or black and may have an organic odor. Often, organic soil will change color, for example, black to brown, when exposed to the air. Some organic soil will lighten in color significantly when air-dried. Organic soil normally will not have a high toughness or plasticity. The thread for the toughness test will be spongy. Identification of Peat Peat is an organic soil composed primarily of vegetation in various stages of decomposition. It has a fibrous to amorphous texture, usually dark brown or black, and an organic odor. Identify Peat with the Group Name and Symbol, PEAT (PT). There are no standardized criteria for describing peat, thus the descriptive sequence in Figure 2-5 need not be followed. The description presented should be determined based on the needs of the project. 2.5.2.2 Coarse-Grained Soil

A coarse-grained soil contains fewer than 50% fines. A coarse-grained soil is identified as gravel if the percentage of gravel is greater than the percentage of sand, or as sand if the percentage of gravel is equal to or less than the percentage of sand. A well-graded sand or gravel has roughly equal amounts of all particle sizes. A poorly-graded sand or gravel is missing one or more particle sizes. Assign a Group Name and Symbol to coarse-grained soil according to Figure 2-8.

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Figure 2-8
Identification of Coarse-Grained Soil (from ASTM D-2488)

Fines Grade Well < 5% Poorly ML or MH Well Gravel CL or CH 10% ML or MH Poorly CL or CH ML or MH > 15% CL or CH Well < 5% Poorly ML or MH Well CL or CH Sand 10% ML or MH Poorly CL or CH ML or MH > 15% CL or CH SC SP-SC SM SP-SM SW-SC SP SW-SM GC SW GP-GC GM GP-GM GW-GC GP GW-GM Type of Fines Group Symbol GW Sand/Gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel Group Name Well-graded GRAVEL Well-graded GRAVEL with SAND Poorly-graded GRAVEL Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SAND Well-graded GRAVEL with SILT Well-graded GRAVEL with SILT and SAND Well-graded GRAVEL with CLAY Well-graded GRAVEL with CLAY and SAND Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SILT Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SILT and SAND Poorly-graded GRAVEL with CLAY Poorly-graded GRAVEL with CLAY and SAND SILTY GRAVEL SILTY GRAVEL with SAND CLAYEY GRAVEL CLAYEY GRAVEL with SAND Well-graded SAND Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND Poorly-graded SAND with GRAVEL Well-graded SAND with SILT Well-graded SAND with SILT and GRAVEL Well-graded SAND with CLAY Well-graded SAND with CLAY and GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND with SILT Poorly-graded SAND with SILT and GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND with CLAY Poorly-graded SAND with CLAY and GRAVEL SILTY SAND SILTY SAND with GRAVEL CLAYEY SAND CLAYEY SAND with GRAVEL

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.3 Consistency of Cohesive Soil Cohesive soil derives its strength from cohesion (tendency of particles to stick together) rather than friction between particles. Clay (CL and CH) and elastic silt (MH) are cohesive; silt (ML) may or may not be cohesive. The required field procedure for the determination of consistency of cohesive soil is to perform tests with a pocket penetrometer or torvane on relatively undisturbed samples, or to perform down-hole vane shear tests. (See Appendix A for details on the test procedures.) The test result(s) are added to the descriptive sequence using the syntax PP = measurement, TV = measurement, or VS = measurement where the measurement is in units of tsf. Use the terms and criteria in Figure 2-9 to describe the consistency of predominantly cohesive soil.
Figure 2-9
Consistency of Cohesive Soil (after AASHTO 1988 and Bureau of Reclamation 2001)

Pocket Penetrometer Measurement, PP, (tsf) PP < 0.25 0.25 PP < 0.5 0.5 PP < 1 1 PP < 2 2 PP < 4 4 PP Torvane Measurement, TV, (tsf) Vane Shear Measurement, VS, (tsf)

Description

Very Soft Soft Medium Stiff Stiff Very Stiff Hard

TV < 0.12 0.12 TV < 0.25 0.25 TV < 0.5 0.5 TV < 1 1 TV < 2 2 TV

VS < 0.12 0.12 VS < 0.25 0.25 VS < 0.5 0.5 VS < 1 1 VS < 2 2 VS

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2.5.4 Apparent Density of Cohesionless Soil Describe the apparent density of predominantly cohesionless soil (Figure 2-10).
Figure 2-10 (after AASHTO, 1988) Apparent Density of Cohesionless Soil
Description Very Loose Loose Medium Dense Dense Very dense SPT N60 (blows/ft) N60 < 5 5 N60 < 10 10 N60 < 30 30 N60 < 50 50 N60

2.5.5 Color Use the Munsell Soil Color Charts to describe the color of a soil sample at its natural moisture content at the time of sampling. Describe the predominant colors or range of colors if there is substantial color variation using the terms in Figures 2-1, 2-2 and/or 2-11 as appropriate. For example: Variegated brown and light yellowish brown For additional information, see ASTM D 1535, Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System.
Figure 2-11 Color Terms
Description Variegated Definition Having streaks, marks, or patches of a different color or colors; varicolored. Having spots or blotches of different colors Lots of colors (state predominant colors) Examples Variegated green, gray and black

The apparent density of a coarse-grained (predominantly cohesionless) soil is based on a corrected Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N60 value (described in Appendix A) as follows: N60 = Nmeasured * (ERi /60) where, ERi = Hammer energy ratio (%) Example: Nmeasured = 8, ERi = 90% N60 = 8*(90/60) = 12 The soil is medium dense

Mottled

Mottled green, gray and black Multicolored, green, gray and black

Multicolored

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.6 Moisture Describe the moisture condition (Figure 2-12).

Figure 2-12 (after ASTM 2488) Moisture
Description Dry Moist Wet Criteria No discernable moisture Moisture present, but no free water Visible free water

2.5.8 Particle Size Describe the size of particles (Figure 2-14).

Figure 2-14 (from ASTM D 2488) Particle Size, Ps
Description Boulder Cobble Coarse Gravel Fine Gravel Coarse Sand Medium Sand Sieve Size Greater than 12 in. 3 to 12 in. 3/4 to 3 in. No. 4 to 3/4 in. No. 10 to No. 4 No. 40 to No. 10 Approximate Particle Size (in) 12 < Ps 3 < Ps 12 3/4 < Ps 3 1/5 < Ps 3/4 1/16 < Ps 1/5 1/64 < Ps 1/16 Ps 1/300

Soil determined to be moist may be alternatively qualitatively described as slightly moist or very moist if needed. 2.5.7 Percent or Proportion of Soil Report the percentage or proportion of gravel, sand, and fines, by weight of the total sample (excluding the cobbles and boulders), either by using a proportional descriptor (Figure 2-13) or as a weight percentage (not a range), estimated to the nearest 5 %, of the total sample (excluding the cobbles and boulders). Report the percents or proportions in order of decreasing abundance. Percentages must add up to 100%. Visual descriptors may be omitted if the proportions can be clearly inferred from the group name and soil description. Refer to Section 2.5.17 for reporting percent of cobbles and/or boulders.
Figure 2-13 (after ASTM 2488) Percent or Proportion of Soil, Pp
Description Trace Few Little Some Mostly Criteria Particles are present but estimated to be less than 5% 5 Pp 10% 15 Pp 25% 30 Pp 45% 50 Pp 100%

Fine Sand Silt and Clay

No. 200 to No. 40 1/300 < Ps 1/64 Passing No. 200

2.5.9 Particle Angularity Describe the angularity of the sand (coarse grains only), gravel, cobbles, and boulders (Figure 2-15).
Figure 2-15 (after ASTM 2488) Particle Angularity
Description Angular Criteria Particles have sharp edges and relatively plane sides with unpolished surfaces Particles are similar to angular description, but have rounded edges Particles have nearly plane sides, but have well-rounded corners and edges Particles have smoothly curved sides and no edges

Subangular

Subrounded

Rounded

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2.5.10 Particle Shape Describe the shape of the gravel, cobbles, and boulders if they meet any of the criteria in Figure 2-16.
Figure 2-16 (after ASTM 2488) Particle Shape
Description Flat Elongated Flat and Elongated Criteria Particles with width/thickness > 3 Particles with length/width > 3 Particles meet criteria for both flat and elongated

2.5.12 Dry Strength (for Fine-Grained Soil) Determine dry strength (Figure 2-18). (See Appendix A for field test procedures.)
Figure 2-18 (after ASTM 2488) Dry Strength
Description None Criteria The dry specimen crumbles into powder with mere pressure of handling. The dry specimen crumbles into powder with some finger pressure. The dry specimen breaks into pieces or crumbles with considerable finger pressure The dry specimen cannot be broken with finger pressure. Specimen will break into pieces between thumb and a hard surface. The dry specimen cannot be broken between the thumb and a hard surface.

Low Medium

2.5.11 Plasticity (for Fine-Grained Soil) Describe plasticity (Figure 2-17).

Figure 2-17 (after ASTM 2488) Plasticity
Description Nonplastic Low Criteria A 18-in. thread cannot be rolled at any water content. The thread can barely be rolled and the lump cannot be formed when drier than the plastic limit. The thread is easy to roll and not much time is required to reach the plastic limit. The thread cannot be rerolled after reaching the plastic limit. The lump crumbles when drier than the plastic limit. It takes considerable time rolling and kneading to reach the plastic limit. The thread can be rerolled several times after reaching the plastic limit. The lump can be formed without crumbling when drier than the plastic limit.

High

Very High

2.5.13 Dilatancy (for Fine-Grained Soil) Determine dilatancy (Figure 2-19). (See Appendix A for field test procedures.)
Figure 2-19 (after ASTM 2488) Dilatancy
Description None Slow Criteria No visible change in the specimen Water appears slowly on the surface of the specimen during shaking and does not disappear or disappears slowly upon squeezing Water appears quickly on the surface of the specimen during shaking and disappears quickly upon squeezing

Medium

High

Rapid

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.14 Toughness (for Fine-Grained Soil) Determine toughness (Figure 2-20). (See Appendix A for field test procedures.)
Figure 2-20 (after ASTM 2488) Toughness
Description Low Criteria Only slight pressure is required to roll the thread near the plastic limit. The thread and the lump are weak and soft. Medium pressure is required to roll the thread to near the plastic limit. The thread and the lump have medium stiffness. Considerable pressure is required to roll the thread to near the plastic limit. The thread and the lump have very high stiffness

2.5.16 Cementation Describe the cementation of intact coarse-grained soil (Figure 2-22).
Figure 2-22 (after ASTM 2488) Cementation
Description Weak Moderate Strong Criteria Crumbles or breaks with handling or light finger pressure. Crumbles or breaks with considerable finger pressure. Will not crumble or break with finger pressure.

