International Burch university Architecture department Sarajevo

Course : Building Construction Technology I Date : xx / xx / xxxx

LECTURE NO.6 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS

Professor : Prof.dr.Nerman Rustempasic Assistant : M.Sc. Ahmed El Sayed

GENERAL
For the different construction activities like

Brick work above 5 ft Surface finishing works like plastering, painting, walling etc. Renovation, repair and alteration works. Roof and slab pouring

Some temporary nature supports and structures are required like

Formwork (Supporting Structure) Scaffoldings (arrangement for working plate forms) Shoring (supporting method for unsafe structure) Underpinning (Method of strengthening an existing structures footing)

FORMWORKS
Definitions
Its is an artificial support provided below and around the precast or cast insitue concrete work

FORM WORK

Definition Qualities of formwork Types of formwork Formwork detail for different structural members Removal of formwork Maintenance of formwork Cost of formwork Advantages of steel form work

DEFINITION

Its is an artificial support provided below and around the precast or cast insitue concrete work. Formwork is commonly made of

Steel wood

Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance in concrete industry. It share a significant amount of concrete cost.

QUALITIES OF FORMWORK

It should be water tight It should be strong

It can be reusable
Its contact surface should be uniform It should be according to the size of member.

TYPES OF FORMWORK

Formwork are mainly of two types

Steel formwork Wooden formwork

Steel formwork is made of

steel sheets Angle Iron Tee Iron

Wooden formwork consists of

Props Planks battens Ledgers sheeting

FORMWORK DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL MEMBERS In concrete construction formwork is commonly provided for the following structural members. Foundations Wall Column Slabs & beams Stairs

FORMWORK FOR FOUNDATIONS

Plywood

Sheeting Struts

FORMWORK FOR FOUNDATIONS

Column Foundations It consists of

Side

Supports Side Planks Cleats

FORMWORK FOR WALL

It consists of

Timber sheeting Vertical posts Horizontal members Rackers Stakes Wedges

Struts

After completing one side of formwork reinforcement is provided at the place then the second side formwork is provided.

FORMWORK FOR COLUMN

It consists of the following

& End Planks

Nut

& Bolts

Two end & two side planks are joined by the yokes and bolts.

FORMWORK FOR SLABS & BEAMS

It consists of

Sole plates Wedges Props Head tree Planks Batten Ledgers

Beam formwork rests on head tree Slab form work rests on battens and joists If prop height are more than 8 provide horizontal braces.

LINTEL OR BEAM FORMWORK

FORMWORK FOR STAIRS

It consists of
Vertical

Riser Planks

& inclined

posts Inclined members

Planks or

sheeting Stringer Riser Planks

REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors
1. Type of Cement 1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 2. Ratio of concrete mix 1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to weak ratio concrete. 3. Weather condition 1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions as compared to cold and humid weather conditions.

TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK

OPC Structural Member

Rapid Hardening Cement

1 2 3 4 5 6

2-3 Days

Slab (Vertical Supports remains intact)

4 Days
10 Days 8 Days 14 Days 21 Days

3 Days
5 Days 5 Days 5-8 Days 8-10 Days

Beams & Arches (Complete

Beams & Arches (Complete

MAINTENANCE OF FORMWORK

Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates surfaces become uneven and require maintenance. For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also be repaired. For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet and loose corners must be welded.

COST OF FORMWORK

For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-40% of the concrete cost. For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-60% of the concrete cost. Formwork cost is controlled by the following factors

Formwork Material cost Formwork erecting cost Formwork removal cost Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables) Labor charges.

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORM WORK

SCAFFOLDING
Definitions
Its a temporary structure to provide a platform at different levels of a building for workers and Materials.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING

Following are the types of scaffolds

4.
5. 6.

Single Scaffolds Double Scaffolds Ladder Scaffolds Cantilever Scaffolds Suspended Scaffolds Steel or Tubular Scaffolds

DEFINITION

Scaffold
It

is the temporary support system provided for the construction & maintenance purposes. It consists of supports and a working platform for workers and Materials.

Scaffolding
Method

of construction of scaffolds is called scaffolding.

SINGLE SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
Standards (v posts)(10 cm) Putlogs (7.5 x 7.5) Ledgers ( Wooden boards Braces Used for ordinary buildings

1.2 m

DOUBLE SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
Two rows of standards. 15 cm, 1.5 m Shores are provided.

Used for superior works

LADDER SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
Brackets

for Plate form.

CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
Cantilever Struts Standards Putlogs Plate forms

It is used above ground level

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
Ropes Working platforms Ropes can be raised Manually or mechanically Used for light construction and finishing works of multistory buildings.

STEEL OR TUBULAR SCAFFOLDS

It consists of
tubes (1-1/2 2-1/2 diameter) Coupler or Clamps (to hold pipes in different positions) Prop nuts (to hold single pipes) Bolts, Nuts & washers Wedge & Clip
Steel

SCAFFOLD PIPES

COUPLER OR CLAMPS

SCAFFOLD FITTINGS

Double Coupler It joins ledgers and standards. Swivel Coupler Composed of two single couplers and used to join two scaffolds at any angle. Putlog Coupler Used to join putlogs with transom. Base Plate Used at the base of the standards. Split joint Pin Its a connection fitting used to join scaffold tubes. Reveal Pin It fit in to the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut. Putlog end A flat plate used at the end of a scaffold to convert it in to a putlog.

SCAFFOLD FITTINGS

SCAFFOLD FITTINGS

PROP NUTS, CLAMP AND FASTENERS

WEDGE & CLIP

WEB LINKS FOR SCAFFOLDING

http://www.advancescaffold.com/international -standard.html

SHORING
Definitions
It is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an unsafe structure.

SHORING

Definition
It

is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an unsafe structure.

Types of Shoring
Horizontal

shoring or flying shoring Vertical shoring or dead shoring Inclined Shoring or flying shoring

HORIZONTAL SHORING

It consists of
Horizontal

beam or strut Wall plates Cleats Straining beams

Used to support two adjacent buildings.

SINGLE FLYING SHORING

DOUBLE FLYING SHORING

VERTICAL SHORING

It consists of
Dead shores Sole plates Needles Props

Used for rebuilding of walls.

DEAD OR VERTICAL SHORING

INCLINED SHORING

It consists of
Rackers
Needles Cleats

Braces
Sole

plate

Used to strengthen a wall.

INCLINED OR RAKING SHORING

INCLINED OR RAKING SHORING (UNSYMMETRICAL)

RAKING SHORING DETAILS

RAKING SHORING DETAILS

INCLINED SHORING OR RAKING SHORING

THANK YOU