Verbului To Have (a avea) Conjugat la Prezentul Simplu

Verbul to have in engleza are sensul de baza a avea. Cu toate acestea, se foloseste si in diverse expresii, precum have a shower (a face dus), have lunch (a lua pranzul), have a break (a lua o pauza), etc. De asemeni, se foloseste si ca verb auxiliar la formarea timpurilor Present Perfect Simple si Present Perfect Continuous: I have seen this film recently = Am vazut acest film recent. Conjugarea verbului to have ca verb predicativ cu sensul de a avea este usor diferita de conjugarea verbului auxiliar to have, ca parte din Present Perfect. Vom discuta in cele ce urmeaza conjugarea verbului to have = a avea si varianta informala have got. Ce vom invata: - sa conjugam verbul to have = a avea Sa vedem care sunt formele verbului predicativ to have (a avea) la prezentul simplu Present Tense Simple.

FORMA AFIRMATIVA
Conjugarea verbului to have la prezentul simplu - forma afirmativa: I have = eu am you have = tu ai, dvs. aveti he has = el are she has = ea are it has = el/ea are (animale si obiecte) we have = noi avem you have = voi aveti/ dvs. aveti (pl.) they have = ei/ele au De retinut: 1. Verbul to have se foloseste si in forma informala have got tot cu sensul a avea. Conjugarea este aceeasi, dar se foloseste si forma scurta. I have got / I've got= eu am you have got / you've got = tu ai, dvs. aveti he has got / he's got = el are she has got / she's got = ea are it has got / it's got = el/ea are (animale si obiecte) we have got / we've got = noi avem you have got / you've got = voi aveti/ dvs. aveti (pl.) they have got / they've got = ei/ele au

Exemplu: I have a new job. = Am o slujba noua. I've got a new job. = Am o slujba noua.

FORMA NEGATIVA
Conjugarea verbului to have la prezentul simplu - forma negativa: I do not have - I don't have = eu nu am you do not have you don't have = tu nu ai/ dvs. nu aveti he does not have he doesn't have = el nu are she does not have she doesn't have = ea nu are it does not have it doesn't have = el/ea nu are (obiecte si animale) we do not have we don't have = noi nu avem you do not have you don't have = voi nu aveti/ dvs. nu aveti (pl.) they do not have they don't have = ei/ele nu au De retinut: 1. Varianta have got nu mai foloseste auxiliarul do/does, negatia adaugandu-se direct la forma have: I haven't got = eu nu am you haven't got = tu nu ai/ dvs. nu aveti he hasn't got = el nu are she hasn't got = ea nu are it hasn't got = el/ea nu are (obiecte si animale) we haven't got = noi nu avem you haven't got = voi nu aveti/ dvs. nu aveti (pl.) they haven't got = ei/ele nu au Exemplu: I don't have enough money to buy a new car. = Nu am suficienti bani sa cumpar o masina noua. I haven't got enough money to buy a new car. = Nu am suficienti bani sa cumpar o masina noua.

FORMA INTEROGATIV AFIRMATIVA

Conjugarea verbului to have la prezentul simplu - interogativ afirmativ pentru a formula intrebari: Do I have? = am eu? Do you have? = ai tu?/ aveti dvs.? Does he have? = are el? Does she have? = are ea? Does it have? = are el/ea (obiecte si animale)

Do we have? = avem noi? Do you have? = aveti voi? / aveti dvs? (pl.) Do they have? = au ei? De retinut: 1. Varianta have got nu mai foloseste auxiliarul do/does. La interogativ afirmativ verbul have este plasat in fata subiectului: Have I got? = am eu? Have you got? = ai tu?/ aveti dvs.? Has he got? = are el? Has she got? = are ea? Has it got? = are el/ea (obiecte si animale) Have we got? = avem noi? Have you got? = aveti voi? / aveti dvs? (pl.) Have they got? = au ei? Exemplu: Does she have a good job? = Ea are o slujba buna? Has she got a good job? = Ea are o slujba buna?