Medium

High

2.5.17 Percent of Cobbles and Boulders Particles greater than 3 inches in diameter are identified and described as COBBLES, or BOULDERS, or COBBLES and BOULDERS as defined in Section 2.5.8. Cobbles and boulders must be reported by volume percentage (to the nearest 5%). Do not use the proportional descriptors defined in Figure 2-13. Estimation of the volume of cobbles and/or boulders is based upon recovered intersected or observed lengths and/or drill rig behavior. A subset of rock descriptors (Section 2.5.18) must be used to describe cobbles and boulders. Isolated boulders may be treated as individual units and described as such. For example, it is estimated that 30% by volume of the material is cobbles, describe the sample as: Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; 75% from coarse to fine rounded SAND; 20% coarse subrounded to rounded, flat and elongated GRAVEL; 5% fines; weak cementation; 30% SANDSTONE COBBLES, 4-6 inches, hard. -orWell-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; little coarse subrounded to rounded, flat and elongated GRAVEL; trace fines; weak cementation; 30% SANDSTONE COBBLES, 4-6, hard.
19

2.5.15 Structure Describe the structure of intact soil (Figure 2-21).

Figure 2-21 (after ASTM 2488) Structure
Description Stratified Criteria Alternating layers of varying material or color with layers at least in. thick; note thickness. Alternating layers of varying material or color with the layers less than in. thick; note thickness. Breaks along definite planes of fracture with little resistance to fracturing. Fracture planes appear polished or glossy, sometimes striated. Cohesive soil that can be broken down into small angular lumps which resist further breakdown. Inclusion of small pockets of different soil, such as small lenses of sand scattered through a mass of clay; note thickness. Same color and appearance throughout.

Laminated

Fissured

Slickensided Blocky

Lensed

Homogeneous

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Note, the percentages of constituents in the first example do not add up to 100% as cobbles are estimated by total volume, but gravel, sand, and fines, are estimated by weight of the total sample excluding the cobbles and boulders, per Section 2.5.7. If the predominant constituent of the layer is estimated to be cobbles and/or boulders, the group name must be COBBLES or BOULDERS or COBBLES and BOULDERS with the interstitial or matrix soil description following. There is no Group Symbol for cobbles and/or boulders. Note this is a departure from the descriptive sequence in Section 2.5.1 as Sequence 14 is reported after Sequence 1. For example, it is estimated that 60% by volume of the material is cobbles, describe the layer as: COBBLES; 60%; SANDSTONE; hard; 8-10 inches; with interstitial well-graded SAND with GRAVEL (SW); brown and light gray; wet; rounded SAND; little coarse, subrounded to rounded, flat and elongated GRAVEL; trace fines; weak cementation. Or if there are 45% cobbles in a SW matrix: COBBLES; 45%; SANDSTONE; hard; 8-10 inches; in a matrix of well-graded SAND with GRAVEL (SW); medium dense; brown and light gray; wet; rounded SAND; little coarse, subrounded to rounded, flat and elongated GRAVEL; trace fines; weak cementation.

2.5.18 Description of Cobbles and Boulders The description of cobbles and boulders must include, at minimum, the following information: Rock Type or Rock Name Rock hardness The intersected length(s)

An intersected length is the measured or observed length of cobble or boulder during drilling. This is not necessarily the maximum size of the cobble or boulder, e.g., a 10-inch intersected length may be identified as a boulder.

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.5.19 Additional Comments Additional constituents and soil characteristics not included in the previous categories may be noted and described. Comments may include: Amount of roots or root holes Amount of mica, gypsum, etc. Amount of voids Surface coatings on coarse-grained particles Oxide staining Odor Cementing agents (e.g. calcium carbonate see Appendix A.7) Geologic formation name or soil survey unit name, presented as the last term in the sequence capitalized in parenthesis, e.g. (BAY MUD), (FRANCISCAN FORMATION) References for terms or procedures, not covered by this manual, presented under Additional Comments, must be presented in the Notes section on the LOTB sheet or Boring Record.

2.5.20 Other Drilling Observations Other observations (not included in the descriptive sequence) that may be presented on the LOTB or BR as notes or remarks include: Caving or sloughing of borehole or trench sides Difficulty in drilling or excavating, etc. Ground water inflow, elevation(s), and estimated rate(s) Loss of drill fluid circulation Changes in drilling methods not clearly shown on the boring log

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21

2.6 Rock Identification and Description Procedures

The procedures presented in this section are based on a hybrid of the International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (1981) standards and the Bureau of Reclamation (2001) standards. Although not included in the descriptive sequence, Core Recovery (REC) and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) must be recorded and presented on the boring logs. Core Recovery and RQD must be reported for all rock coring operations as described in Appendices A.9 and A.10. 2.6.1 Rock Identification and Descriptive Sequence Describe rock using Figure 2-23. The detail of description provided for a particular rock type should be dictated by the complexity and objectives of the project. Optional descriptors, if presented, must be relevant to the design and/or construction needs of the project.

Figure 2-23 Rock Identification and Descriptive Sequence

Sequence Required Optional Refer to Section Field Lab Identification Components Rock Type Rock Name Description Components Rock Grain Size (Coarse-grained sedimentary rock) 3 Crystal Size (Igneous and Metamorphic rock) Bedding Spacing Color Weathering Descriptors for Intact Rock Rock Hardness Fracture Density Fracture Condition Rate of Slaking (Jar Slake Test) Relative Strength of Intact Rock Additional Comments 2.5.12 2.6.4

1 2

2.6.2 2.6.2

2.6.4

3.3.1

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.6.10 2.6.11

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2.6.1.1 Description of Interbedded Rock Describe interbedded rock as follows: State the rock type and the predominant rock name followed by the bedding thicknesses (Figure 2-30) of the components and the rock name of the secondary layers. This is followed by the complete individual descriptions of the layers e.g, for a sample consisting of moderate beds of sandstone interbedded with thin beds of siltstone: SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SANDSTONE) moderately bedded with thin interbeds of SILTSTONE. SANDSTONE; fine grained; gray; fresh; hard; slightly fractured; SILTSTONE; gray; slightly weathered; moderately hard; moderately fractured. 2.6.1.2 Description for Intensely Weathered to Decomposed or Decomposed Rock Intensely weathered to decomposed or decomposed rock that is friable and can be reduced to gravel size or smaller by normal hand pressure must be identified and described as rock as completely as possible, followed by the soil identification or classification, and description in parentheses (per Section 2.5). For example: IGNEOUS ROCK (DIORITE); yellowish brown; intensely weathered to decomposed; very soft; unfractured; (Lean CLAY with SAND (CL); medium stiff; moist; little coarse SAND; PP=1 tsf). Or when a rock is decomposed, hardness and fracturing usually do not apply: IGNEOUS ROCK (DIORITE); yellowish brown; decomposed; (Lean CLAY with SAND (CL); medium stiff; moist; little coarse SAND; PP=0.6 tsf). Note, color is not repeated in the descriptive sequence for soil. 2.6.1.3 Description of Poorly Indurated Rock Poorly indurated formational materials such as siltstone, claystone, weakly cemented sandstone etc.

which display both rock-like and soil-like properties, regardless of the degree of weathering, must be described as rock as completely as possible followed by the soil identification or classification and description in parentheses. Add POORLY INDURATED to the Rock Name, e.g., SEDIMENTARY ROCK (POORLY INDURATED SANDSTONE); medium grained; variably light gray and light yellowish brown; fresh; very soft; unfractured; (Poorly-graded SAND (SP); very dense; moist; medium sand; strong cementation). 2.6.2 Rock Identification Rock is identified by a combination of Rock Type (Igneous, Metamorphic or Sedimentary) followed by the Rock Name. Rock Name may be a generalized Family Name (e.g., Granite, Sandstone) or a more specific name (e.g., Granodiorite, Arkose) if the identification is made by a qualified geoprofessional, e.g., IGNEOUS ROCK (GRANITE) -orIGNEOUS ROCK (GRANODIORITE) Note that a specific rock name is usually not relevant for geotechnical work, the family name is generally sufficient and may often be found in published geologic maps. Figures 2-24, 2-25 and 2-26 present rocks commonly found in California. The lists of rock names presented in this section are not intended to be comprehensive. 2.6.2.1 Igneous Rock

Igneous rock is identified by a combination of three characteristics: chemical composition, texture, and method of emplacement. Chemical Composition: Igneous rocks may be Felsic, characterized by light color and high silica and alkali metal content; Intermediate; or Mafic/Ultramafic, characterized by dark color and high iron and magnesium content. Texture: Igneous rock may be coarse-grained (phaneritic) where individual minerals are identifiable with the naked eye, or fine-grained
23

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

(aphanitic) where individual minerals are not identifiable with the naked eye. Method of Emplacement: Igneous rock may be formed deep underground (intrusive or plutonic rocks), typically coarse grained, or at or near the surface (extrusive or volcanic rock), typically fine grained. Volcanic rock may be further subdivided into lava flows, where molten rock flows over the landscape and solidifies into rock, and pyroclastic deposits which are formed from explosive eruptions where lava and rock particles are thrown into the air. Volcanic rocks may also be characterized by the method of emplacement and texture (Figure 2-24). 2.6.2.2 Sedimentary Rock

discernable, the rock name may be the parent rock type or name with the prefix meta, e.g., Metavolcanic, Metasedimentary, Metasandstone, Metaandesite. Regionally metamorphosed rock types are distinguished by mineralogy and texture. These vary according to the degree of metamorphism, or metamorphic grade. Foliation is an alignment of mineral grains or compositional banding. It varies from slatey cleavage due to the parallel growth of mica crystals, to a gneissic texture where minerals group in bands, which resemble bedding. Foliation is usually most common in rock derived from fine grained sedimentary rock. Refer to Figure 2-26. 2.6.3 Rock Description Rock description includes the Rock Type followed by the Rock Name (either specific, or family name, with modifiers such as scoria, ash fall etc) in parentheses followed by the required descriptors. Examples: IGNEOUS ROCK (BASALT); very thickly bedded; black; fresh; hard; slightly fractured. IGNEOUS ROCK (RHYOLITE ASH FLOW); thickly bedded; white; slightly weathered; soft; slightly fractured. METAMORPHIC ROCK (METASANDSTONE); thickly bedded; white, locally yellowish brown; slightly weathered; moderately soft; slightly fractured. -or more specificallyMETAMORPHIC ROCK (QUARTZITE); thickly bedded; white, locally yellowish brown; slightly weathered; moderately soft; slightly fractured.

Sedimentary rock is formed by the process of induration or lithification whereby sediments compact under pressure and gradually become rock. Lithification includes all the processes which convert unconsolidated sediments into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may be well indurated or lithified as solid rock, or poorly indurated or poorly lithified and display soil-like characteristics. Poorly indurated rock should be distinguished from weathered rock as described in Section 2.6.1.3. Refer to Figure 2-25. 2.6.2.3 Metamorphic Rock

Metamorphic rock is igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rock that has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Metamorphism may be either regional metamorphism, due to widespread burial and heat, or contact metamorphism, due to heat from a nearby igneous intrusion. The original rock character may or may not be discernable after metamorphism. If it is still

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Figure 2-24 Igneous Rock

Rock Name Rock Type Categorization Coarsegrained Family Name Specific Name (examples) Granite, Tonalite, Granodiorite, Quartz Monzonite Rhyolite, Quartz Latite, Trachyte Typical Characteristics Light Colored; composed primarily of quartz and feldspar (plagioclase and orthoclase) with minor ferromagnesian minerals. Emplaced as large intrusive plutonic bodies. As above, except emplaced as volcanic ash flows, ash falls, local flows and domes. Medium gray or medium green (intermediate colored); composed primarily of plagioclase feldspars with ~30-50% ferromagnesian minerals (absent or minor quartz). Emplaced as small to large intrusive plutonic bodies. As above, except emplaced as volcanic flows, mud flows and breccias. Dark gray or black (dark colored); composed primarily of ferromagnesian minerals with minor plagioclase feldspar. Typically emplaced in California as accretionary memtamorphosed bodies (e.g ophiolite complexes). As above, except emplaced as local to widespread volcanic lava flows and cinder cones.

