jr0wDpmtkyfwdkuftwGuf a=umfjimaqmif;yg;

*gr%d
wavmu etz a&'D,dk jrefrmhtoHrSm =um;vdkuf&w,f// “tckcsdefupjyD; rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sifoefxufjrufa&;aw; tpDt
pOfrSm a':vm eJ@tzGJ@ oDqdkxm;wJh . . . oDcsif;eJ@ ajzazsmfygawmhr,f” wJh? etz qdkwmuawmh awG@wJhtwkdif;ygbJ …tJ… tJ…
=um;wJhtwdkif;ygbJ? wu,fuawmh etz ajymaewJh rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf qdkwm wcsdefwHk;u ppftkyfpkvkyfpm;cJhwJh qdk&S,fvpf qdkwmeJ@
waoGrwdrf;ygbJ? uGmwmuawmh t&ifu qdk&S,fvpf wm[m jynfolvlxkawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwcsdK@udk vdrfzdk@ vkyfcJhwmjzpfjyD;
tpydkif;rSm tawmfav; atmifatmifjrifjrif vdrfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; tck rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf &Sifoefxufjruf wmuawmh jynfolvlxk
awG/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGudk b,fvdkrSrvdrfEdkifawmhbJ ol@ppfwyfudkom vdrfjyD;cdkif;Edkifzdk@ t"duvkyfae&&Smygw,f?
“cdk;csifvkdufwmuvJ jymvdk@/ aES;vdkufwmuvJ csmvdk@” qdkwJhpum;[m etzudk &nf&G,fxm;ovm; atmufarh&yg
w,f? 'Dae&mrSm rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&; twGufqdkjyD; etz&J@ jr0wDpmtkyfwdkuf uxkwfwJh “jrefrmjynfom;” 0wˆKpm
tkyfudk axmufjyyg&ap? q&m&efukefbaqG a&;cJhwJh 'D0wˆK}uD;[m jrefrmpmaye,frSm *EM0ifajrmufvuf&mwck qdkwm b,fol
rSrjiif;Edkifyg? q&m&efukefbaqG[m 'D0wˆKa&;&mrSm tifrwef@ukd tyifyef;cH tcsut f vufawG pkaqmif;&SmrS;D jyD;rS a&;wmjzpfyg
w,f? 'Dvkd}udK;pm;yrf;pm; a&;xm;jyD;wJhpmrl[m yHkrESdyfEdkfifcifrSm ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh vHk;0aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh
&efukefbaqG[m pdwf"gwfrus/ vufrav#mhbJ tptqHk; aemufw}udrf jyefa&;cJhw,f? 'Davmuftxd cufcufcJcJ tyifyef;cH a&;cJh
&wJh 'D0wˆK[m etz xifovdk rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfwufºuGa&;udk cyfwHk;wHk;a&;xm;wm r[kwfbl;qdkwm 'D0wˆKudk aocsmzwf=unfhzl;ol
wdkif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odEdkifygw,f?
“jrefrmjynfom;” 0wˆKu ay;wJh rufaqh*sf (Message) uawmh tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfxGef;um;
a&; tajccHay:u rsdK;cspfpdwf jzpfjyD; wjydKifeufwnf;rSm ppf0g'qef@usifa&;udkyg wifxm;wmawG@&w,f? usL;ausmfol w±kwfe,fcsJ@
awGudk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H wdkufcdkufatmifjrifcJhwJh jrefrmppfonfawG[m tm%m&Sif ppf0g'Dbk&if&J@ rw&m;tjypfay;jcif;udkom cHcJh&w,f?
trsm;jynfoludk udk,fpm;rjyKwJh tm%m&Sifbk&if[m rdrdwOD;wnf;&J@ tjrifwdkawmif;usOf;ajrmif;r_twdkif;bJ EdkifiHudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhvdk@
aumif;jrwfwdk@/ pHvSwdk@vkd rsdK;cspfjynfcspfawG[m cg;oD;emusnf; &ifemp&mtjzpfeJ@=uHKcJh&w,f? e,fcsJ@w±kwfawGudk ckcHwGef;vSef
cJhwJhjrefrmjynfom; ppfonfawG[m ppf0g'Dtm%m&SiftusdK;twGuf r%dyl&uonf;jynf&J@ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd
EdSrfeif;acsr_ef;jyD; r%dyl&jynfudk e,fcsJ@odrf;ydkufay;cJh&w,f? eif;jym;jynfolawG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ tjrifus,fwJh ynm&Sd rª;}uD; rwf
}uD;awGeJ@ wyfrª;awG&J@ oabmxm;awGudk vHk;vHk;ypfy,fjyD; igwaumaumwJh oufOD;qHydkifbk&if tm%m&Sifpepfudk &efukefbaqG
o±kyfaz:xm;yHk[m 'Duae@ ppftkyfpkudk &nf&G,fjyD;a&;xm;ovm; atmufarh&ygw,f? w±kwfjynfwjynfvHk;udk odrf;zdk@txdawmif
pOf;pm;wJh jrefrmppf0g'Dtm%m&Sif bk&if&J@ OD;aESmuf[m etz&J@ acgif;eJ@ ruGmvSygbl;?
