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N A BV Y: Force Calculations For Lifting Line

This document discusses calculating lift and induced drag for lifting lines on wings. It shows that: 1) The total wing lift can be calculated by integrating the local lift distribution along the wing span. 2) The induced drag is similarly calculated by integrating the induced drag distribution. 3) Minimum induced drag is achieved with an elliptic lift distribution, where lift varies elliptically from root to tip.

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Chegrani Ahmed
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28 views3 pages

N A BV Y: Force Calculations For Lifting Line

This document discusses calculating lift and induced drag for lifting lines on wings. It shows that: 1) The total wing lift can be calculated by integrating the local lift distribution along the wing span. 2) The induced drag is similarly calculated by integrating the induced drag distribution. 3) Minimum induced drag is achieved with an elliptic lift distribution, where lift varies elliptically from root to tip.

Uploaded by

Chegrani Ahmed
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Force Calculations for Lifting Line

Recall:


cos
2
sin 2 ) ( ) (
1
b
y
n A bV y
N
n
n
=
= =

=



The local two-dimensional lift distribution is given by Kutta-Joukowsky:

) ( ) ( y V y L =



=
N
n
n
n A V b L
1
2
sin 2 ) (

To calculate the total wing lift, we integrate L :


2
2
2
1
( ) sin
2
2 sin sin
2
b
b
N
n
n
o
b
L L y dy dy d
b
b V A n d

=
= =
( | |
=
|
(
\ .



But:
0,
sin sin
,
2
o
m k
m k d
m k



In this case, n m = and 1 = k . So, the only non-zero term is for 1 = n .


2
(2 )
2 2
n
b
L b V A


| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .



1
2 2
2
A V b L

=




2
1
1
2
1
2
L
L b A
C A
S
V S


= = =
Force Calculations for Lifting Line
16.100 2002 2
The induced drag is similar. In this case:

) ( ) ( y y V D
i i
=



From previous lecture,

=
=
N
n
n i
n
nA
1
sin
sin
) (




1 1
sin
2 sin
sin
N N
i n n
n m
n
D V nA bV A m


= =
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .



Integrating along the wing:

( )
2
2
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
1 1
0
only 0 for
( )
sin
sin sin
sin
sin sin
b
i i
b
N N
n m
n m
N N
n m
n m
n m
D D y dy
n
b V nA A m d
b V nA n A m d

= =

= =
=
=
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .



2 2 2
1
2 2 2
2
2
N
n
n
i n
b V nA
D b V nA

=
=




2
2
1
2
2
2 1
1
2
or (1 ),
where
i
i
N
i
D n
n
L
D
N
n
n
D
C nA
V S
C
C
A
n
A

=
= =
= +

| |
=
|
\ .



Force Calculations for Lifting Line
16.100 2002 3
Lift Distributions

The lift distributions due to each of the
n
A terms can be plotted as well:














root



Elliptic Lift Distribution

Recall that minimum induced drag is achieved when 0 =
n
A for 1 > n . In this
case:




sin 2 ) (
sin 2 ) (
1
2
2
A V b L
n A V b L
n

=
=



but:
2
2
sin 1 cos 1
2
y
b

| |
|
= =
|
\ .



2
2
1
( ) 2 1
2
y
L y b V A
b


| |
| =
|
\ .
Elliptic lift


) ( L

2
0
tip at
2
b
tip at
2
b

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