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CEE 262A Ydrodynamics: Lecture 1 Introduction and Properties of Fluids

This document provides an introduction to hydrodynamics and the properties of fluids. It discusses key concepts like the continuum hypothesis, viscosity, stress, and strain rate. It defines different types of fluids, including Newtonian, shear-thinning, shear-thickening, and discusses the units used to measure viscosity. The document was adapted from lecture notes on hydrodynamics that cover topics like the Navier-Stokes equations, differences between liquids and gases, and normal and tangential stresses.

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Shweta Sridhar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

CEE 262A Ydrodynamics: Lecture 1 Introduction and Properties of Fluids

This document provides an introduction to hydrodynamics and the properties of fluids. It discusses key concepts like the continuum hypothesis, viscosity, stress, and strain rate. It defines different types of fluids, including Newtonian, shear-thinning, shear-thickening, and discusses the units used to measure viscosity. The document was adapted from lecture notes on hydrodynamics that cover topics like the Navier-Stokes equations, differences between liquids and gases, and normal and tangential stresses.

Uploaded by

Shweta Sridhar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CEE 262A

HYDRODYNAMICS

Lecture 1*
Introduction and properties of fluids

*Adapted from notes by Prof. Stephen Monismith
1
The Navier-Stokes equation
2
What is a Fluid ? (Fluid vs. Solid)
A substance which deforms continuously under the
action of a shearing stress.
A perfectly elastic solid can resist a shear stress by
static deformation; a fluid cannot.
An elastic solid can behave like a fluid beyond its
yield point, at which point it behaves as a "plastic".
Viscoelastic fluids behave like fluids and solids (i.e.
egg whites, which have a small tendency to return to
their original shape).
Corollary: A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear
stress. 3
Liquid vs. Gas
Gases typically expand to fill the shape of container.
Liquids assume shape of only part of container.
Equation of state for pressure
Gases typically obey equations of state for the
pressure e.g. the ideal gas law
p = R T
Liquids are typically assumed to be incompressible
and so p is a very weak function of and T.
Sound speed in gases is typically smaller than in
liquids (air ~ 343 m/s, water ~ 1484 m/s, iron 5120
m/s).
4
Continuum Hypothesis
Microscopic approach: Analyze molecular structure
and associated collisions (e.g. pressure is due to the
net exchange of momentum at a solid surface)
Macroscopic (continuum) approach: Analyze bulk
behavior of fluid (e.g. pressure is force exerted by
fluid per unit area of solid surface)
Continuum approach always assumes that scale of
motion is much larger than mean free path
Almost always valid (e.g. can break down in upper
atmosphere where density becomes very low); In air,
mean free path = 10
-8
m; smallest scale of turbulent
eddy that feels viscosity in atmosphere ~10
-3
m.
5
Stress
Force per area - defined by particular surface orientation





Stress at a face is decomposed into a sum of the normal
and tangential stresses.
6
Normal stresses Fluid pressure p

(


2 2
1
L T
ML

normal
F o
A o
o
tangential
F
Tangential force is a
vector
Tangential Stresses Shear stress t
A
F
p
normal
A
o
o
o 0
lim

=
T
A
F
T
A

=
=

t
o
o
o
tangential
0
lim
7
Shear strain angle will grow as f(t)
u A










y A
t
u A
t A
t A
A

u
t
u A
u A
x A
u A
For fluids such as water, oil, air
t A
A

u
t

stress strain rate


Viscosity = Resistance to shear
8
However,
y
t u
A
A A
= Au tan
As , , 0







dy
du
dt
d
=
u

u A
t A y A
dt
du
t

t A
A

u
t
But

dy
du
t =
Where dynamic viscosity. This is a constitutive
relation, which relates forces to material (fluid) properties.
A
For fluids:
"Stress is proportional to
strain rate".
For solids:
"Stress is proportional to
strain" (o=Ec)
9
Notes on shear stress

(i) Any shear stress, however small, produces relative
motion.
(ii) If t=0, du/dy=0, but 0.
(iii) Velocity profile cannot be tangent to a solid
boundary - This requires an infinite shear stress.

"No-slip" condition: u=0 at solid boundary.

y
U
0
10


dy du /
t
=




dy
du
t
t

1
Bingham Plastic
Real Plastic
Shear-Thinning Fluid
Newtonian

Shear-Thickening Fluid
Types of fluids
Newtonian fluid: Stress is linearly proportional to strain rate.
Shear-thinning: Ketchup, whipped cream
Shear-thickening: Corn starch in water
11
Units






Dynamic Viscosity
dy dU /
t
=
] / [ ] [ ] [ dy dU t =
2 2 2
] [
LT
M
L T
ML
Area
Force
= =
(

= t
(

dy
dU
T L T
L 1 1
= =
T
ML
LT
M
T
LT
M
= = =
2
] [


s Pa Ns/m
2
e.g. SI:
12





] /[ ] [ ] [ = v
T
L
M
L
LT
M
v
2 3
] [ = =
LT
M
= ] [
3
] [
L
M
=


e.g. SI: Stokes 1 / 10
2 4
=

s m
Kinematic Viscosity

= v
13
Dynamic vs. kinematic viscosity





Force on plates F~ uA/H
Air: 10 N (2 lb), Water: 1000 N (200 lb)
Shear stress exerted on plates t=F/A~ u/H
Air: 10
-2
Pa, Water: 1 Pa
Shear stress per unit fluid density f=F/A~v u/H
Air: 10
-2
m
2
/s
2
, Water: 10
-3
m
2
/s
2
Water is dynamically more forceful, but kinematically less
forceful, per unit density.
Flow speed u=1 m/s
Air: =1 kg/m
3
, =10
-5
kg/ms
Water: =10
3
kg/m
3
, =10
-3
kg/ms
Area A=1000 m
2

(747 wing area)
H=1 mm
14

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