Concrete Forming Handbook
Concrete Forming Handbook
Minimum Safety Factors of Formwork Accessories Accessory Form Tie Form Anchor Form Anchor Form Hangers
(Used as Form Ties)
Type of Construction All applications. Formwork supporting form weight and concrete pressures only. Formwork supporting form weight, concrete, construction live loads and impact. All applications. Precast concrete panels when used as formwork.
Anchoring Inserts
When in doubt about the proper use or installation of Brigade forming accessories, contact HD Supply for clarification. Failure to do so may result in exposure of workers to safety hazards, resulting in possible injury and/or death.
ALL SAFe WorkING LoADS SHoWN IN THIS PUBLICATIoN CoNTAIN AN APProxIMATe MINIMUM SAFeTy FACTor. THe SAFe WorkING LoADS Were eSTABLISHeD WITH THe FoLLoWING FACTorS IN MIND:
1. 2. All safe working loads are based on the accessory being in new or in as new condition. The safe working load is considered to be the maximum load that should be applied to a product. The safe working load of Brigade Snap Ties and related products can only be developed when used in conjunction with Brigade Wedges.
right
3. 4. It is important that the snap tie head and wedge be positioned properly.
Wrong
Care is taken to ensure that internal vibration has not caused snap tie wedges to loosen, bounce around or fall off.
The proper tie head position is at the midpoint, or higher, of the wedge slot. The tie head must not be positioned lower than the midpoint of the wedge.
right
Wrong
Break Back
Crushing of Wales
right
Wrong
Too much space allowed between the wales may cause crushing of the wales and/or the bending of the wedge allowing the form to bulge outward. This results in incorrect wall thickness and causes the tie spreader washers or cones to become embedded and trapped in the concrete. Trapped tie washers or cones will cause difficulties during the tie breakback operation. 6. The plastic tie cones and metal washers are designed to act as form spreaders only.
Midpoint of Wedge
Midpoint of Wedge
right
Wrong
Do not attempt to draw-up warped wales with the wedge. Do not over tighten the wedge in any manner. Over tightening will cause metal spreader washers to bend out of shape or will break plastic cones resulting in incorrect wall thickness. 7. Care must be taken to be sure that all form ties are installed and used properly. Failure to install all of the required ties or their required mating hardware will cause excessive loads to be transferred to adjacent ties and may result in form failure.
right
Wrong
Care must be taken to ensure that form ties are properly aligned. Misalignment may result in form failure due to increased loads placed on the form ties. Misalignment may also cause damage to the form tie during installation that may result in reduced load capacities.
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Wrong
3
10. Do not use impact wrenches to tighten form-tying devices. 11. Do not over-vibrate the concrete. Excessive vibration will cause concrete at the bottom of the form to remain in a liquid state longer than expected. This will result in higher than anticipated lateral form pressure and may result in a form failure. Depth of vibration should be limited to within four (4) feet of the top of the fresh concrete.
Liquid Concrete Liquid Concrete Full Height of the Form Concrete has Stiffened Sufficiently so Lateral Pressure is Reduced
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12. Do not exceed the recommended rate of placement and do not continue to place concrete while the concrete in the bottom of the form is still in a liquid state. A form failure may result. 13. Do not use forming accessories with underrated working parts.
Wrong
14. All forming accessories and related hardware must be of proper length, diameter and capacity. If a greater safety factor is necessary for any reason, the user must reduce the safe working load accordingly. 15. Extreme caution must be used when welding any forming system item. Welding may affect material properties resulting in lower product performance. It is necessary to have a good working knowledge of materials, heat treating and welding procedures before welding any forming accessory. Since HD Supply cannot control field conditions or workmanship, HD Supply does not guarantee any product altered in any way after leaving the factory.
Recommended Rate of Placement
Wrong
Pressure
Te n
sio
n io ns Te
45
e Ti D
ow n ad Lo
() ()
ft 2 Ft + fv Fv
2 < 1.0 Where = f t = induced tension load, Ft = insert tension safe working load or bolt tension safe working load whichever is less, f v = induced shear load, Fv = insert shear safe working load or bolt shear safe working whichever is less.