&efukefbaqG[m ae0if;tm%modrf;jyD;pu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usif±_wfcsxm;wJh “a&$0gjynf” qdkwJh 0wˆK a&;om;
xkwfa0cJh&mrSm pmaypDppfa&;bkwftzGJ@ ray:cifjzpfvdk@ pmtkyftjzpf xGufvmayrJh xGufjyD;jyD;csif; ppftkyfpku pmtkyfqdkifawG ay:u
'D0wˆKpmtkyfawG vdkufodrf;wmcHcJh&w,f? ol@0wˆKawGrSm wudk,fawmfol&Jaumif;0g'udk tr$ef;wifwm t"duxm;avh&SdayrJh
wudk,fawmftm%m&Sifpepfbufu &yfwnfjyD;a&;wmrsdK;awmh b,fwHk;urS r&SdcJhygbl;? udk,fpm;jyK 'Drdkua&pD rusifhoHk;&if “jrefrm
jynfom;” 0wˆKxJuvdkbJ wu,fhrsdK;cspfjynfcspfawG&J@ b0[m &ifemp&meJ@ rcHcsifp&mcsnf;bJ jzpfr,fqdkwm &efukefbaqG u
u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGm a&;zGJ@oGm;ygw,f? ppf0g'&J@ qdk;usdK;awGudkvJ &efukefbaqGu &Srf;jynfa&muf Armppfom;awG&J@ tajctaeawGudk
a&;zGJ@&if;az: jyoGm;cJhw,f? a&S;acwfu ppf0g'Dppfwyf[m tckacwfppf0g'DppfwyfvdkbJ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGtay: vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azgufyHkudk jyoGm;EdkifcJhw,f?
'gayrJh etzppftkyfpk&J@ tlcsufuawmh 'D0wˆKudk olwdk@tusdK;twGuf vkyfpm;vdk@&rJht&mtjzpf rSwf,laejcif;ygbJ?
pmtkyfudk a&a&&m&mrzwfwm/ 'grSr[kwf oabmraygufbJ jzef@csDay;vdkufwm[m olwdk@udkbJjyefxdaeygawmhw,f? pma&;q&m
wydkif; etz ppfAdkvf 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;tqifh&Sd cspfEdkif (pdwfynm) ubJ wjcm;pma&;q&mtrsm;pkvdk 'Drku d a&pdDvdkvm;pdwf0ifjyD; ynmygyg
eJ@ vkyfv$wfvdkufwmudk etzxdyfoD;awG rtlrvnfeJ@ cHvkduf&wmvJ jzpfEdkifygw,f?