FORMA INTEROGATIV NEGATIVA

Conjugarea verbului to have la prezentul simplu - interogativ negativ pentru a formula intrebari: Do I not have / Don't I have? = nu am eu? Do you not have / Don't you have? = nu ai tu?/ aveti dvs.? Does he not have / Doesn't he have? = nu are el? Does she not have / Doesn't she have? = nu are ea? Does it not have / Doesn't it have? = nu are el/ea (obiecte si animale) Do we not have / Don't we have? = nu avem noi? Do you not have / Don't you have? = nu aveti voi? / aveti dvs? (pl.) Do they not have / Don't they have? = nu au ei? De retinut: 1. Varianta have got nu mai foloseste auxiliarul do/does. La interogativ negativ verbul have este plasat in fata subiectului. In acest caz, mai frecventa este forma scurta: Have I not got / Haven't I got? = nu am eu? Have you not got / Haven't you got? = nu ai tu?/ aveti dvs.? Has he not got / Hasn't he got? = are el? Has she not got / Hasn't she got? = nu are ea? Has it not got / Hasn't it got? = nu are el/ea (obiecte si animale) Have we not got / Haven't we got? = nu avem noi?

Have you not got / Haven't you got? = nu aveti voi? / aveti dvs? (pl.) Have they not got / Haven't they got? = nu au ei? Exemplu: Don't you have anything else to do? = Tu nu ai nimic altceva de facut? Haven't you got anything else to do? = Tu nu ai nimic altceva de facut? 2. Atunci cand verbul to have este folosit ca verb auxiliar ce ajuta la formarea altor timpuri (Present Perfect Simple si Present Perfect Continuous) nu se mai folosesc formele auxiliare do/does la interogativ si negativ, verbul have fiind el insusi, in acest caz, un auxiliar. Conjugarea corespunzatoare o vom discuta in contextul timpurilor gramaticale mentionate mai sus. Exemplu: They have a beautiful house by the seaside. = Ei au o casa frumoasa pe malul marii. Aici have este verb predicativ cu sensul a avea. They have bought a beautiful house by the seaside. = Ei au cumparat o casa frumoasa pe malul marii. Aici have este verb auxiliar ce ajuta la formarea timpului Present Perfect Simple.

Verbs - Verbe (notiuni introductive)

Verbele (Verbs) exprima ideea existentei sau o actiune intr-o propozitie. I am a student. - Eu sunt un student Students learned new things. - Elevii au invatat lucruri noi.

1. Cele 4 forme verbale

Exista 4 forme verbale de baza. Limba engleza formeaza timpurile verbale cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare, spre deosebire de limba romana, unde timpurile verbale se formeaza cu ajutorul desinentelor. De precizat ca in limba engleza nu exista o forma verbala speciala pentru viitor. Cele 4 forme verbale sunt importante deoarece cu aceste forme si cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare se formeaza timpurile in limba engleza. In tabelul urmator sunt prezentate cele patru forme de baza:

Verb to work (a lucra, a munci)

Forma de baza (prezent) I work (Eu lucrez)

Forma de trecut (Past tense)

Participiu prezent (Present participle)

Participiu trecut (Past participle) I have worked (Eu am lucrat) [terminat deja]

I worked (Eu I am working (Eu am lucrat) lucrez) [chiar acum]

to write (a scrie)

I write (Eu scriu)

I wrote (Eu am scris)

I am writing (Eu scriu) [chiar acum]

I have written (Eu am scris) [terminat deja]

Multe verbe au aceste forme neregulate, care, pentru formarea lor de la forma de baza nu respecta o regula standard. De exemplu: to do (a face) - are Timpul trecut (Past tense): did, iar Participiul trecut (Past participle): done to read (a citi) - are Timpul trecut (Past tense): read, iar Participiul trecut (Past participle) la fel: read - O lista cu verbe neregulate si formele lor de Past Tense si Past Participle gasiti la pagina: Verbe neregulate.