Concrete Made with type 1 cement weighing 150 pcf. contains no admixtures, slump of 4" or less and normal internal vibration to a depth of 4 ft. or less. If conditions vary contact HD Supply for additional recommendations. Concrete Temperature For practical purposes, 50F. is used by many form designers as the temperature of fresh concrete during winter, with 70F. being used as the summer temperature. This rule of thumb appears to work satisfactory unless the concrete has been heated or cooled to a controlled temperature. Plywood Sheathing 3/4" plyform class 1 or structural 1 used the strong direction. Experience has shown that 3/4" plywood is more economical in form usage than other thickness even though initial cost may be slightly more. Deflection has been limited to l/360 or 1/16" whichever is less and plyform is supported by four or more studs. Studs Fiber Stress in bending = varies psi, modulus of elasticity = 1,400,000 psi horizontal shear = 225 psi, deflection limited to l/270 or 1/8" whichever is less with studs continuous over four or more wales. Double Wales Fiber Stress in bending = varies psi, modulus of elasticity = 1,400,000 psi horizontal shear = 225 psi, deflection limited to l/270 or 1/8" whichever is less with wales continuous over four or more ties. Short Term Loading Conditions Allowable stresses, except for modulus of elasticity include a 25% increase for short term loading. Form Ties Safe working loads are based on a factor of safety of approximately 2 to 1 (ultimate to SWL).
with a maximum of 3,000 pounds per square foot, a minimum of 600 pounds per square foot, but in no case greater than W x H. For walls with a rate of placement less than 7 ft. per hour: 9,000 x R P = 150 + T with a maximum of 2,000 pounds per square foot, a minimum of 600 pounds per square foot, but in no case greater than W x H. For walls with a rate of placement of over 7 ft. per hour but less than 10 ft. per hour: 43,400 2800 x R P = 150 + + T T with a maximum of 2,000 pounds per square foot, a minimum of 600 pounds per square foot, but in no case greater that W x H. Where P = lateral pressure, pounds per square foot; R = rate of placement, feet per hour, and
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Note: Do not use lateral pressures in excess of 150 x height of fluid or plastic concrete in forms.
T = temperature of concrete in the form, degree fahrenheit. For practical purposes, 50F. is used by many form designers as the temperature of fresh concrete during the winter, with 70F. being used as the summer temperature. This rule of thumb appears to work satisfactorily unless the concrete has been heated or cooled to a controlled temperature. Special Condition No. 2 If concrete is to be pumped from the base of the form, the form should be designed for a full hydrostatic head of concrete (W x H) plus a minimum allowance of 25% for pump surge pressure. In certain instances pressures may be as high as the face pressure of the pump piston. Special Condition No. 3 Caution must be taken when using external vibration or concrete made with shrinkage compensating or expansive cements. Pressure in excess of equivalent hydrostatic may occur. Wall forms should be designed to meet wind load requirements of American National Standards Institute A-58.1 (Reference to section 2-6) or of the local building code, whichever is more stringent. The minimum wind design load should be 15 pounds per square foot. Bracing for wall forms should also be designed for a horizontal load of at least 100 pounds per lineal foot of wall applied at the top of the form.
Points to remember
6" 12" 24"
With all concrete in fluid or plastic state As Bottom As second foot of foot sets up concrete hardens FT. 5 4 3 2 1
150 lbs.
150 lbs.
150 lbs.
Fluid or plastic concrete exerts the same side pressure on forms regardless of their width.
FT. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
As you add more fluid or plastic concrete to forms, the pressure will build up toward the bottom at about the rate of 150 pounds per foot of depth. This will be true as long as all concrete remains in a plastic state. example: Eight feet of fluid or plastic concrete bears on the bottom foot of forms with a pressure of 8 x 150 pounds or 1200 pounds per square foot.
40 13/4 HR.
FT.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
70 1 HR.
Concrete sets up or hardens faster with an increase in temperature. example: At 70F. concrete sets in approximately 1 hour. At 40F concrete will set up in about 1-3/4 hours.