Granite

Felsic

Finegrained

Rhyolite

Coarsegrained

Igneous

Intermediate

Diorite

Diorite, Monzonite

Finegrained

Andesite

Andesite, Latite, Dacite

Coarsegrained

Mafic/ Ultramafic

Gabbro

Gabbro, Peridotite, Norite, Dunite

Finegrained

Basalt

Basalt, Picrite

Volcanic Rock Name Modifiers Lava flow Ash flow Ash fall Mudflow Breccia Agglomerate Obsidian Pumice Scoria Typical of basalt. Typical of rhyolite - An airborne deposit formed from lava and rock fragments, which flow through the air down the flanks of a volcano. An airborne deposit formed from small rock fragments erupted to high altitudes, which then rain down. Typical of andesite. May be a primary feature where erupting lava is mixed with snow or water and flows downhill, or may be a secondary feature where an existing volcanic deposit fails in a landslide. Flowing rock hardens, breaks up and is incorporated back into the flow. Volcanic rock formed primarily of volcanic bombs. Volcanic bombs are globs of lava thrown through the air and may gravel-sized or as large as a small car. Volcanic rock consisting almost entirely of glass. Solidified lava froth resembles a sponge with about 90% porosity, floats on water. Like pumice, but with larger vesicles (rounded voids) and thicker vesicle walls. Sinks in water.

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25

Figure 2-25 Sedimentary Rock

Rock Type Categorization* Coarse-grained Rock Name Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Graywacke Mudstone Fine-grained Claystone Shale Characteristics Rock composed of rounded clasts of gravel, cobbles, and/or boulders with interstitial finer-grained material. A conglomerate composed of angular clasts. Rock composed mostly of sand-sized particles. Sandstone characterized by well graded, usually angular, sand and gravel in a fine-grained matrix. Poorly indurated, generally structureless rock composed of clay. Generally slakes in water. Well indurated, generally structureless rock composed of clay. Well indurated mudstones or claystones which are fissile, or break along planes generally parallel to bedding planes. Rock composed mostly of silt-sized particles. May be structureless or display bedding. Usually not fissile unless there is significant clay content. Evaporites are generally identified by their primary mineral constituent, e.g., Gypsum, Borates, Halite (rock salt), Carbonate etc. Well indurated rock composed of calcium carbonate or calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomite) with or without shells or shell fragments. Poorly indurated limestone. Poorly indurated rock comprised of diatom shells.

Sedimentary

Clastic Rocks

Siltstone Evaporites

Precipitates

Organic

Limestone Chalk Diatomite

Inorganic

Chert

Generally microcrystalline silica.

*Sedimentary rocks may be divided into three categories: Clastic: Formed from particles of preexisting rocks transported and deposited primarily in water. Evaporate: Formed by the precipitation of minerals due to the complete evaporation of relatively small bodies of surface water; generally identified by their primary mineral constituent. Precipitate: Formed by the precipitation of minerals, generally in oceans.

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Figure 2-26 Metamorphic Rock

Rock Type Categorization Family Name Slate Characteristics Usually fine-grained with well developed slatey cleavage (tendency to break along well defined planes). Coarser grained than slate with phyllitic texture, similar to slatey cleavage, but planes may be less well defined or wavy. Coarse-grained, significant alignment of minerals, some slatey cleavage. Coarse-grained, foliation entirely due to alignment and banding of minerals. Higher degree of metamorphism than gneiss, resemble coarse-grained igneous rocks. Nearly monomineralic coarse-grained rock composed of amphibole.

Foliated

Phyllite

Schist

Metamorphic

Gneiss

Non-foliated or poorly foliated

Granulite

Amphibolite

Hornfels

Generally fine-grained contact-metamorphosed rock.

Skarn

Usually coarse-grained contact metamorphic rock where significant metasomatism has occurred.

2.6.4 Rock Grain-size descriptors Describe the grain or clast size in accordance with Figures 2-27, 2-28 and 2-29.
Figure 2-27 Grain-Size for Crystalline Igneous and Metamorphic Rock
Description Very Coarse Grained or Pegmatitic Coarse-grained Medium-grained Fine-grained Aphanitic Average Crystal Size, S (in) 3/8 S 3/16 < S 3/8 1/32 < S 3/16 1/250 < S 1/32 S 1/250

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27

Figure 2-28
Grain-Size (Clastic Rock)

USCS Description Boulder Cobble Coarse Gravel Fine Gravel Coarse Sand Medium Sand Fine Sand Silt Clay Lithified Product Boulder Conglomerate Cobble Conglomerate Coarse Gravel Conglomerate Fine Gravel Conglomerate Coarse Sandstone Medium Sandstone Fine Sandstone Siltstone, Shale Claystone, Shale

2.6.5 Bedding Spacing Descriptors Describe the bedding thickness or spacing of sedimentary or bedded volcanic rock (Figure 2-30).
Figure 2-30 (after USBR 2001) Bedding Spacing
Description Massive Very Thickly Bedded Thickly Bedded Moderately Bedded Thinly Bedded Thickness/Spacing, Sb 10 ft. < Sb 3 ft. < Sb 10 ft. 1 ft. < Sb 3 ft. 4 in. < Sb 1 ft. 1 in. < Sb 4 in. 1/4 in. < Sb 1 in. Sb 1/4 in.

Figure 2-29
Grain-Size (Pyroclastic Igneous Rock)

Fragment Block (Angular) Bomb (Rounded) Lapilli Coarse Ash Fine Ash Lithified Product Volcanic Breccia 2.5 < S Agglomerate Lapilli Tuff Coarse Ash Tuff Fine Ash Tuff 1/20 < S 2.5 1/400 < S 1/20 S 1/400 Size, S (in)

Very Thinly Bedded Laminated

2.6.6 Rock Colors Use the color name from the Munsell Soil Color Charts, which is based on the National Bureau of Standards/Inter Society Color Council system, to describe the rock at the time of sampling. If the sample contains layers or patches of varying colors, describe the predominant colors observed. For additional information, see ASTM D 1535, Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System.

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.6.7 Weathering Descriptors for Intact Rock Describe the rock weathering (Figure 2-31).
Figure 2-31 (after USBR 2001) Weathering for Intact Rock
Chemical Weathering-Discoloration and/or Oxidation Description Body of Rock Diagnostic Features Mechanical Weathering-Grain Boundary Conditions (Disaggregation) Fracture Primarily for Granitics Surfaces and Some CoarseGrained Sediments No separation, intact (tight). No visible separation, intact (tight). Texture and Leaching General Characteristics Texture Leaching

Fresh

No discoloration, not oxidized. Discoloration or oxidation is limited to surface of, or short distance from, fractures; some feldspar crystals are dull. Discoloration or oxidation extends from fractures usually throughout; FeMg minerals are rusty, feldspar crystals are cloudy. Discoloration or oxidation throughout; all feldspars and Fe-Mg minerals are altered to clay to some extent; or chemical alteration produces in situ disaggregation, see grain boundary conditions.

No discoloration or oxidation. Minor to complete discoloration or oxidation of most surfaces. All fracture surfaces are discolored or oxidized.

No change

No leaching

Hammer rings when crystalline rocks are struck. Hammer rings when crystalline rocks are stuck. Body of rock not weakened.

Slightly Weathered

Preserved

Minor leaching of some soluble minerals

Moderately Weathered

Partial separation of boundaries visible.

Generally preserved

Soluble minerals may be mostly leached.

Hammer does not ring when rock is struck. Body of rock is slightly weakened.

Intensely Weathered

All fracture surfaces are discolored or oxidized, surfaces friable.

Partial separation, rock is friable; in semiarid conditions granitics are disaggregated.

Texture altered by chemical disintegration (hydration, argillation).

Leaching of soluble minerals may be complete.

Dull sound when struck with hammer, usually can be broken with moderate to heavy manual pressure or by light hammer blow without reference to planes of weakness such as incipient or hairline fractures, or veinlets. Rock is significantly weakened. Can be granulated by hand. Resistant minerals such as quartz may be present as stringers or dikes.

Decomposed

Discolored or oxidized throughout, but resistant minerals such as quartz may be unaltered; all feldspars and Fe-Mg minerals are completely altered to clay.

Complete separation of grain boundaries (disaggregated).

Resembles a soil, partial or complete remnant rock structure may be preserved; leaching of soluble minerals usually complete.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

29

2.6.8 Rock Hardness Describe the hardness of intact rock core (Figure 2 32).
Figure 2-32 (after USBR 2001) Rock Hardness
Description Extremely Hard Criteria Cannot be scratched with a pocketknife or sharp pick. Can only be chipped with repeated heavy hammer blows. Cannot be scratched with a pocketknife or sharp pick. Breaks with repeated heavy hammer blows. Can be scratched with a pocketknife or sharp pick with difficulty (heavy pressure). Breaks with heavy hammer blows. Can be scratched with a pocketknife or sharp pick with light or moderate pressure. Breaks with moderate hammer blows. Can be grooved 1/16 in. deep with a pocketknife or sharp pick with moderate or heavy pressure. Breaks with light hammer blow or heavy manual pressure. Can be grooved or gouged easily with a pocketknife or sharp pick with light pressure, can be scratched with fingernail. Breaks with light to moderate manual pressure. Can be readily indented, grooved or gouged with fingernail, or carved with a pocketknife. Breaks with light manual pressure.

2.6.9 Fracture Density Fractures are defined in Section 2.6.10. The fracture density is based on the fracture spacing observed in recovered core, excluding mechanical breaks, measured along the core axis. Note that fracture density and RQD should correlate. Describe the fracture density (Figure 2-33).
Figure 2-33 (after USBR 2001) Fracture Density
Description Unfractured Very Slightly Fractured Slightly Fractured Moderately Fractured Intensely Fractured Very Intensely Fractured Observed Fracture Density No fractures. Core lengths greater than 3 ft. Core lengths mostly from 1 to 3 ft. Core lengths mostly 4 in. to 1 ft. Core lengths mostly from 1 to 4 in. Mostly chips and fragments.

Very Hard

Hard

Moderately Hard

Moderately Soft

Soft

Very Soft

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.6.10 Fracture Condition Fracture is a term used to describe any break in geologic material, including shears and shear zones. Use a single description, or range of descriptors, to describe the fractures over the length of the core. Descriptors must be presented in the following order. 1. Fracture Group Identification 2. Dip Magnitude 3. Spacing 4. Width 5. Infilling 6. Composition of Infilling 7. Weathering or Alteration 8. Hardness 9. Healing 10. Roughness e.g., SEDIMENTARY ROCK (GRAYWACKE); finegrained; massive; gray; moderately weathered; hard; moderately fractured; (F1, 45 deg, 2-3 spacing, moderately wide, thin filling of clay, soft, slightly rough) (F2, 28 deg, 1 apparent spacing, open, very thin filling of calcite, hard, moderately healed, smooth). 2.6.10.1 Fracture Group Identification Uniquely identify each fracture group in the descriptive sequence using the terms F1, F2Fx for fracture groups.