'ga=umifh jr0wDwdkufuae jyefxkwfwJh wjcm;pmtkyfwcsdL@rSmvJ 'DoabmawG awG@ae&ygw,f? q&mEdkifyef;vS&J@
“&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfyHk” usrf;}uD;[m ya'o&mZftm%m&SifawG&J@ udk,fusdK;wefcdk;=oZmtwGuf eif;jym;jynfolawG toufpGef@
& tdk;tdrfypPnf;awGqHk;&eJ@ tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu jynfolawG&J@vlaer_b0 t"dy`g,fuif;rJhyHk/ tmrcHcsufr&SdyHkawGudk uGufuGuf
uGif;uGif;a&;zGJ@xm;w,f? tm%m&Sifppf0g'D rGef eJ@ jrefrm bk&ifawGtwGuf rGef-jrefrm omrefjynfolvlxkawG&J@ touftdk;tdrf
pnf;pdrfawGudk zuf&GufavmufbJ oabmxm;jyD; bk&ifhbkef;wefcdk;&Sdef0g wkd;wuf}uD;xGm;a&;udkom acgif;xJxnhf=uw,f? 'DtwGuf
ol&Jaumif; qdkwJhemrnfeJ@ ppftkyfpkawG tjydKifarG;cJh=uw,f? ppfwkduf&vkd@ v,form;awG v,f,mrvkyf&wm/ pdkufysdK;a&;awG ysuf
pD;wm olwdk@rpOf;pm;? ao=ua=u=uvdk@ v,f,mxkwfvkyfolawGavsmheJwm olwdk@twGuf ta&;r}uD;? tcsdefwef&if jynfolvlxk
udk qufa=u;aumuf/ ppfom;aumuf/ ac|;wyfqGJ eJ@ oufOD;qHydkiftm%m&Sif ppf0g'Dbk&ifawG pnf;pdrfjrJa&;udkom vkyf=uw,f? tm
%mwnfjrJa&;twGufqdk udk,fhom;t&if;awmif owfzdk@/ paw;zdk@vJ 0efrav;=uwmudk tifrwefatmhESvHk;emp&m awG@&w,f?
“&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfyHk” rSm bmrSt"dy`g,fr&SdbJ vl@toufawG tv[\qHk;±H_;cH ppfwdkuf=uwmudk zwf&wm &ifem
p&mjzpfovdk tm%m&SifawGudk &GH&SmpdwfvJ wzGm;zGm;ay:vmrdygw,f? jynfoltrsm;pkqENeJ@ tkyfcsKyfwJh 'Drdkua&pDpepf ray:ayguf
oa&G@ vl@tcGifhta&;awG qHk;±H_;aerSmjzpfw,fqdkwmudk rl&if;usrf;jyKol a&S;acwfurGefynm&SdawGeJ@ ,ckacwfu q&mEdkifyef;vSwdk@u
tajrmftjrif}uD;pGmeJ@ yg;yg;eyfeyf wifjyoGm;w,fvdk@ pmzwfolwa,muftaeeJ@ em;vnfcHpm;rdvdkufw,f? aemufxyfod&wm
wcku 'Duae@ “jrefrmEdkifiH” vkd@ajymaewJh ta&S@awmiftm&Su a'owck[m wcsdefu b,fvdkrS wEdkifiHxJr[kwfbJ txufArm
jynfeJ@bJqdkifwJh tif;0 jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ oD;jcm;tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif [Hom0wD rGefEdkifiH/ oD;jcm;tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif "n0wD &cdkif
EdkifiHwkd@ twl&SdaecJh=uwJh tm&Sa'owckjzpfw,fqdkwm cdkifcdkifrmrmodvdkuf&w,f? etz pmoifausmif;awGrSm/ etz owif;pmeJ@
pmtkyfawGxJrSm ajymovdkr[kwfbJ ya'o&mZfacwfu ArmeJ@rGef/ ArmeJ@&cdkif/ rGefeJ@&ckdifwdk@ taetxm;awG[m uae@acwf jrefrm
EdkifiHeJ@ xdkif;EdkifiH/ jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ tdENd,EdkifiH/ w±kwf/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ rav;&Sm;pwJh tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfawG qufqHa&;vdk EdkifiHwum
qufqHa&;rsdK;jzpfw,fqdkwm b,folrSrjiif;Edkifatmif tcdkiftrmrSwfwrf;wifxm;wm}uD; jr0wDpmtkyfwdkufu jzef@ay;vdkufvdk@
ordkif;rSefrod&olawGtwGuf jr0wDwdkufudk tifrwefaus;Zl;wifp&mygbJ?
q&mndKjr&J@ “ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf” pmtkyfrSmvJ 'DoabmawG awG@&w,f? jynfolvlxkeJ@uif;uGmjyD; pdwf±l;aygufovdk
vkyfae=uwJh ya'o&mZftm%m&SifawGta=umif;zwf&wm etzar#mfrSef;wJh taumiftxnfrJh pdwWZ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfawG &Sifoef
xufjrufrvmbJ jynfolvlxktusdK;wu,fjyKrJh 'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifcsifpdwfawGom ydk&Sifoefxufjrufvmygw,f? wu,fppfrSefwJh
rsdK;cspfpdwfqdkwm udk,fhwdkif;jynf udk,fhvlrsdK;tusdK;&Sdzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifa&;qkdwJh taumiftxnf&Sd rsdK;cspfpdwfbJ jzpfjyD; tckajym
cJhwJhpmtkyfawG[m 'DvkdrsdK;cspfpdwfudk tm;ay;aeygw,f?