2. Verbele auxiliare - be, have, do

Verbele auxiliare be, have, do (a fi, a avea, a face) se utilizeaza in formarea timpurilor verbale, a formelor negative si interogative, folosindu-se formele lor de prezent, trecut si participiu impreuna cu alte verbe.

to be - Prezent: am /are /is; Trecut: was / were; Participiu trecut: been o - Formeaz aspectul continuu, mpreun cu participiul prezent -ing. - Formeaz diatez pasiv mpreun cu participiul trecut (-ed, la verbe regulate; a treia form, la verbe neregulate). to have - Prezent: have; Trecut: had; Participiu trecut: had o - Formeaz timpurile perfecte, mpreun cu participiul trecut (-ed sau forma a-III-a a verbului). to do - Prezent: does; Trecut: did; Participiu trecut: done o - Formeaz negativul si interogativul timpurilor prezent si trecut.

Exemple: He is planning to get married soon. - El planueste sa se casatoreasca curand. I haven't seen Peter since last night. - Nu l-am vazut pe Peter de seara trecuta. Do you like fruits? - Iti plac fructele?. - Be, ca auxiliar, este folosit pentru a forma aspectul continuu, in combinatie cu participiul prezent. He is living in Romania. - El traieste in Romania. - Be, mpreuna cu participiul trecut formeaza diateza pasiva. These cars are made in Japan. - Aceste masini sunt facute in Japonia. - Have in combinatie cu participiul trecut formeaza timpurile perfecte. I have changed my mind. - M-am razgandit. I wish you had met Peter. - Imi doresc ca tu (dv.) sa-l fi intalnit pe Petru. - Prezentul perfect continuu, Trecutul perfect continuu sunt formate cu ambele auxiliare be si have.

He has been working very hard recently. - El munceste foarte mult recent. She did not know how long she had been living there. - Ea nu a stiut cat de mult locuise acolo. - Be si have se folosesc de asemenea ca auxiliare pentru a forma propozitii negative si interogative cu timpurile continue si perfecte. He isn't going. - El nu merge Hasn't she seen it yet? - Nu la vazut ea deja? - Auxiliarul do se foloseste pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului sau trecutului simplu. He doesn't think he can come to the party. - El nu se gandeste ca poate veni la petrecere. Do you like her new book? - Iti place noua ei carte? - Auxiliarul do se poate folosi cu verbe principale: do, have. He didn't do his homework. - El nu si-a facut tema. He doesn't have any money. - El nu are nici un ban. - In propozitii afirmative, do se foloseste doar pentru evidentiere sau contrast. I do like him. - Chiar imi place de el. De retinut: Auxiliarul do impreuna cu verbul to be se folosesc doar la imperativ. Don't be naughty! - Nu fi obraznic! Do be a god boy and sit still! - Fii un baiat bun si stai linistit

3. Modul verbal
Modul verbal se refera la una dintre cele trei atitudini pe care le poate avea un vorbitor fata de continutul mesajului exprimat. 1. Modul indicativ, care poate fi afirmativ sau interogativ, se foloseste pentru a face o afirmatie sau a pune o intrebare. I make good things. - Eu fac lucruri bune. Do you learn good things? - Inveti lucruri bune? 2. Modul imperativ se foloseste pentru a da instructiuni, ordine, directive, sugestii cu caracter pronuntat. Get your homework done before you watch television tonight. - Fa-ti tema inainte de a privi la televizor in seara asta. Get down of tree! - Da-te jos din pom! - Se observa ca nu exista nici un subiect in aceste propozitii. Pronumele you (singular sau plural) este subiectul implicit al propozitiilor imperative. Majoritatea propozitiilor imperative vor avea deci subiectul la persoana II. Exceptie: constructie imperativa care include un subiect la persoana I. Let's (or Let us) work together. - Hai sa lucram impreuna. 3. Modul subjonctiv se foloseste in propozitiile subordonate in urmatoarele scopuri:

Expresia unei dorinte. Fraze conditionale care incep cu if si exprima o conditie ireala. Fraze introduse prin as if sau as though si descriu speculatii sau conditii ireale. Fraze introduse prin that si care exprima cereri, sugestii, solicitari.