2.6.10.2 Fracture Dip Magnitude Report fracture dip magnitude. (Figure 2-34)
Figure 2-34 Fracture Dip Magnitude Vertical
Hole:
True dip (but
not strike
unless from
oriented core)
is reported.

35 Dip

Core Axis

Angle Hole: True dip is usually not known; angle is measured from core axis and is called inclination.

Core Axis 45 Inclination

o

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

31

2.6.10.3 Fracture Spacing Fracture spacing is the distance measured between similar oriented fractures. Fracture spacing may either be presented as a single distance or as a range of distances measured for a fracture group. Spacing is measured as shown in Figure 2-35. Apparent spacing, if measured, must be described as such.
Figure 2-35 True and Apparent Fracture Spacing

2.6.10.5 Fracture Infilling Describe the thickness of coatings or fillings (Figure 2-37).
Figure 2-37 (after USBR 2001) Filling or Coating Thickness
Description Clean Very Thin Moderately Thin Thin Moderately Thick
True Spacing

Fracture Filling, FF No film coating FF < 1/32 in. 1/32 in. FF < 1/8 in. 1/8 in. FF < 3/8 in 3/8 in. FF < 1 in. 1 in. FF

Thick

2.6.10.6 Composition of Infilling Fractures may be filled with minerals or soil. Identify and describe the fracture fillings to convey properties that may be significant to the project design. 2.6.10.7 Weathering or Alteration Describe the weathering or alteration of fracture infilling (excluding soil materials) using the weathering descriptors for intact rock (Figure 2-31) 2.6.10.8 Hardness Describe the hardness of the infill material using either the hardness descriptors for rock (Figure 2 32) or estimate the consistency or apparent density descriptor for soil.

Apparent Spacing

2.6.10.4 Fracture Width Measure the fracture width normal to the fracture surfaces (Figure 2-36).
Figure 2-36
Fracture Width (after USBR 2001)

Description Tight Slightly Open Moderately Open Open Moderately Wide Wide Fracture Width, FW (in) No visible separation FW < 1/32 1/32 FW < 1/8 1/8 FW < 3/8 3/8 FW < 1 1 FW

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.6.10.9 Healing Describe the fracture healing (Figure 2-38).

Figure 2-38
Fracture Healing (after USBR 2001)

Description Healing Fracture is completely healed or recemented to a degree at least as hard as surrounding rock. Greater than 50 percent of fracture is healed or recemented. Less than 50 percent of fractured material, filling, or fracture surface is healed or recemented. Fracture surface filling is not healed or recemented.

2.6.11 Rate of Slaking Slaking is the crumbling and disintegration of some rocks when exposed to air or moisture. Slaking may be partial (rock breaks up into smaller particles), or complete (rock is completely disintegrated to clay, silt, and sand). Rocks that are prone to slaking include shale, siltstone, claystone, weakly welded tuff, and highly weathered crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. See Appendix A for test procedures. Describe rate of slaking (Figure 2-40).
Figure 2-40
Rate of Slaking (from Air Force Manual)

Jar Slake Index, IJ 1 Observed Behavior Degrades to a pile of small particles or fragments. Breaks rapidly and forms many fragments. Breaks slowly and forms few fragments. Breaks rapidly and develops several fractures. Breaks slowly and develops few fractures. No change to condition of the rock fragment.

Totally Healed

Moderately Healed

Partly Healed

Not Healed

2.6.10.10 Roughness Describe the fracture surface roughness (small scale asperities) (Figure 2-39).
Figure 2-39
Fracture Roughness (after USBR 2001)

Description Stepped Roughness Near-normal steps and ridges occur on the fracture surface. Large, angular asperities can be seen. Asperities are clearly visible and fracture surface feels abrasive. Small asperities on the fracture surface are visible and can be felt. No asperities, smooth to the touch.

2 3 4 5 6

Rough Moderately Rough

Slightly Rough

Smooth

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33

2.6.12 Additional Comments Note additional relevant rock characteristics not included in the previous categories. References for terms or procedures, not covered by this manual, presented under Additional Comments, must be presented in the Notes section on the LOTB sheet or Boring Record. 2.6.13 Other Drilling Observations Other observations (not included in the descriptive sequence) that may be presented on the LOTB or BR as notes or remarks include: Time for core run Difficulty in drilling or excavating, etc. Ground water inflow, elevation(s), and estimated rate(s) Loss of drill fluid circulation

2.7.1 Sample Preparation and Identification for Laboratory Testing and Storage All samples must be named according to the following convention: Hole ID SNN T Where,
Hole ID: Refer to Section 2.4
S: NN: T: The Sample Type Code (Figure 2-41) 2-digit sample number (0199), numbered from the top down. 1-digit tube number, starting with the bottom tube numbered as 1. A 10 005 U02 3
Figure 2-41
Sample Type Codes (after ASTM D 6453)

Code Description Undisturbed Shelby tube Undisturbed Piston Split spoon (includes SPT and Cal Mod Samplers) Bulk Core (both rock and soil) Disturbed (include auger cuttings) Other

For example:

2.7

Sample Preparation and Identification for Laboratory Testing and Storage

U P S B C D O

Geoprofessionals who drill, identify, sample, preserve, and transport soil samples play an important role in ensuring the quality of the laboratory test results. When performing field investigations, the geoprofessional must be familiar with the following ASTM standards: ASTM D 1586, Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils ASTM D 1587, Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils ASTM D 3550, Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils ASTM D 4220, Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples The following information explains the procedures and information required to prepare soil and rock samples to the Caltrans Geotechnical Laboratory, an AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) accredited facility located in Sacramento.

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Label brass and Shelby tubes and bagged samples (Figures 2-42 and 2-43).
Figure 2-42 Brass and Shelby Tube Label

Top of Sample

Sample Label

Sample ID: ______ Depth: __________ EA: ____________ Date: ___________ Logger:_________

Bottom of Sample

Figure 2-43 Bagged Sample Label

Sample Label

Sample ID: ______ Depth: __________ EA: ____________ Date: ___________ Logger: _________

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

35

2.7.2 Identification of Large Soil Samples In addition to the labeling requirements explained above, some soil samples must also be labeled with a Sample Identification Card (Caltrans Form TL-101), including: Samples weighing more than 5 lbs. Samples to be tested by the Materials Engineering and Testing Services (METS), test names are followed by ** in Figure 2-44. Place Form TL-101 inside a sealed plastic bag then put it inside the large plastic or canvas sample bag.
Figure 2-44 Minimum Material Requirements for Various Test Methods
Test Method(s) AASHTO T 265 ASTM D 2216 ASTM D 4767 AASHTO T 100 ASTM D 422 AASHTO T 89 AASHTO T 90 Test Name Moisture Content Unit Weight Specific Gravity Particle-Size Analysis Liquid Limit Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index Consolidation Undisturbed (2.0" Diameter) (2.5" Diameter) Remolded (2.0" Diameter) Swell Potential Undisturbed (2.0" Diameter) (2.5" Diameter) Remolded (2.0" Diameter) Collapse Potential Undisturbed (2.0" Diameter) (2.5" Diameter) Remolded (2.0" Diameter) Direct Shear Undisturbed Remolded Relative Compaction (Compaction Curve Only) Permeability Undisturbed Falling Head Remolded Falling Head Constant Head Material Required 0.5 lb 1 lb 0.5 lb 1 lb 1 lb Typical Sample Size/Type 1/2 Tube 1 Tube 1/2 Tube 1 Tube 1 Tube TL-101 Required No No No No No

ASTM D 2435

80 lb

1 Tube 1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags

No No Yes

ASTM D 4546

80 lb

1 Tube 1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags

No No Yes

ASTM D 5333

80 lb 80 lb 80 lb

1 Tube 1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags 1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags 2 Full Canvas Bags

No No Yes No Yes Yes

ASTM D 3080 CTM 216

CTM 220

80 lb 80 lb

1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags 2 Full Canvas Bags

No Yes Yes

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Test Method(s) ASTM D 2166 ASTM D 2938

Test Name

Material Required -

Typical Sample Size/Type

TL-101 Required No

Unconfined Compression Triaxial CU (3 points) Undisturbed (2.0" Diameter) (2.5" Diameter) Remolded (2.8" Diameter) Triaxial UU (1 point) Undisturbed (2.0" Diameter) (2.5" Diameter) Remolded (2.8" Diameter) Shrinkage Limit Point Load Expansion Index Sand Equivalent** R-Value** Corrosion** Sulfates** Chlorides** Organic Content** PH** Cation Exchange**

1 Tube or Core

ASTM D 4767

80 lb

3 Tubes - in series 3 Tubes - in series 2 Full Canvas Bags

No No Yes

ASTM D 2850

80 lb 1 lb 40 lb 10 lb 80 lb

1 Tube 1 Tube 2 Full Canvas Bags 1 Tube Rock Core 1 Full Canvas Bag 1/4 Full Canvas Bag 2 Full Canvas Bags

No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

ASTM D 427 ASTM D 5731 ASTM D 4829 CTM 217 AASHTO T 176 CTM 301 AASHTO T 190 CTM 643 CTM 417 CTM 422

10 lb

1/4 Full Canvas Bag

Yes

EPA 9081

10 lb

1/4 Full Canvas Bag

Yes

Notes: 1. ** Tests performed by Materials Engineering and Testing Services (METS) 2. A 12" by 24" canvas bag completely filled contains approximately 40 lb of material. 3. A 2" by 4" tube contains approximately 1 lb. of material. 4. Minimum material weights shown for remolded samples include sufficient material for the development of a moisture density curve.

5. Triaxial samples from Shelby tubes require a minimum sample length equal to three times the sample diameter.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

37

2.7.3 Core Box Layout Label core boxes as shown in Figure 2-45.
Figure 2-45 Core Box Layout and Label

Structure No.:_________

Date:__________

Geoprofessional

Geographic/Structure Name
Dist.-Co.-Rte.-PM E.A. Boring # ________________ Core Box #

Label on the End of Core Box

Structure No:___________ Structure Name:_________ EA:_____________ Boring No:__________ Core Box: _____ of ______ Depth Interval: ________ to _________
Geoprofessional: _____________ Date__________

Inside Core Box

5 10

15

Note depth on core blocks at beginning and end of each run

Use two blocks in segments of no recovery

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

2.8

Quality Check of Field Observations and Samples

The geoprofessional must conduct a quality check of his/her field notes and observations in the office. Sample descriptions and identifications must be reviewed and revised as necessary to ensure that they are in compliance with this manual. Sample descriptors that are subject to change due to time or environment, such as moisture or RQD, must not be revised.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

39

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 2

Section 3: Procedures for Soil and Rock Description and/or Classification Using Laboratory Test Results
3.1 Introduction
Section 2 presents the procedures for describing and identifying soil and rock samples in the field using visual and manual methods and basic field testing tools. Most of these field procedures are sufficient to identify and describe the soil and rock in qualitative terms, and are appropriate for reporting in final boring logs, as described in Sections 4 and 5. In many cases field-generated descriptors can be correlated to engineering parameters for use in geotechnical designs. In some cases, however, the geoprofessional may want to more quantitatively and definitively characterize a particular sample using laboratory test results. This section addresses how to apply specific laboratory test results to revise and supplement the original field observations, identifications, and descriptions. The information presented in this Section is based largely on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 2487, Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).