jr0wDwdkufuae rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sifoefxufjrufzdk@qdkjyD; xkwfvdkufwJh “rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmf}uD;” qdk&ifvJ etzxdyfoD;
awG&J@ zifrSef;rod acgif;rSef;rodtjzpfudk jyaeygw,f? 20 &mpkuetzawG tr$ef;wifaewJh taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;
pwmawG[m &ufpufr_awG/ vl@tcGifhta&;azgufzsufr_awG/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkufvlowfyGJawG usL;vGefcJhwJhta=umif; 19 &mpku
ordkif;q&mawGu a&;jyxm;vdk@ etz &J@ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sifoefa&;[m cg;awmif;usdKufwjcm;/ zifwjcm; jzpfoGm;&Smawmhw,f?
aemufOyrmwckxyfjy&&ifawmh q&mwuUodkvfbkef;Edkif&J@ “ol@u|efrcHjyD” 0wˆKygbJ? q&mbkef;Edkif&J@tqdkt& 'D0wˆKudk
a&;cJhwm[m 1958 cku tm%m& zqyvtzGJ@}uD;twGif; rnDr!GwfjzpfjyD; wdkif;jynf'kuQa&mufrJhtajctae qdkufaevdk@ ya'o
&mZfacwf Armjynf&J@ aemufqHk;umvawGrSm nD!Gwfa&;jydKuGJjyD; EdkifiHqHk;cJhwm oifcef;pm,lEdkifatmifa&;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? q&m
bkef;Edkif[m tJ'DvdkrnDr!Gwf&Sd=uwJh tm%m& EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtpm; ppfrdef@eJ@ ‘nD!Gwf’ atmifvkyfxm;wJh ppfwyftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
oabmusaxmufcHcJhw,f? ol[m 1958 tdrfapmifhtpdk;& emrnfcHjyD; ppftm%modrf;wmudk axmufcHcJh±Hkru 1962 ck ppfwyftm
%modrf;wmudkvJ tpydkif;rSmaxmufcHcJhw,f? 'gayrJh 1970 ckESpfawGtqHk;ydkif;avmufrSmawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepf qdk;wm[m 'Drdku
a&pDpepfatmufu EdkifiHa&;orm;awGqdk;wmxuf tyHk}uD;ydkw,fqdkwm aumif;aumif; oabmayguf vufcHvmcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh
8 av;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&; jynfol@buf ygvmcJhvdk@ e0w tm%modrf;awmh yifpifay;cHvdkuf&w,f?
'DvdktajctaerSm rD;&xm;0ef}uD;tqihf&Sd 0if;pdefu ol@udk,fol pmaytEkynm vdkufpm;tm;ay;ol}uD; yHkzrf;jyD; pmaye,fukd pnf;±Hk;
nm0g;wJhtcg q&mbkef;Edkif[m 0if;pdefudkjyeftoHk;csjyD; “ol@u|efrcHjyD” ±kyf&Sif±dkuf&mrSm trsm;jynfol@tcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk
tajcrcHwJh ya'o&mZftm%m&SifawG&J@ azgufjyefrSm;,Gif;r_awGudk tom;ay; ±dkuful;atmif ynmygygeJ@ yg;yg;av;vkyf
oGm;EdkifcJhw,f? tm%m&SifawGu jynfolvlxkeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGtay: ESdyfpufwmawGudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ±dfkufjyEdkifcJhw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ e0w&J@ “rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;” ±kyf&Sif[m tm%m&SifpepfudkzGifhcsjyD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfbufu axmufcHwJh
±kyf&Sifum; jzpfoGm;wm e0wawG rodvdkufbJ cHvkduf&jyD; tu,f'rDawGawmif av#mufay;vdkufao;w,f?
“jrif;pD;jyD;txD;rSef; trrSef;rod”vdk@ jrefrmpum;yHkwcku qdkxm;ayr,fh etztjzpfu 'Dhxufudk ydkqdk;0g;vSygw,f?
olwdk@[m txD;rSef; trrSef;rod±Hkwifru udk,fpD;aewm jrif;rSef; vm;rSef;awmif rodwJhtajctaejzpfaewm pdwfysufp&m
aumif;avmufatmif jrifawG@ae&ygw,fAsm?

*gr%d