Exemple: She wishes her boyfriend were here. - Ea doreste ca prietenul ei sa fi fost aici. If Juan were more trained, he'd be a better hockey player. - Daca Ion era mai antrenat, ar fi fost un jucator mai bun de hochei. We would have passed if we had studied harder. - Am fi trecut daca am fi studiat mai mult (din greu). He acted as if he were guilty. - El s-a purtat ca si cum era vinovat I requested that he be present at the hearing. - Am cerut ca el s fie prezent la audiere. - Subjonctivul nu este un mod important in limba engleza cum este in alte limbi, de exemplu in franceza sau spaniola. In multe situatii care in alte limbi cer subjonctivul, in limba engleza sunt folosite formele verbelor auxiliare.

4. Verbele frazale
O alta particularitate a limbii engleze o reprezinta verbele frazale. Verbele frazale sunt formate dintr-un verb si un alt cuvant, de obicei o prepozitie. Ele au luat nastere in vorbirea de zi cu zi. Verbele frazale au sensuri mai greu de ghicit la prima vedere si pot avea mai multe intelesuri, de multe ori diferite. De exemplu, to come out poate avea 18 intelesuri diferite. Verbele pot fi combinate cu propozitii sau alte cuvinte pentru a obtine noi entitati. stand out (a iesi in evidenta), stand up (a se ridica), stand in (a se intelege), stand off (a sta deoparte), stand by (a fi de fata), stand down (a sta jos), stand against (a fi impotriva, a opune rezistenta), stand for (a fi pentru). De multe ori, verbul si prepozitia sa par a nu avea nici o legatura in contextul respectiv. Fill this out! Fill out this form. - A completa un formular Three masked men held up the Bank. - Trei barbati mascati au jefuit banca. You left out the part about the chase. - Ai omis partea despre urmarire. The lawyers looked over the papers. - Avocatii au examinat hartiile (actele). - O lista cu unele din cele mai folosite verbe frazale poate fi gasita la pagina: Verbe frazale

5. Clasificarea timpurilor verbale

Timpurile verbale din limba engleza sunt diferite de cele din lmba romana. Multe dintre aceste forme verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. Mai mult, sensul exprimat de formele verbale in limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in limba romana. Timpurile verbale din limba engleza, clasificate in functie de timp, sunt urmatoarele:

Prezent o 1. Prezentul simplu o 2. Prezentul continuu o 3. Prezentul perfect

4. Prezentul perfect continuu 1. Viitorul simplu 2. Viitorul continuu 3. Viitorul perfect 4. Viitorul perfect continuu

Viitor
o o o o

Trecut 1. Trecutul simplu 2. Trecutul continuu 3. Trecutul perfect 4. Trecutul perfect continuu In lectiile urmatoare sunt prezentate detaliat.
o o o o

Prezentul Continuu in Engleza | Present Tense Continuous

Present Tense Continuous nu are un corespondent specific in limba romana, el traducandu-se, ca si Present Tense Simple , prin Idicativ Prezent. Cu toate acestea, in limba engleza prezentul are mai multe nuante, asa ca Present Tense Continuous se foloseste in contexte diferite fata de Present Tense Simple. Ce vom invata: - sa exprimam actiuni care au loc in momentul vorbirii

FORMA AFIRMATIVA CUM FORMULAM PROPOZITII CU VERBUL LA PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Conjugare: I am working = Eu lucrez You are working = Tu lucrezi / Dumneavoastra lucrati He is working = El lucreaza She is working = Ea lucreaza It is working = daca ne referim la obiecte, sensul este functioneaza We are working = Noi lucram You are working = Voi lucrati / Dumneavoastra lucrati They are working = Ei lucreaza De retinut: 1. Se soloseste verbul to be la prezent + verb cu terminatia -ing Exemplu: work - working

do - doing study - studying 2. La verbele care se termina in -e, aceasta dispare si este adaugat -ing: Exemplu: write - writing make - making face - facing 3. La verbele cu ultima silaba accentuata formata dintr-o vocala intre doua consoane, se dubleaza ultima consoana si se adauga -ing: Exemplu: stop - stopping sit - sitting run - running 4. La verbele care se termina in -l, acesta se dubleaza si se adauga -ing: Exemplu: travel - travelling 5. La verbele care se termina in -ie, aceste doua litere sunt inlocuite de -y si se adauga -ing: Exemplu: lie - lying die - dying