3.2 Revising Soil Descriptions and Assigning Soil Classification Using Laboratory Test Results
Six components in the identification and descriptive sequence for soil (Section 2.5.1) may be revised with laboratory test results. They are: Group Name Group Symbol Consistency Percent or Proportion of Soil Particle Size Range Plasticity

The Group Name and Group Symbol are determined in the field using visual and manual procedures based on ASTM D 2488, Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure). The field method requires the user to make judgments on a number of observations (e.g., percent of constituents by weight, whether a soil is well or poorly-graded, and whether the soil is a clay or silt or some combination thereof). Laboratory particle-size analysis, liquid limit, and plasticity index provide a quantitative basis for classification of the soil. Furthermore, the laboratory procedure employs a much more comprehensive listing of possible Group Names, as compared to field methods. Consistency is determined in the field using one or more of three methods (vane shear test, Torvane, or Pocket Penetrometer), with varying levels of accuracy and repeatability. Laboratory triaxial, direct shear, and unconfined compression tests provide less subjective undrained shear strength values that can be correlated to specific consistency descriptors.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

41

Percent gravel, sand, and fines, and the range of particle sizes are estimated in the field using visual methods (e.g. jar test, visual approximation, etc.). The laboratory particle-size analysis test provides a quantitative distribution of particle sizes in proportion to the total sample weight. 3.2.1 Soil Classification and Description Descriptive Sequence Use the descriptive sequence in Figure 2-5 when classifying and describing soil. Items indicated by a check mark in the Required column must be used to completely describe all the components of the soil. To incorporate laboratory test data in the classification and descriptive sequence, refer to the sections in this Manual noted in Figure 2-5 (See Lab column). 3.2.2 Group Name and Group Symbol This section presents a procedure for classifying soil for engineering purposes based on laboratory determination of particle-size characteristics, liquid limit, and plasticity index. This method is based on the ASTM version of the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The ASTM procedure for classifying and describing fine-grained and coarse-grained soil is only applicable to material passing the 3-inch sieve. If the sample includes cobbles and/or boulders, they must be reported per Section 2.5.17.

3.2.2.1 Procedure for Classification of Fine-Grained Soil If 50% or more by dry weight of the test specimen passes the No. 200 sieve, the soil is fine-grained, and is classified using the liquid limit and plasticity index (Figures 3-1 and 3-2). In cases where the liquid limit exceeds 100, or the plasticity index exceeds 60, the plasticity chart may be expanded by maintaining the same scale on both axes and extending all relevant lines. If the geoprofessional suspects there is sufficient organic matter to influence the soil classification, additional testing must be requested from the Geotechnical Laboratory.

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

Figure 3-1
Classification of Fine-Grained Soil

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

43

Figure 3-2 Classification of Fine-Grained Soil

Plasticity Index Organic Liquid Limit Group Symbol Fines Coarseness Group Name

PI>7 and plots on or above A-line

<30% plus No. 200 CL >30% plus No. 200

<15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand

Lean CLAY Lean CLAY with SAND Lean CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY lean CLAY SANDY lean CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY lean CLAY GRAVELLY lean CLAY with SAND SILTY CLAY SILTY CLAY with SAND SILTY CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY SILTY CLAY SANDY SILTY CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY SILTY CLAY GRAVELLY SILTY CLAY with SAND SILT SILT with SAND SILT with GRAVEL SANDY SILT SANDY SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY SILT GRAVELLY SILT with SAND ORGANIC CLAY ORGANIC CLAY with SAND ORGANIC CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY ORGANIC CLAY SANDY ORGANIC CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY ORGANIC CLAY GRAVELLY ORGANIC CLAY with SAND ORGANIC SILT ORGANIC SILT with SAND ORGANIC SILT with GRAVEL SANDY ORGANIC SILT SANDY ORGANIC SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY ORGANIC SILT GRAVELLY ORGANIC SILT with SAND

4<PI<7 and plots on or above A-line

<30% plus No. 200 CL-ML >30% plus No. 200

Inorganic

PI<4 or plots below A line

<30% plus No. 200 ML >30% plus No. 200

LL<50

PI>4 and plots on or above A-line

<30% plus No. 200

>30% plus No. 200 OL

Organic

PI<4 or plots below A line

<30% plus No. 200

>30% plus No. 200

44

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

Figure 3-2, continued

Liquid Limit Plasticity Index Group Symbol

Organic

Fines

Coarseness

Group Name

Plots on or above A-line

<30% plus No. 200 CH >30% plus No. 200

<15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel <15% plus No. 200 15-30% plus No. 200 % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand % sand > % gravel % sand < % gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% sand > 15% sand

Fat CLAY Fat CLAY with SAND Fat CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY fat CLAY SANDY fat CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY fat CLAY GRAVELLY fat CLAY with SAND Elastic SILT Elastic SILT with SAND Elastic SILT with GRAVEL SANDY elastic SILT SANDY elastic SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY elastic SILT GRAVELLY elastic SILT with SAND ORGANIC CLAY ORGANIC CLAY with SAND ORGANIC CLAY with GRAVEL SANDY ORGANIC CLAY SANDY ORGANIC CLAY with GRAVEL GRAVELLY ORGANIC CLAY GRAVELLY ORGANIC CLAY with SAND ORGANIC SILT ORGANIC SILT with SAND ORGANIC SILT with GRAVEL SANDY ORGANIC SILT SANDY ORGANIC SILT with GRAVEL GRAVELLY ORGANIC SILT GRAVELLY ORGANIC SILT with SAND

Inorganic

Plots below A-line

<30% plus No. 200 MH >30% plus No. 200

LL>50

Plots on or above A-line

<30% plus No. 200

>30% plus No. 200 OH <30% plus No. 200

Organic

Plots below A-line

>30% plus No. 200

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

45

3.2.2.2 Procedure for Classification of Coarse-Grained Soil If more than 50% by dry weight is retained on the No. 200 sieve, the soil is coarse-grained. Coarse grained soil is classified using the following procedure: The soil is gravel if more than 50% of the coarse fraction (plus No. 200 sieve) is retained on the No. 4 sieve. The soil is sand if 50% or more of the coarse fraction (plus No. 200 sieve) passes through the No. 4 sieve. Soil is classified as either well-graded or poorly-graded based on the coefficients of uniformity (Cu) and curvature (Cc), determined as follows: If 12% or less of the test specimen passes through the No. 200 sieve, plot the cumulative particle-size distribution and compute the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and coefficient of curvature, Cc, as given in Equations 1 and 2. Equation 1

Cu =

D
60
D10

Equation 2

Cc =

(D10 D60 )

(D30 )2

Where D10, D30, and D60 are the particle-size diameters corresponding to 10, 30, and 60 percentiles on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve. It may be necessary to extrapolate the curve to obtain the D10 diameter. Use the above results to determine the classification according to Figure 3-3.

46

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

Figure 3-3 Classification of Coarse-Grained Soil

Fines Grade
Cu>4 and 1<Cc<3 Cu<4 and/or 1>Cc>3 ML or MH Cu>4 and 1<Cc<3

Type of Fines

Group Symbol
GW

Sand/ Gravel
< 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand

Group Name
Well-graded GRAVEL Well-graded GRAVEL with SAND Poorly-graded GRAVEL Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SAND Well-graded GRAVEL with SILT Well-graded GRAVEL with SILT and SAND Well-graded GRAVEL with CLAY (or SILTY CLAY) Well-graded GRAVEL with CLAY and SAND (or SILTY CLAY and SAND) Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SILT Poorly-graded GRAVEL with SILT and SAND Poorly-graded GRAVEL with CLAY (or SILTY CLAY) Poorly-graded GRAVEL with CLAY and SAND (or SILTY CLAY and SAND) SILTY GRAVEL SILTY GRAVEL with SAND CLAYEY GRAVEL CLAYEY GRAVEL with SAND SILTY, CLAYEY GRAVEL SILTY, CLAYEY GRAVEL with SAND Well-graded SAND Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND Poorly-graded SAND with GRAVEL Well-graded SAND with SILT Well-graded SAND with SILT and GRAVEL Well-graded SAND with CLAY Well-graded SAND with CLAY and GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND with SILT Poorly-graded SAND with SILT and GRAVEL Poorly-graded SAND with CLAY Poorly-graded SAND with CLAY and GRAVEL SILTY SAND SILTY SAND with GRAVEL CLAYEY SAND CLAYEY SAND with GRAVEL SILTY, CLAYEY SAND SILTY, CLAYEY SAND with GRAVEL

< 5%

GP GW-GM

CL, CH or CL-ML

GW-GC > 15% sand

Gravel

5-12% ML or MH Cu<4 and/or 1>Cc>3 GP-GM

< 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand

CL, CH or CL-ML

GP-GC > 15% sand

ML or MH > 12% CL or CH CL-ML Cu>6 and 1<Cc<3 Cu<6 and/or 1>Cc>3 Cu>6 and 1<Cc<3 ML or MH CL, CH or CL-ML ML or MH CL, CH or CL-ML ML or MH > 12% CL or CH CL-ML

GM GC GC-GM SW

< 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% sand > 15% sand < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel < 15% gravel > 15% gravel

< 5%

SP SW-SM SW-SC SP-SM SP-SC SM SC SC-SM

Sand

5-12% Cu<6 and/or 1>Cc>3

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

47

3.2.3 Consistency of Cohesive Soil Cohesive soil consistency descriptors must conform to Figure 3-5, generally after Das (1983) and Bureau of Reclamation standards (2001). Note that the terms to be used have been modified from those contained in both references. Laboratory tests used to determine consistency of cohesive soil are triaxial or unconfined compression tests.
Figure 3-5 Consistency
Description Very Soft Soft Medium Stiff Stiff Very Stiff Hard Shear Strength, Ss (tsf) Ss < 0.12 0.12 Ss < 0.25 0.25 Ss < 0.5 0.5 Ss < 1 1 Ss < 2 2 Ss

parenthetical percentages following the qualitative descriptor (e.g. some SAND (37%)) SANDY SILT (ML); dense; gray; moist; some fine SAND; nonplastic. Indicating the sample contains some SAND (30 45%) per Figure 2-13. -orSANDY SILT (ML); dense; gray; moist; some fine SAND (37%); nonplastic. Indicating the sample contains some SAND (30 45%), and the lab test indicates 37% SAND. 3.2.5 Plasticity (for Fine-Grained Soil) Do not include field determination of plasticity in the descriptive sequence when Group Name and Group Symbol are based on liquid limit and plasticity index.

3.3
3.2.4 Percent or Proportion of Soil Laboratory percentages of gravel, sand, and fines must either be reported using qualitative proportional descriptors (e.g. some SAND) or

Strength of Intact Rock

The strength of intact rock is typically determined by unconfined compression laboratory testing. The test result is added to the descriptive sequence using the syntax UC = strength, where the strength is in units of psi.

