Travis Yager Music History 9/20/12 Exam I

Exam I 1. Outline the origins and early history of Liturgical monophony (plainschant).

Babylonian Writings Created 1400-1250 B.C. Talked of music created but never notated

Liturgical monophony Christmas Day mass 800 Charlemagne emperor on Christmas Day Tradition of Germanic Kings until the 15th century Fest of the Nativity of Our Lord Birth of Jesus

Gregorian Chant Discovered in 9th Century Named after Pope Gregory I 590-604 First manuscript notation Priest sings a lyrical line Said to help God hear the prays was to sing them as the way to connect to Him

Four Modes

Dorian Phrygian Lydian Mixolydian

2. Outline the functions of chant as an adjunct to worship: The Roman Liturgy(Divine Offices and Mass)

Rome took musical culture from Greece Lyric poetry often sung Large pieces of music were talked about being created Decline in economy so production of the music never happened

Rome is very Christian orientated Gregorian chants heard in churches The divine office and the Mass become focal points

Mass Introductory Prayers Liturgy of the World The Liturgy of the Eucharist

Office Chants sung before and after psalm Lessons through musical responses Over the course of a week all 150 psalms sung once Started with the rule of St. Benedict. Eights prayers services observed at specified times

Chant A lot of Romans went to church by order of pope No women sung in mass or in any chants Young children only or men

3. Outline the development of new forms of the chant (trope, sequence and liturgical dramas)

Mass Ordinary Gloria, Credo, Kyrie, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei. Kyrie is antiphonally performed Started trading off at singing parts Form back together for the eleison

Tropes Banned from Catholic services Additional three things New words and music Melody only Text only Trope compositions flourished in monasteries during the 10th and 11th century

Sequence Follow the Alleluias Also banned from Catholic Services An important creative outlet for the 13th century All are syllabic and arranged in couplets with second line repeated the melody of the first

Liturgical Drama Originating in troping Proceeded the Easter Christmas Day and Easter were performed all across Europe. Few manuscripts give evidence that the works were staged with scenery, costumes, and actors drawn for the clergy

4. Outline the early polyphony(parallel, free and melismatic organum)

Organum Plain chant melody Added voice to enhance the melody Developed in Middle Ages

Parallel Organum Voices move parallel to each other Same spacing of voices creating a pure sound Typically in a Perfect 5th spacing to avoid the harsh sound of tri tones Voices move towards, maintaining the interval until otherwise written

Free Organum Single voice moves where expression should be heard Free movement to voice leadings Bottom part holds a note Top voice moves around

Melismatic Organum Florid Organum

Developed in Aquitania Extended note-values in the lower voice Succession of long notes compared to the original melody

5. Outline the origin and later development of motet in the 13th Century(Ars Antiqua)

Ars Antiqua witnessed the early development of motet Little to no composers are known of the Ars Antiqua Predecessor to Ars Nova Divided into 2 rough periods Gothic and High Gothic Existed around the Norte Dame School of polyphony Sacred music more than secular in most definitions

Ars Antiqua redeveloped The old limited modules of notation Created a new form of note notation known as the Breve Subdivide into semibreve notes Later divided into minims Latin for least New notation was named Ars Nova Allowed for new breakthroughs of more note division

New developments Common practice of note heads became known

Rhythmic notation had evolved from its first manifestations to its modern form in little more than four hundred years

6. Outline the 14th Century polyphony

Polyphony The ballata became popular later than the madrigal and caccia and betrays the treble dominated French chanson The era began the fall of the Roman Empire Few monophonic examples survived time, polyphony was the main musical genre

14th Century Style was excessive in complexity and manners At the end, the 15th century styles replaced all the music, idealizing new ideas into how music can be created Medieval Era ended and began the new Renaissance era More voices added into chants People separated science from religion Remarkable creativity came out of the era Growth of literacy Ars Nova became known as the New Method Multiple voice mass chants English polyphony was abundant in the fourteenth century Particularly in the sacred genres French and Italian music became more refined and complex towards the end of the 14th century

Creation of new practices popped up in the era

7. Outline the development of secular music of the Medieval Ages

Church The secular music focused more towards the Common Law Impacted all medieval life, including music Words impact the secular part of a chant Motets left the church and became common in court yards

Secular Music Love songs, dances, dramatically work Syllabic and has a narrow range Rhythms are unknown Might be improvisation Focused on separate actions from the church

Troubadours Courtly Love First discovered passionate romance Rich Young men Composed songs of love, politics, pastorals, dances, etc.

8. Outline Medieval instrumental music Music Largest medieval form of entertainment Forerunners to the modern music of current

String Instruments

Harp, Rebec (Early Violin), Psaltery(cross between harp and guitar), Viol

Wind Instruments Flute, Trumpet, Recorder, Gemshorn (flute like instrument), Lizard (S Shaped Horn)

Percussion Instruments Cymbal, Triangle, Tambourine, Drum

Music Key of C Played in Unison Same Length, same dynamic Harmony was gradually being introduced throughout the 12 century Pitch and the note were determined by this time Oldest instrument was the human voice Lead to the popularity of hymns and secular songs