FORMA INTEROGATIVA CUM FORMULAM INTREBARI LA PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Conjugare: Am I working? = Eu lucrez? Are you working? = Tu lucrezi/ Dumneavoastra lucrati? Is he working? = El lucreaza? Is she working? = Ea lucreaza? Is it working? = (obiectul, aparatul, etc.) functioneaza? Are we working? = Noi lucram? Are you working? = Voi lucrati / Dumneavoastra lucrati? Are they working? = Ei lucreaza? De retinut:

1. La interogativ, ordinea cuvintelor este Verbul to be la prezent + Subiect + Verb cu terminatia -ing.

FORMA NEGATIVA CUM FORMULAM PROPOZITII NEGATIVE LA PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Conjugare: I am not working / I'm not working = Eu nu lucrez You are not working / You aren't working = Tu nu lucreazi / Dumneavoastra nu lucrati He is not working / He isn't working = El nu lucreaza She is not working / She isn't working = Ea nu lucreaza It is not working / It isn't working = (obiectul, aparatul, etc.) nu functioneaza We are not working / We aren't working = Noi nu lucram You are not working / You aren't working = Voi nu lucrati / Dumneavoastra nu lucrati They are not working / They aren't working = Ei nu lucreaza De retinut: 1. La negativ, se foloseste verbul to be la prezent + not + verb cu terminatia - ing.

CAND SE FOLOSESTE PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS IN ENGLEZA

1. Pentru a ne referi la actiuni care au loc chiar in momentul vorbirii, adica acum. Exemplu: What are you doing now? = Ce faci tu acum? / Ce facti dumneavoastra acum? I am working on my computer right now. = Eu lucrez pe calculator chiar acum.

Formule de Salut in Limba Engleza

Atunci cand incepem sa invatam limba engleza, prima lectie include, de cele mai multe ori, formulele de salut. Ce vom invata: - sa salutam in limba engleza, - sa ne prezentam in limba engleza, - sa ne interesam de identitatea cuiva. 1. Formule de salut in limba engleza: a) expresii informale:

Hello! - formula de salut informala, folosita in orice moment al zilei, in special in Engleza britanica. Buna!, Salut! Hi! - - formula de salut informala, folosita in orice moment al zilei, in special in Engleza americana Buna!, Salut! Nice to see you! - Imi pare bine sa te intalnesc! See you! - La revedere./Pa. See you later! - Ne vedem mai tarziu! Hello, how are you? - Buna, ce mai faci? Hi, Jim! How are things? Buna, Jim, ce mai faci? Im fine, thanks! And you? - Bine, multumesc! Dar tu? b) expresii formale: Good morning! forma de salut inainte de ora 12- Buna dimineata! Good afternoon! forma de salut de la ora 12 pana la ora 18 Good evening! - forma de salut dupa ora 18 Buna seara! Good night! - forma de ramas bun folosita seara - Noapte buna! Good bye! - La revedere. Good morning/ afternoon/ evening, how are you? - Buna dimineata/ziua/ seara, ce mai faceti? Very well, thank you! - Forte bine, multumesc! Dar dvs? 2. Expresii folosite atunci faceti cunostinta cu cineva / va interesati de identitatea cuiva: How do you do? Imi pare bine de cunostinta! raspunsul este de obicei acelasi: How do you do! sau una din urmatoarele expresii: Nice to meet you! Pleased to meet you! Glad to meet you! Exemplu: Im Mary Smith. Eu sunt Mary Smith - informal. My name is Mary Smith.- Numele meu este Mary Smith - formal. Excuse me, are you Professor Jones? - Scuzati-ma, dvs. sunteti Profesor Jones? o situatie formala Hi, you must be Jane. - Buna, probabil ca tu esti Jane. - o situatie informala. Exercitii: I. Cititi urmatoarele dialoguri si stabiliti care sunt formale si care sunt informale: a) 1. How do you do? Im Mary Smith. 2. And I am Robert Thomson. How do you do?