48

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 3

Section 4: Presentation of Subsurface Information

4.1

Introduction

Continuity of material types between discrete sampling locations is sometimes difficult to confirm.

The process of creating boring logs, i.e., Log of Test Borings (LOTB) and Boring Records (BR) can be summarized in four steps: Field sampling and descriptions (Section 2) Quality check of field descriptions (Section 2) Refinement of descriptions, and classification of soil, based on laboratory test results, if performed (Section 3) Preparation of the boring logs (Sections 4 and 5) This section presents the Layer Presentation Method and provides details and guidance for incorporating laboratory test data and preparing boring logs. Figure 4-1 illustrates the process from obtaining subsurface information to the creation of boring logs.

Figure 4-1
Step 1: Field Sampling and Descriptions (Sec. 2)

Step 2: Quality Check of Field Observations (Sec. 2)

Laboratory Tests?

4.2 Factual vs. Interpretive Subsurface Data

FHWA guidelines state: factual subsurface data which are pertinent to the project subsurface conditions should be presented in an easily understood fashion on the contract documents. However, the description of subsurface conditions always requires some degree of professional interpretation. Some examples: Field description and identification procedures, according to ASTM D 2488, require estimation and interpretation. Sampling may occur at discrete intervals, yet layer boundaries may fall between sampling locations. The boundaries may be identified based on visual observations of cuttings and/or drill rig behavior during drilling. There may be uncertainty as to the depth at which a material change occurs.

YES

NO

Step 3: Incorporate Laboratory Data, Refine Descriptions, and Classify (Sec. 3)

Step 4: Prepare Boring Logs (Sec. 4 & 5)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

49

4.3 Layer Presentation Method

The Layer Presentation Method defines a layer as the limits of soil with one group symbol or the limits of rock with a single rock type. The layer presentation simplifies the boring log by: Eliminating presentation of duplicate descriptors. Presenting changes where they occur. Improving clarity to prospective bidders, contractors, and construction personnel. 4.3.1 Rules and Considerations The following rules and considerations apply to the layer presentation method: The layer presentation must be made in such a way that the individual sample descriptions can be generally reconstructed. The descriptive sequence used to describe a sample of soil or rock must describe that sample in its entirety, and may describe all or part of a layer depending on the subsequent changes reported, if any. A change must be reported at the elevation where it is measured or inferred, which is not necessarily at a sample location, and the new description applies from that elevation to the bottom of the layer unless another change is reported. Leader lines (on LOTB) are used as appropriate to locate a descriptive change. A descriptor applies at the adjacent elevation unless a leader line (on LOTB) is used. A change in a soils Group Symbol or a Rock Type must result in a new layer. A change in a soils Group Name or Rock Name may result in a new layer. The first descriptive sequence in a layer must apply to the first sample and from the top of the layer and until a change is reported Laboratory and field test results apply only to the sample at the location of the laboratory test symbol or field test result. Individual descriptors, whether based on field observations or laboratory results, apply from
50

the locations presented and until a change is reported. When performed, representative laboratory test results must be used to determine the applicable descriptors within the descriptive sequence (i.e. Group Name and Symbol, consistency, and gradation properties). Descriptors within a layer with the same field descriptions should be corrected based on the laboratory test(s) of one or more representative samples. For example, if three consecutive samples were field identified to contain some silt, and a representative laboratory test reported little silt, then the other two descriptors should be corrected to say little silt. Descriptive sequences may be restated as appropriate to provide clarity after multiple changes have been presented. 4.3.2 Special Cases Parenthetical soil descriptions required per Section 2 for intensely weathered to decomposed or decomposed rock or poorly indurated rock are valid only until the rock becomes intensely or less weathered, or well indurated. For interbedded soil or rock, use the graphic for the predominant material.

4.4

Incorporating Laboratory Data, Refining Descriptions, and Classifying Soil

Use the most reliable data available to describe soil and rock. The data could be field-generated, or a combination of field- and laboratory-generated. If laboratory tests are performed, and in the opinion of the geoprofessional, the results represent the actual conditions of the soil or rock, the test results must control the identification, description, or classification of the soil or rock. Presence of a laboratory test symbol next to the LOTB stick (Section 5.2.5.2) indicates that a laboratory test was performed and that the related description is based on the laboratory test result. Conversely, if

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

laboratory tests are not shown as being performed, the descriptions presented on the LOTB are based solely on the visual practices described in this Manual. The percent and/or proportion of constituents must be presented in one of two ways as illustrated in the following example. Three consecutive samples were identified as SANDY SILT. Laboratory testing of the first sample indicate 37% sand. SANDY SILT (ML); dense; gray; moist; some fine SAND; nonplastic.

Indicating the entire layer contains some SAND (30-45%). -orSANDY SILT (ML); dense; gray; moist; some fine SAND (37%); nonplastic. Indicating the entire layer contains some SAND (30-45%), but that the lab test indicates 37% SAND at the test location.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

51

4.4.3 Example The processes for developing boring logs have been presented in detail throughout this Manual. In general, field sample descriptions are corrected and calibrated based on laboratory results, layer boundaries are determined by grouping samples within the same Group Symbol or Rock Type, sample descriptions are consolidated into a single layer description, and, finally, description changes are noted with depth within layers. The following example: Demonstrates how a geoprofessional develops a layer presentation, based on field descriptions and laboratory test results (Figure 4-2) Presents the LOTB for the layer presentation (Figure 4-3), and Presents how to interpret the LOTB and layer presentation (Figure 4-4) Note the following in Figure 4-2: At the depth of 28 29 ft., required descriptors for rock hardness and fracture density are not presented as the sample was collected via a SPT. Group Name and Group Symbol for the clay layer are based upon ASTM D 2487 Laboratory test results for the samples at depths 18.5-20 ft and 23.5-25 ft. At the depth of 23.5 25 ft., the pocket penetrometer (PP) test result is not consistent with medium stiff consistency descriptor as the consistency descriptor is based on a laboratory triaxial (UU) test result. In this case, the PP result is still presented on the boring log.

52

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

Figure 4-2
Depth (ft.)
3.5-5

Sample
R-09001-S01

Field Testing
SPT N=4 N60 = 6

Field Description and Identification

Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); loose; yellowish brown; moist; little coarse and fine GRAVEL; trace fines; 10% IGNEOUS COBBLES, hard, 6-10, subrounded; (FILL). Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); medium dense; yellowish brown; moist; little coarse and fine GRAVEL; trace fines; 10% IGNEOUS COBBLES, hard, 5-10, subrounded; (FILL). SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark bluish gray; moist; medium SAND; trace shell fragments; PP=0.35; (BAY MUD). SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark bluish gray; moist; medium SAND; PP=0.4; (BAY MUD). SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark gray; moist; medium SAND; PP=0.45; (BAY MUD).

Lab Testing

Lab Corrected Description and Identification or Classification

Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); loose; yellowish brown; moist; little coarse and fine GRAVEL; trace fines; 10% IGNEOUS COBBLES, hard, 6-10, subrounded; (FILL).

Final Layer Presentation

Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); loose; yellowish brown; moist; little coarse and fine GRAVEL; trace fines; 10% IGNEOUS COBBLES, hard, 5-10 inches, subrounded; (FILL). Medium dense

8.5-10

R-09001-S02

SPT N=8 N60=12

PA

Well-graded SAND with GRAVEL and COBBLES (SW); medium dense; yellowish brown; moist; sand (79%); little coarse and fine GRAVEL (17%); trace fines (4%); 10% IGNEOUS COBBLES, hard, 5-10, subrounded; (FILL). SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark bluish gray; moist; medium SAND; trace shell fragments; PP=0.35; (BAY MUD).

13.5-15

R-09001-U03

PP=0.35

SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark bluish gray; moist; medium SAND; trace shell fragments; PP=0.35 tsf; (BAY MUD). No shell fragments; PP=0.4 tsf.

18.5-20

R-09001-U04

PP=0.4

PA, PI UU=0.45 tsf

SANDY lean CLAY (CL); soft; dark bluish gray; moist; fines (62%); medium SAND (38%); PP=0.4; (BAY MUD). SANDY lean CLAY (CL); medium stiff; dark gray; moist; fines (66%); medium SAND (34%); PP=0.45; (BAY MUD).

23.5-25

R-09001-U05

PP=0.45

PA, PI UU=0.55 tsf

Medium stiff; dark gray; PP=0.45 tsf.

28-29

R-09001-S06

SPT N = 60/6 N60=90/6

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray with orange mottling; intensely weathered.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray with orange mottling; intensely weathered.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray with orange mottling; intensely weathered.

29-34

R-09001-C07

REC=90% RQD=60%

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray; slightly weathered; moderately soft; moderately fractured.

UC=3600 psi

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray; slightly weathered; moderately soft; moderately fractured.

Dark bluish gray; moderately to slightly weathered; moderately soft; moderately fractured; UC=3600 psi.

34-39

R-09001-C08

REC=100% RQD=90%

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray; fresh; moderately soft; slightly fractured.

UC=4100 psi

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (SHALE); dark bluish gray; fresh; moderately soft; slightly fractured.

Slightly fractured; UC=4100 psi.

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

53

The LOTB for the layer presentation developed in Figure 4-2 would appear as follows:
Figure 4-3
LOTB Example

54

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

Figure 4-4 presents how to interpret the clay layer (elevation 1 ft to 18 ft) on the LOTB in Figure 4-3. Per the rules presented in Section 4.3.1, the uppermost soil description, located at the first sample location, represents the material from the top of the layer to the bottom of the layer unless modified by a subsequent descriptor. The arrows above and below each descriptor represent the range to which the descriptor applies, i.e., by definition the group symbol (CL) applies to the entire layer as indicated by the arrows. The soil description can be reconstructed at any location by drawing a horizontal line and identifying the appropriate descriptors by the intersected arrows. For example, the descriptive sequence between sample 3 and the rock layer (section A-A) is reconstructed as follows: SANDY lean CLAY (CL); medium stiff; dark gray, moist; medium SAND; (BAY MUD). Note the following: The pocket penetrometer test results apply only at the sample location Trace shell fragments would not appear in any descriptive sequence below Sample 2

Figure 4-4 Layer Interpretation

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

55

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56

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 4

Section 5:
Boring Log and Legend Presentation Formats

5.1

Introduction

The Department uses the following formats to present subsurface information: Log of Test Borings (LOTB), and/or Boring Record (BR).

An LOTB is typically associated with a structure facility and is part of the Project Plans. A BR is typically associated with an earthwork facility and is attached to a Geotechnical Report. If a subsurface exploration was performed, there will be at least one type of log presentation.