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Safe Spacing in inches of Support for Plyform Sheathing Continuous over Four or More Supports Design Fb = 1,930 psi; rolling Shear = 72 psi Load of e = 1,500,000 psi Concrete Plyform Plyform Pounds Used Weak Way Used Strong Way Per Sq. Ft. 19/32" 5/8" 23/32" 3/4" 19/32" 5/8" 23/32" 3/4" 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 13" 12" 11" 10" 10" 10" 9" 9" 9" 8" 8" 7" 7" 6" 6" 6" 5" 5" 4" 4" 4" 3" 14" 13" 12" 11" 11" 10" 10" 10" 9" 9" 9" 8" 7" 7" 7" 6" 6" 5" 4" 4" 4" 3" 17" 16" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 12" 12" 11" 11" 10" 9" 9" 8" 7" 7" 6" 5" 5" 4" 4" 19" 17" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 12" 12" 11" 10" 10" 9" 8" 7" 6" 5" 5" 5" 4" 20" 19" 17" 17" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 12" 11" 10" 10" 9" 9" 8" 7" 6" 6" 5" 21" 19" 18" 17" 17" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 12" 11" 11" 10" 9" 9" 8" 7" 6" 6" 5" 23" 22" 20" 19" 18" 18" 17" 17" 16" 15" 15" 14" 13" 12" 11" 10" 10" 9" 8" 8" 7" 6" 24" 22" 21" 20" 19" 18" 18" 17" 17" 16" 15" 14" 13" 12" 11" 11" 10" 9" 8" 8" 7" 6"
Supports
Supports
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/360 of spacing, but not more than 1/16". Contact HD Supply for safe spacing of supports when plyform is used over two or three supports. Plywood Data Plywood Thickness 1/4" 5/16" 11/32" or 3/8" 15/32" or 1/2" 19/32" or 5/8" 23/32" or 3/4" Approximate Weight, lbs. 4x8 Sq. Sheet Ft. 26 .8 32 1.0 35 1.1 48 1.5 58 1.8 70 2.2 Minimum Bending radii, Ft. Across Parallel Grain to Grain 2 5 2 6 3 8 6 12 8 16 12 20
8
Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs Continuous over Four or More Supports Based on use of No. 2 Grade Southern Pine or Douglas Fir-Larch Uniform Load, Pounds per Linear Foot (equals Design Load, Pounds per Sq. Ft. Times Joist or Stud Centers in Feet.) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 Fb = varies psi e = 1,400,000 psi Fv = 225 psi Nominal Size Lumber, bxh (S4S) at 19% Maximum Moisture 2x4 2x6 2x8 3x6 4x2 Fb psi 1625 1438 1313 1438 1438 64" 53" 45" 39" 35" 32" 29" 27" 25" 23" 21" 20" 19" 18" 18" 17" 16" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 12" 89" 75" 66" 57" 51" 47" 43" 40" 38" 36" 34" 32" 30" 29" 28" 26" 26" 25" 24" 23" 22" 21" 21" 20" 19" 110" 92" 83" 72" 64" 59" 54" 51" 48" 45" 43" 42" 40" 38" 36" 35" 34" 33" 32" 31" 29" 28" 27" 26" 25" 101" 85" 77" 72" 66" 60" 56" 52" 49" 47" 44" 43" 41" 39" 38" 37" 35" 34" 33" 32" 30" 28" 27" 26" 25" 42" 34" 27" 24" 21" 19" 18" 17" 16" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 12" 12" 12" 11" 11" 11" 10" 10" 9" 9" 8"
4x4 1625 79" 66" 60" 56" 53" 48" 45" 42" 39" 37" 36" 34" 33" 32" 30" 29" 29" 27" 26" 25" 24" 22" 21" 20" 19"
Note: Fb and Fv shown above includes a 25% increase because of short term loading conditions. Horizontal shear stress adjustment assumes members have no splits, checks or shakes.
