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C N X K DX X K DX KX: Integral Calculus - Indefinite Integral

The document discusses integration, which is the reverse operation of differentiation. It introduces the power rule for integration, which states that the integral of kx^n dx is equal to (k/n+1)x^(n+1) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the power rule to evaluate definite integrals and check the solutions using differentiation. The document also discusses integration by substitution, where a change of variables is used to evaluate integrals involving composite functions.

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Cho Yin Tang
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73 views

C N X K DX X K DX KX: Integral Calculus - Indefinite Integral

The document discusses integration, which is the reverse operation of differentiation. It introduces the power rule for integration, which states that the integral of kx^n dx is equal to (k/n+1)x^(n+1) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the power rule to evaluate definite integrals and check the solutions using differentiation. The document also discusses integration by substitution, where a change of variables is used to evaluate integrals involving composite functions.

Uploaded by

Cho Yin Tang
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integral Calculus

- Indefinite Integral

Integration is the reverse operation of differentiation. d ( dx

Differentiation operator

)
Where does dx come from? We will see !

Integration operator

( )dx

The simplest integration formula : power rule in integration

x n +1 n n kx dx = k x dx = k n +1 + C
C is the integration constant, which can be found if extra data is given. Since the derivative of any constant is zero, the constant term cannot be traced back the opposite operation. So the integration constant is an arbitrary constant. It is just reverse operation of differentiation:

d (kx n ) = knx n1 dx

Examples

3 x dx =

1 4 x +C 4

We may check integration by differentiation

d 1 4 3 x + C = x dx 4

4 x dx = x 4 + C 7
1

3 4

3 3x 5 dx = x 5+1 + C 4

cos xdx = sin x + C sin xdx = cos x + C


2 sec xdx = tan x + C

d (sin x + C ) = cos x dx d (sin x + C ) = cos x dx d (tan x + C ) = sec 2 x dx

2 t dt = t dt = t 2 + C 3

1 2

1 xdx = x 2 + C 2

dx =x + C dt =t + C d = + C
( x 2 + 3x 5)dx = 1 3 3 2 x + x 5x + C 3 2

In general,

( f ( x) + g ( x)) = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx ( f ( x) g ( x)) = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx


2

Exercise (1)

7x 3x

3 5

dx =

(2)

2 5

dx =

(3)

(1 + x) 3dx

Where does dx in
dy = 3x 2 dx

()dx come from?

is given. What is y?

dy = 3 x 2 dx

dy = 3 x 2 dx
y = x 3 + C 2 C1 y = x3 + C

y + C1 = x 3 + C2

Integration by change of variable


Example 1 Find

(2 + 3 x) 2 dx

Method 1

(2 + 3x) 2 dx = (4 + 12 x + 9 x 2 )dx
= 4dx + 12 xdx + 9 x 2 dx
= 4x + 6x2 + 3x3 + C
Method 2 Let u = 2+3x. du =3 dx 1 dx = du 3

So the given integral is

1 1 11 3 1 1 u 2 du = u 2 du = u + C = u 3 + C = ( 2 + 3 x )3 + C 3 3 33 9 9
Do these two results agree?

Example 2 Find

(2 + 3x)

3 2

dx

Let u = 2+3x.

Example 3 Find

5 2 x dx
du = 2 dx
1 2

Let u = 5 2x.

1 dx = du 2

5 2 x dx = u ( 1 )du = 2

Exercise 2 Find (1)

(3 + 5 x) dx
5

(2)

(1 3x)

3 5

dx

(3)

(3 + 2 x)

3 2

dx

(4)

(2 x

3 2 2

) xdx

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