5.2

Log of Test Borings

Figure 5-1 Example of LOTB

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

57

58

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

5.2.1 Contents and Characteristics of the LOTB The Log of Test Borings (LOTB) sheet is part of the project plans and: Presents the boring logs on an elevation scale. Presents a plan view showing the location of each boring relative to an alignment and/or existing or planned facility or structure. Presents the type(s) of drilling method(s) used to perform the investigation, the type(s) of sampling performed, and how the sampler was advanced. Presents the location and description, both graphical and written, of the types of soil and rock encountered within the borehole. Presents the types of field and laboratory testing performed. Present field and laboratory test data. Is optimized for printing on full-size plan sheets (24" x 36") and typically reproduced on 11" x 17" sized paper. Allows presentation of more than one boring log per plan sheet. Is accompanied by LOTB legend sheets. 5.2.2 Notes on the LOTB Each LOTB sheet must contain a note section for presentation of relevant factual data and one of the following two notes: If the procedures of this manual were followed without exception, then the note must read: This LOTB sheet was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Soil & Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual (Date) If an exception to the procedures of this manual has been approved and implemented, then the note must be modified to read: This LOTB sheet was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Soil & Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual (Date)

except as noted on the soil or rock legend or below Optional notes may include: Changes in drilling equipment Site observations Other drilling observations Do not repeat the procedures or requirements set forth in this manual in the notes section. 5.2.3 LOTB Sheet Formatting LOTB sheets must be prepared in accordance with this manual and the Caltrans Plans Preparation Manual. The LOTB sheet border must present the following: 5.2.3.1 Signature Block (Upper Right Corner) a) The State of California Registered Civil Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer, Certified Engineering Geologist, or Professional Geologist seal with the signature, date, license number, and registration certificate expiration date of the geoprofessional in responsible charge of the LOTB sheet; b) Caltrans District, County, and Route; c) Name and address of consultant firm in responsible charge of the LOTB sheet (if applicable); d) Name and address of the lead local agency (if applicable); and e) A disclaimer stating "The State of California or its officers or agents shall not be responsible for the accuracy or completeness of electronic copies of this plan sheet." (The Office Engineer will provide the Post Miles Total Project, Sheet Number, Total Sheets, and Plans Approval Date.)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

59

5.2.3.2 Title Block (Bottom, from left to right) a) Titles "ENGINEERING SERVICES" and "GEOTECHNICAL SERVICES" for plans produced by or for Geotechnical Services. For consultant-prepared LOTB sheets, show the name of the Design Oversight (i.e., OSFP/OSCM Senior Liaison) Engineer and sign-off date. b) FUNCTIONAL SUPERVISOR: The name of the person in charge of the functional unit responsible for providing oversight of the registered geoprofessional who developed the LOTB sheet. c) DRAWN BY: The name of the person who prepared (drafted) the LOTB sheet d) CHECKED BY: The name of the person who performed the quality control check of the LOTB sheet e) FIELD INVESTIGATION BY: The name(s) of the field investigator(s); f) A note stating "STATE OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION" with a scale below the sub-block and a label on the left side stating "ORIGINAL SCALE IN INCHES FOR REDUCED PLANS." For consultant prepared LOTB sheets, the note must state "PREPARED FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION." g) A note stating "DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES STRUCTURE DESIGN." For consultant prepared LOTB sheets, instead of this note, show the name of the Project Engineer; h) The Caltrans Contract Expenditure Authorization (CU and EA) numbers; i) The State-assigned Bridge (or Structure) Number, Postmile, and the State-assigned Bridge (or Structure) Name; j) The initial drawn by, and subsequent
revision dates; and
k) A label stating "LOG OF TEST BORINGS _ OF _" (if applicable).
60

(The Office Engineer will provide the Sheet Number and Total Sheets Number.) 5.2.3.3 Plan View

a) The Plan View must be shown at the top of the first LOTB sheet. When the site is sufficiently large or complex, the first LOTB sheet should be used entirely for the Plan View. b) Multiple LOTB sheets must be numbered with reference to the stationing of the control line (i.e., showing sheet No. 1 with the lowest stationing and the last sheet with the highest stationing). c) A distinct Plan View of the project site that is independent of the Profile View must be shown on the LOTB. d) Show the location, description, and elevation of the benchmark used for determining the top of boring elevations at the top left side of the Plan View under the heading BENCHMARK. Identify the vertical datum (National Geodetic Vertical Datum, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey, District, etc.) used to determine the benchmark elevations. e) Show the scale directly below the Plan View label. f) Show a North arrow. g) Lines or control lines shown in the Plan View must be consistent with those shown on the General Plan sheet. h) Show stationing and names for control lines. Stationing must increase from left to right. Show a minimum of two stations on all lines. i) Show control line intersection stationing and bearings. j) Show names and directions of nearest cities. k) Show names and directions of stream flows when applicable. l) Plot boring locations with symbols as shown in the legend to identify drilling methods (e.g., auger hole, rotary hole, cone

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

penetration). The Hole Identification must be presented with each symbol. 5.2.3.4 Profile View

5.2.4 As-Built LOTB Sheet Formatting As-Built LOTB sheet(s) must be prepared according to the following standards. 5.2.4.1 btaining and Reproducing the O As-Built LOTB Sheet

a) Show the control line, increasing from left to right, horizontally across the bottom of the Profile View. b) Show the elevations and grid lines on both the left and right margins. Numerical values must be in multiples of 10 (e.g. 20, 10, 0, -10, -20). c) Show the Hole Identification, top of hole elevation, stationing, and offset at the top of each boring log. d) Show types and diameters of drill tools. e) Show the completion date of boring (m/d/y) at the bottom of each boring log. f) Show Terminated at EL. XX to indicate the bottom of boring elevation. g) Show the SPT hammer energy ratio, Hammer Energy Ratio (ERi) = XX%, at the bottom of each boring. h) Provide groundwater information for each boring. If groundwater was measured, show the date(s) and elevation(s) of groundwater measurement(s). If groundwater was not encountered, state Groundwater was not encountered in boring(s) ####. If groundwater was encountered but not measured, state Groundwater was encountered in boring(s) ####, but elevation was not measured. i) Show results from field penetration tests at relevant elevations along the boring log. j) Show types of field and laboratory tests with symbols as indicated in the legend, at relevant elevations along the right side of the boring log. k) Show the Profile scales (horizontal and vertical) under the heading PROFILE.

a) Reproducible copies of As-Built LOTB sheets may be obtained from the Microfilm Services Units in the Caltrans District Offices. If the As-Built LOTB sheets provided to Local Agencies or consultants by the Caltrans District Offices are not legible, a full sized copy should be requested from Geotechnical Services. b) As-Built LOTB sheets must be size "D" (24" by 36"). The As-Built LOTB title block must be sized to fit and placed over any open space (preferably toward the top) on the As-Built LOTB sheet. c) Information on the As-Built LOTB sheet must be clear and legible. In order to improve the legibility of the information, it may be necessary to darken the line work and the notations. 5.2.4.2 Typical Modifications to As-Built LOTB Sheets If As-Built LOTB sheets are shown in metric units, the offset and stationing location of each boring must be converted to imperial units and presented in a table. The table must show the station and offset in relation to the new English line. The General Plan will show the current English control line. 5.2.4.3 The As-Built LOTB Title Block must include the following information for the current project a) A note stating "GEOTECHNICAL
SERVICES -- DIVISION OF
ENGINEERING SERVICES" (if
applicable).

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61

b) Caltrans District, County, Route, Post Miles - Total Project, State-assigned Bridge (or Structure) Number and Name, and Expenditure Authorization (CU and EA) numbers. The Office Engineer will provide the Sheet Number and Total Sheets Number. c) The State of California Registered Civil Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer, Certified Engineering Geologist, or Professional Geologist seal with the signature, date, license number, and registration certificate expiration date of the geoprofessional in responsible charge of the LOTB sheet d) A note stating, "As-Built Log of Test Borings sheet is considered an informational document only. As such, the State of California registration seal with signature, license number and registration certificate expiration date confirm that this is a true and accurate copy of the original document. It does not attest to the accuracy or validity of the information contained in the original document. This drawing is available and presented only for the convenience of any bidder, contractor or other interested party." (Figure 5-2). e) Identification of the original vertical datum and any conversion to the current project datum, i.e., As-Built Vertical Datum: NGVD29
Figure 5-2 As-Built LOTB Title Block

Datum Conversion: NAVD88 = NGVD29 + 3.2 ft f) A sub-box stating "LOG OF TEST BORINGS _ OF _" (if applicable). g) A note stating "A COPY OF THIS LOG OF TEST BORINGS IS AVAILABLE AT OFFICE OF STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE AND INVESTIGATIONS, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA" (if applicable). 5.2.5 The LOTB Legend Sheets The soil and rock legend sheets are standard forms that provide convenient simplified references for the required soil and rock description, identification, and/or classification components presented in this Manual. References for optional descriptors do not appear on the legend sheets. To correctly interpret the LOTB, the reader must be familiar with this Manual. There are three legend sheets, two predominantly for soil and the other for rock (Figures 5-3, 5-4 and 5-5). The legend sheets define the format for the graphical presentation of a boring log and differentiate between the various borehole and sounding types. The legend sheets also present the symbols used to identify laboratory tests.

GEOTECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES

As-Built Log of Test Borings sheet is considered an informational document only. As such, the State of California registration seal with signature, license number and registration certificate expiration date confirm that is this a true and accurate copy of the original document. It does not attest to the accuracy or validity of the information contained in the original document. This drawing is available and presented only for the convenience of any bidder, contractor or other interested party.
DIST. COUNTY ROUTE POST MILES TOTAL PROJECT SHEET NO. TOTAL SHEETS

11

SD

15

10.00-15.00

249

250

REGISTERED ENGINEER CIVIL

DATE

MAIN STREET OVERCROSSING LOG OF TEST BORINGS 5 OF 6

As-Built Vertical Datum: Datum Conversion:
CU: 11 EA: 432563 BRIDGE NO. 57-3456
NOTE: A COPY OF THIS LOG OF TEST BORINGS IS AVAILABLE AT OFFICE OF STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE AND INVESTIGATIONS, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

62

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

Figure 5-3

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

63

Figure 5-4

64

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

Figure 5-5

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

65

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Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

Four general hole-type formats are graphically presented as follows: 5.2.5.1 and Boring H Hand Driven (HD) (1-inch soil tube) and Hand Auger (HA) borings must be presented per Figure 5-6.
Figure 5-6

Figure 5-8 Definitions for changes in material

Term Material Change Definition Change in material is observed in the sample or core, and the location of change can be accurately measured. Change in material cannot be accurately located because either the change is gradational or because of limitations in the drilling/sampling methods used. Material changes from soil characteristics to rock characteristics Symbol

Estimated Material Change

Soil/Rock Boundary

5.2.5.2

Rotary Boring

Rotary Drilled Boring or Diamond Core (R), Rotary Percussion Boring (Air) (P), Auger Boring (A), must be presented per Figure 5-7.
Figure 5-7

5.2.5.3 Dynamic Cone Penetration Boring The Dynamic Cone Penetration Boring (D) must be presented per Figure 5-9.
Figure 5-9

Changes in material with depth must be shown using the following terms and symbols (Figure 5-8):

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67

5.2.5.4

Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Boring

5.2.5.5

Rock Coring

A Cone Penetration Test (CPT) boring must be presented using the following format:
Figure 5-10

Rock coring logs must be presented using the following format:

Figure 5-11

5.2.5.6

Hole Type Symbols

Hole type is identified within the hole identification numbering convention (see Section 2.3) and symbolized on the LOTB as follows:
Figure 5-12