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than 1/8". Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
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Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs Continuous over Four or More Supports Based on use of No. 2 Grade Spruce-Pine-Fir or Hem-Fir Uniform Load, Pounds per Linear Foot (equals Design Load, Pounds per Sq. Ft. Times Joist or Stud Centers in Feet.) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 Fb = varies psi e = 1,300,000 psi Fv = 175 psi Nominal Size Lumber, bxh (S4S) at 19% Maximum Moisture 2x4 2x6 2x8 3x6 4x2 Fb psi 1594 1381 1275 1381 1275 62" 52" 44" 38" 32" 27" 25" 22" 21" 19" 18" 17" 16" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 13" 12" 12" 11" 11" 88" 74" 65" 56" 50" 43" 39" 35" 32" 30" 29" 27" 26" 25" 24" 23" 22" 22" 21" 21" 20" 19" 18" 18" 17" 108" 91" 82" 71" 63" 57" 51" 46" 43" 40" 38" 36" 34" 33" 31" 30" 29" 29" 28" 27" 26" 25" 24" 24" 23" 99" 84" 76" 70" 65" 59" 55" 51" 47" 43" 40" 38" 36" 34" 32" 31" 30" 29" 28" 27" 26" 24" 23" 22" 22" 41" 32" 26" 22" 20" 18" 17" 16" 15" 14" 14" 13" 12" 12" 11" 11" 10" 10" 9" 9" 9" 8" 8" 7" 7"
4x4 1594 77" 65" 59" 55" 52" 48" 44" 41" 39" 36" 33" 31" 29" 27" 26" 25" 24" 23" 22" 21" 20" 19" 18" 17" 17"
Note: Fb and Fv shown above includes a 25% increase because of short term loading conditions. Horizontal shear stress adjustment assumes members have no splits, checks or shakes.
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than 1/8". Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
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Safe Spacing of Supports for Double Ledgers or Wales Continuous over Four or More Supports Based on use of No. 2 Grade Southern Pine or Douglas Fir-Larch Uniform Load, Pounds per Linear Foot (equals Design Load, Pounds per Sq. Ft. Times Ledger or Wale Centers in Feet.) 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,400 3,600 3,800 4,000 Fb = varies psi e = 1,400,000 psi Fv = 225 psi Nominal Size Lumber, bxh (S4S) at 19% Maximum Moisture Double Double Double Double Double 2x4 2x6 2x8 3x6 3x8 Fb psi 1625 1438 1313 1438 1313 35" 33" 32" 30" 29" 28" 27" 26" 25" 24" 23" 21" 20" 19" 18" 18" 17" 16" 16" 15" 15" 51" 49" 47" 45" 43" 42" 40" 39" 38" 37" 36" 34" 32" 30" 29" 28" 26" 26" 25" 24" 23" 64" 61" 59" 56" 54" 53" 51" 49" 48" 47" 45" 43" 42" 40" 38" 36" 35" 34" 33" 32" 31" 66" 63" 60" 58" 56" 54" 52" 51" 49" 48" 47" 44" 43" 41" 39" 38" 37" 35" 34" 33" 32" 83" 79" 76" 73" 70" 68" 66" 64" 62" 60" 59" 56" 54" 51" 50" 48" 46" 45" 44" 43" 42"
Note: Fb and Fv shown above includes a 25% increase because of short term loading conditions. Horizontal shear stress adjustment assumes members have no splits, checks or shakes.
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than 1/8". Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
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Safe Spacing of Supports for Double Ledgers or Wales Continuous over Four or More Supports Based on use of No. 2 Grade Spruce-Pine-Fir or Hem-Fir Uniform Load, Pounds per Linear Foot (equals Design Load, Pounds per Sq. Ft. Times Ledger or Wale Centers in Feet.) 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,400 3,600 3,800 4,000 Fb = varies psi e = 1,300,000 psi Fv = 175 psi Nominal Size Lumber, bxh (S4S) at 19% Maximum Moisture Double Double Double Double Double 2x4 2x6 2x8 3x6 3x8 Fb psi 1594 1381 1275 1381 1275 32" 29" 27" 26" 25" 23" 22" 21" 21" 20" 19" 18" 17" 16" 16" 15" 15" 14" 14" 13" 13" 50" 46" 43" 41" 39" 37" 35" 34" 32" 31" 30" 29" 27" 26" 25" 24" 23" 22" 22" 21" 21" 63" 60" 57" 54" 51" 48" 46" 44" 43" 41" 40" 38" 36" 34" 33" 31" 30" 29" 29" 28" 27" 65" 62" 59" 57" 55" 53" 51" 49" 47" 45" 43" 40" 38" 36" 34" 32" 31" 30" 29" 28" 27" 82" 78" 75" 72" 69" 67" 65" 63" 61" 59" 57" 53" 50" 47" 45" 43" 41" 39" 38" 37" 36"
Note: Fb and Fv shown above includes a 25% increase because of short term loading conditions. Horizontal shear stress adjustment assumes members have no splits, checks or shakes.
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than 1/8". Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
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To Check
max = l/360 max = l/270 max = 1/16 in. max = 1/8 in. max = 1/4 in.
Bending Horizontal Shear
El w El w El w El w El w FbS w
El w El w El w El w El w FbS w
El w El w El w El w El w
2
FbS w
l = 16Fvbh + 2h w
l = 192Fvbh + 2h 15w
l = 40Fvbh + 2h 3w
Notation: A = area of cross section, sq. in. b = width of section, in. E = modulus of elasticity, psi Fb = design value for extreme fiber in bending, psi Fv = design value in horizontal shear, psi Fc = design value in compression parallel to grain, psi Fc = design value in compression perpendicular to grain, psi
T
h = depth of section, in. l = moment of inertia, in.4 l = safe spacing of supports, in. S = section modulus, in.3 w = load, lbs. per lineal ft. = deflection, in.
13
b b
Properties of Structural Lumber Nominal Size in Inches, bxh 4x1 6x1 8x1 10x1 12x1 4x2 6x2 8x2 10x2 12x2 2x4 2x6 2x8 2x10 2x12 3x4 3x6 3x8 3x10 3x12 4x4 4x6 4x8 4x10 6x3 6x4 6x6 6x8 8x8 American Standard Sizes in Inches, bxh S4S* 19% Maximum Moisture 3-1/2 x 3/4 5-1/2 x 3/4 7-1/4 x 3/4 9-1/4 x 3/4 11-1/4 x 3/4 3-1/2 x 1-1/2 5-1/2 x 1-1/2 7-1/4 x 1-1/2 9-1/4 x 1-1/2 11-1/4 x 1-1/2 1-1/2 x 3-1/2 1-1/2 x 5-1/2 1-1/2 x 7-1/4 1-1/2 x 9-1/4 1-1/2 x 11-1/4 2-1/2 x 3-1/2 2-1/2 x 5-1/2 2-1/2 x 7-1/4 2-1/2 x 9-1/4 2-1/2 x 11-1/4 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 3-1/2 x 5-1/2 3-1/2 x 7-1/4 3-1/2 x 9-1/4 5-1/2 x 2-1/2 5-1/2 x 3-1/2 5-1/2 x 5-1/2 5-1/2 x 7-1/2 7-1/2 x 7-1/2 Area of section A = bh, sq. in. Moment of Inertia, in.4 bh3 l= 12 rough 0.20 0.31 0.41 0.52 0.63 1.30 2.01 2.64 3.35 4.07 6.45 24.10 54.32 111.58 199.31 10.42 38.93 87.74 180.24 321.96 14.39 53.76 121.17 248.91 8.48 22.33 83.43 207.81 281.69 S4S 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.39 0.98 1.55 2.04 2.60 3.16 5.36 20.80 47.63 98.93 177.97 8.93 34.66 79.39 164.89 296.63 12.50 48.53 111.15 230.84 7.16 19.65 76.26 193.36 263.67 Section Modulus, in.3 bh2 S= 6 rough 0.46 0.72 0.94 1.20 1.45 1.60 2.48 3.25 4.13 5.01 3.56 8.57 14.73 23.80 35.04 5.75 13.84 23.80 38.45 56.61 7.94 19.12 32.86 53.10 6.46 12.32 29.66 54.51 73.89 S4S 0.33 0.52 0.68 0.87 1.05 1.31 2.06 2.72 3.47 4.21 3.06 7.56 13.14 21.39 31.64 5.10 12.60 21.90 35.65 52.73 7.15 17.65 30.66 49.91 5.73 11.23 27.73 51.56 70.31 Approx. Board Weight Feet per Lineal per Lineal Foot (lbs.) Foot of of S4S Piece Lumber 1/3 1/2 2/3 5/6 1 2/3 1 1-1/3 1-2/3 2 2/3 1 1-1/3 1-2/3 2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 1-1/3 2 2-2/3 3-1/3 1-1/2 2 3 4 5-1/3 .7 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.3 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 1.3 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 2.2 3.4 4.4 5.7 6.9 3.0 4.7 6.2 7.9 3.4 4.7 7.4 10.0 13.7