68

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

5.2.5.7

Graphical Representation of Material Types

Soil Group Name and Group Symbol and Rock Type are shown on the LOTB as follows:
Figure 5-13

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

69

5.3

Boring Records

Figure 5-14

70

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

Figure 5-14 (continued)

Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual, Section 5

71

Figure 5-15

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5.3.1 Content and Characteristics of the BR A Boring Record (BR) is presented as an attachment to a geotechnical report and: Presents a single borehole record or CPT sounding. Presents the borings to an elevation scale. Presents the type of drilling method used to perform the investigation, the type of sampling performed, and how the sampler was advanced. Presents the location and description, both graphical and written, of the types of soil and rock encountered within the borehole. Accommodates the presentation of select field and laboratory test results. Is optimized for printing on 8.5" x 11" sheets Is accompanied by BR Legend Sheets. 5.3.2 Notes on the BR If the procedures of this manual were followed without exception, then the following note must appear on the first page of the BR: This Boring Record was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Soil & Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual (Date) If an exception to the procedures of this manual has been approved and implemented, then the note must be modified to read: This Boring Record was prepared in accordance with the Caltrans Soil & Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual (Date) except as noted on the soil or rock legend or below Optional notes are left to the discretion of the geoprofessional and, if are specific to an elevation or depth, should be presented at the appropriate location in the Remarks column. These notes may include: Changes in drilling equipment

Other drilling observations Notes that are more general, such as a site observation, should be placed within the body of the geotechnical report. 5.3.3 Boring Record Format The BR must be formatted in general conformance with Figures 5-14 and 5-15. The format and information presented in the header and footer sections should match the Figures. The following information must be presented in the body: Elevation Material Graphic Description Sample Location Sample Number Blows per foot (if performed) Drilling Method 5.3.4 The Boring Record Legend Sheets The soil and rock legend sheets are standard forms that provide convenient references for the required soil and rock description, identification, and/or classification components presented in this Manual. References for selected optional descriptors do not appear on the legend sheets; however, they are explained in this Manual. To correctly interpret the BR, the reader must be familiar with this Manual. There are three legend sheets: two predominantly for soil and the other for rock, as shown in Figures 5-16, 5-17 and 5-18. The legend sheets define the format for the graphical presentation of a boring log and differentiate among the various borehole and sounding types. The legend sheets also present the symbols used to identify laboratory tests.

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Figure 5-16

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Figure 5-17

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Figure 5-18

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References
Select portions of the following references were used in developing this manual. The listed references are intended to acknowledge author and documents used in this manual. Listed references do not indicate alternate methods for logging or reporting subsurface information. Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (1988), Manual on Subsurface Investigations. Washington, D.C.* American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 2007 Edition, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA* Das, Braja M. (1997), Advanced Soil Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis Group Departments of the Army And The Air Force (1983), Backfill For Subsurface Structures, 5-8184/AFM 85, Chap. 5, Technical Manual Headquarters, No. 5-818-4, Air Force Manual No. 88-5, Chapter 5 Washington, Dc, 1 June 1983 International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (1981), Suggested Methods for the Quantitative Description of Discontinuities in Rock Masses, ed. E. T. Brown U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (2001), Engineering Geology Field Manual, 2nd Edition U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Geotechnical Guideline No.15, Differing Site Conditions, Geotechnical Engineering Notebook (1996) Wyllie, D.C., Mah, C. M. (2004), Rock Slope Engineering: Civil and Mining, 4th Edition, Taylor & Francis Zumberge, J. H., Rutford, R. H., Carter, J. L. (2003), Laboratory Manual For Physical Geology, 11th Edition Julia A. Jackson and Robert Latimer Bates, Glossary of Geology, Fourth Edition Julia A. Jackson and Robert Latimer Bates, Dictionary of Geological Terms, Third Edition Caltrans Code of Safe Drilling Practices, 2005

*The revision dates of all test methods referenced in this Manual are those dates current on the publishing date of this manual.

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Appendix A:
Field Test Procedures

A.1 Pocket Penetrometer

The Pocket Penetrometer test is conducted using the following general instructions: To begin test, remove protective cap, push ring against body so that low side reads 0. Slowly insert piston until engraved mark is level with soil. Observe the reading in TSF (KG/SQ CM) using low side of ring, (side closest to the piston end): record reading and repeat. For weak soil, use 1 adapter foot, multiply reading by 0.0625. balls about 12 inch in diameter. Allow the test specimens to dry in air, sun, or by artificial means, as long as the temperature does not exceed 140F. If the test specimen contains natural dry lumps, those that are about 12 inch in diameter may be used in place of the molded balls. Test the strength of the dry balls or lumps by crushing between the fingers. Note the strength as none, low, medium, high, or very high in accordance with the criteria in the table in Section 2.4.14. If natural dry lumps are used, do not use the results of any of the lumps that are found to contain particles of coarse sand.

A.4

Dilatancy

A.2

Torvane

The Torvane test is conducted using the following general instructions: To start test, push indicator counter clockwise to zero stop. Select reasonably flat surface at least 1 inch in diameter. Using midsize vane, one division equals 1 TSF (1KG/SQ CM). One division using small and large vane equals respectively 2.5 and 0.2 TSF (KG/SQ CM). Press pocket vane shear tester into soil to depth of blade; maintain constant vertical pressure while turning knob clockwise at rate to develop failure within 5 to 10 seconds. After failure develops, release remaining spring tension slowly. Pointer will indicate maximum shear value until manually reset.

Select enough material to mold into a ball about 12 inch diameter. Mold the material, adding water if necessary, until it has a soft, but not sticky, consistency. Smooth the soil ball in the palm of one hand with the blade of a knife or small spatula. Shake horizontally, striking the side of the hand vigorously against the other hand several times. Note the reaction of water appearing on the surface of the soil. Squeeze the sample by closing the hand or pinching the soil between the fingers, and note the reaction as none, slow, or rapid in accordance with the criteria in the table in Section 2.4.15. The reaction is the speed with which water appears while shaking, and disappears while squeezing.

A.5

Toughness

A.3

Dry Strength Test

Select enough material to mold into a ball about 1 inch diameter. Mold it until it has the consistency of putty, adding water if necessary. From the molded material, make at least three test specimen

After the dilatancy test, shape the test specimen into an elongated pat and roll by hand on a smooth surface or between the palms into a thread about 18 inch diameter. (If the sample is too wet to roll easily, it should be spread into a thin layer and allowed to lose some water by evaporation.) Fold the sample threads and reroll repeatedly until the thread crumbles at a diameter of about 18 inch; this occurs when the soil is near the plastic limit. Note the pressure required to roll the thread near the plastic limit. Also, note the strength of the thread. After the thread crumbles, the pieces should be lumped together and kneaded until the
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lump crumbles. Note the toughness of the material during kneading. Describe the toughness of the thread and lump as low, medium, or high in accordance with the criteria in the table in Section 2.4.16.

A.8

Standard Penetration Test

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) must be conducted according to the following two test methods: ASTM D 1586, Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils ASTM D 6066, Standard Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetration Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Blow counts (N) must be reported on the LOTB and BR as observed in the field without corrections. Where, N The sum of the hammer blows required to drive the sampler in the test interval from 0.5 to 1.5 ft below the cleanout depth. Hammer efficiency must be shown on the LOTB and BR to allow the reader to determine N60. Where, ERi N60 Hammer energy ratio Penetration resistance adjusted to a 60% drill rod energy ratio per ASTM D 6066: N60 = Nmeasured X (ERi /60)

A.6 Jar Slake Index Test

The Slake Durability Test (ASTM D 4644) is the most rigorous test of slaking, however the Jar Slake Test is a simple, but less sensitive method used in the field or in the office to screen specimens for the Slake Durability test. A water filled jar and a watch are required. The steps are as follows: Immerse a fragment in enough water to cover it by inch. It is best if the rock is oven dried. It has been reported that moist material is relatively insensitive to degradation in this test when compared with dry material. After immersion, observe the sample continuously for 10 minutes and carefully during the first 30 minutes. When a reaction occurs, it is often during the first 30 minutes. A final observation is made after 24 hours. The condition of the piece is categorized (complete breakdown, partial breakdown, no change), as shown in the table in Section 2.5.14

A.7

Calcium Carbonate
The following are examples of how to report various SPT measurements: Blow counts for each of the 6-inch increments must be recorded in the field, but not necessarily reported on the LOTB and BR. The 2nd and 3rd driving intervals must be summed and reported. For example: 1st 6 in. interval: 2nd 6 in. interval: 3 6 in. interval: N reported as 33
rd

Report the presence of calcium carbonate based on the sample reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid, and describe the reaction per Fig A.7-1.
Figure A.7-1 (from ASTM 2488)
Descriptors for calcium carbonate reaction

Description None Weak Strong Criteria No visible reaction. Some reaction, with bubbles forming slowly. Violent reaction, with bubbles forming immediately.

10 blows 15 blows 18 blows

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For partial increments, the depth of penetration must be reported to the nearest 1 inch, in addition to the number of blows. For example: 1st 6 in. interval: 20 blows 2nd 6 in. interval: 40 blows 3rd 6 in. interval: 60 blows for 2 inches, then refusal N reported as 100/8-REF -or-

A.9

Core Recovery (REC)

The core recovery value (REC), with few exceptions, provides an indication of the success of the coring operation in recovering the cored rock. Portions of the cored rock mass may not be recovered because the fluid used in the drilling operations washes away portions of the rock mass during the coring operation or the rotation of the core barrel traps and grinds away portions of the rock mass. Diminished core recovery can also be attributed to voids within the rock mass. Core recovery is expressed as a percentage.
(Length of the recovered core pieces, inches)(100%) Total length of the core run, inches

REC =

1st 6 in. interval: 20 blows 2nd 6 in. interval: 40 blows 3rd 6 in. interval: 50 blows for 2 inches N reported as 90/8 Refusal is defined as 10 blows with no
discernable sampler advancement.
If the seating interval (1st 6 in. interval) is not achieved, note refusal. For example: 1st 6 in. interval: 50 blows for 2 inches, then refusal N reported as REF
If the sampler sinks under its own weight without any hammer blows, then N is reported as 0 If a substantial change in material is encountered over the course of driving the sampler, the 2nd and 3rd driving intervals can be reported separately. For example:
1st 6 in. interval: 10 blows
2nd 6 in. interval: 20 blows
3rd 6 in. interval: 60 blows for 3 inches,
N reported as 20/6, 60/3

RQD =

A.10 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

Rock Quality Designation is a measure of the fracturing in a rock mass as observed in a core specimen. A high value of RQD indicates few or widely spaced fractures. RQD is valid for core diameters from 1.4 to 3.35 inches. The RQD criteria are generally based on ASTM D 6032.
(Length of intact core pieces > 4 inches)(100%) Total length of the core run, inches

The RQD denotes the percentage of sound intact rock retrieved from a borehole. All pieces of sound intact rock core equal to or greater than 4 inches long, including intensely weathered core that cannot be hand broken, are summed and divided by the total length of the core run. An intact core is any segment of core between two open, natural discontinuities. For weaker or more intensely weathered rock that do not appear sound, RQD, if reported, must be determined and shown with an asterisk, e.g., RQD*=15%.

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