rough 3.17 4.92 6.45 8.20 9.95 5.89 9.14 11.98 15.23 18.48 5.89 9.14 11.98 15.23 18.48 9.52 14.77 19.36 24.61 29.86 13.14 20.39 26.73 33.98 14.77 20.39 31.64 42.89 58.14
S4S 2.62 4.12 5.44 6.94 8.44 5.25 8.25 10.87 13.87 16.87 5.25 8.25 10.87 13.87 16.87 8.75 13.75 18.12 23.12 28.12 12.25 19.26 25.38 32.38 13.75 19.25 30.25 41.25 56.25
*Rough dry sizes are 1/8 in. larger, both dimensions. Properties and weights of American Standard Board, Dimension and Timber sizes commonly used for formwork construction are based on data supplied by the National Forest Products Association. Approximate weights listed are based on lumber weighing 35 lbs. per cubic foot.
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A-2 1" x 1" Plastic Cone with Break Back Inside Cone
The Brigade Snap Tie uses 1" x 1" Plastic Cones to provide a nominal 1" breakback. Other size cones are available on special order.
To order: Specify: (1) quantity, (2) name, (3) wall thickness, (4) lumber and wedge dimension (allow 1/2" for wedge take up), (5) break back, (6) type of washer or cone. example: 2000 pcs. Brigade Hex Head Snap Tie, 12" wall, 4-3/4" L&W, 1" break back with 1"x1" Plastic Cones.
2,250 lbs.
Safe Working Load
15
6" 12" 12" 12" 12" 12" 12" 12" 6" 12" 24" 12"
12" 24" 12"
8" 16"
8'-0"
8'-0" 12"
12"
12"
12"
12"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
12"
vertical x 24" horizontal Snap Tie Spacing. Recommended rate of placement 4.5 ft./hr. at 70.
16" vertical x 24" horizontal Snap Tie spacing. Recommended rate of placement 2.0 ft./hr. at 70.
12" vertical x 12" horizontal Snap Tie spacing. Recommended rate of placement 4.5 ft./hr. at 70.
Plywood Used Strong Way (Face Grain Parallel to Spacing) Notes: The above recommendations are based on the use of 3/4" Plyform Class I, and 2x4 S4S studs (Douglas Fir-Larch, Southern Pine or equal having a minimum allowable fibre stress of 1,200 psi). Design is based on all formwork members being continuous over four or more supports.
16
Chalk Lines
17
Alternate A
Alternate B - Install snap tie in the joint between the panels. Add double wales and a C Bracket.
Alternate B
Alternate C - Nail 4x4 wale to lower sheet of plywood, hold the wale in place with strongbacks and add upper sheet of plywood.
Alternate C
4x4
18
C Brackets
Strongbacks
Filler
Filler
A Brackets
A Brackets
T Shore
9. Step Forming
Use of Jahn C Brackets and Jahn Tie Extenders to attach strongbacks allows 2x4 wales to run free and holes do not have to line up at stepdowns. When tie alignment is fairly close, C Brackets can be used as shown in the sketch.
C Brackets
Strongback
A Brackets
Stepdown Footer
19
Brick
Ledge
Variable
All A Brackets
All A Brackets
C Brackets
C Brackets
A Brackets
Double Wales
20
Curved Template
Cornerlocks
Vertical Studs
A Brackets
3/4"
W + 3/4"
C Brackets
21