 b) 1. Good morning, my name is Paul Johnson. 2. Pleased to meet you, Paul. c) Hello, Im Anne Johnson. Hi, Anne, my name is George. d) Excuse me, are you Dr. Brown? Yes, I am. I am .. Pleased to meet you! . II. Gasiti raspunsul corespunzator (a-e) pentru fiecare formula de salut (1- 5): 1. How do you do? 2. Good afternoon, Im John Simon. 3. Hi, Sheila! Nice to see you. 4. Hello, dear! How are you? 5. Excuse me, are you Dr. Johnson? a) Very well, thank you, Gina! And you? b) How do you do? c) Pleased to meet you, Mr. Simon. My name is . d) Yes, I am. e) Nice to see you, too, George!

Cuprins

1 Pronume personale 2 Substantive o 2.1 Animale, psri, insecte o 2.2 Funcii i meserii o 2.3 Persoane 3 Expresii uzuale 4 Verbe de baz 5 To write. 6 To be - a fi o 6.1 To have - a avea
o

6.2 Adj

Pronume personale
Cuvnt eu tu el ea noi voi ele/ei Traducere I you he she we you they

Substantive

Not: Cele mai multe substantive i formeaz plurarul prin adugarea literei s la sfritul cuvntului. Exemple books, brothers. Substantivele se articuleaz cu articolele nehotrte a respectiv an (un, n faa cuvntelor care ncep cu consoan respectiv vocal) sau some (nite) i cu articolul hottt the (utilizat att pentru singularul ct i pentru pluralul substantivelor).

aksdkj|fiu |son | |- |fiic |daughter | |- |frate |brother | |- |sor |sister | |- |so |husband | |- | soie |wife | |- |unchi |uncle | |- |mtu |aunt |A nu se confunda aunt (mtu) cu ant (furnic). |- |vr |cousin | |- |bunic |grandfather | |- |bunic |grandmother | |- |soacr | mother-in-law |Mother-in-law se traduce mot--mot prin mam-prin-lege. |- |socru | father-in-law |Father-in-law se traduce mot--mot prin tat-prin-lege. |} You've beeb TROLLER >:D

Animale, psri, insecte

Cuvnt cine pisic cal pasre vac porc oaie papagal capr cprioar Traducere dog cat horse bird cow pig sheep parrot goat deer Observaii

Pluralul lui sheep ramane sheep!! A nu se confunda "carrot"(morcov) cu "parrot"(papagal)!!! Plurarul lui deer ramane deer !!

maimu gndac furnic pianjen pete oprl broasc estoas oarece obolan albin antilop arici armsar iap balen barz berbec miel bibilic bivol bivoli btlan bondar limbric bufni bursuc calcan lii cameleon canar cangur capr de munte caracati castor catr

monkey bug ant spider fish lizard frog tortoise mouse rat bee antelope hedgehog steed mare whale stork ram lamb guinea hen buffalo buffalo cow heron bumble bee belly worm owl badger turbot/ ray moor hen chameleon canary kangaroo chamois octopus beaver mule

Plurarul lui fish ramane fish !!

crbu grgri cmil dromader cerb cpu cea ceg cimpanzeu cintez cioar ciocnitoare ciocrlie crti cobai cocor coco gin pui de gin puior ogar motan pisoia coofan gai crap biban cuc curcan curc cloc magar bou taur viel viea

cockchafer weevil camel dromedary buck tick bitch sterlet chimpanzee chaffinch crow wood-pecker skylark mole guinea pig crane cock hen chiken chik greyhound tomcat kitten magpie jay (bird) carp perch cuckoo turkey cock turkey hen hatching hen ass/ donkey ox bull calf heifer

mnz buburuz dihor dulu elan elefant erete fazan fluture foc gaie gscan gsc boboc de gsc goril graur greier scrumbie hien hrciog homar huhurez jder iepure de cmp iepure de cas iepura lam lcust lebd leu leoaic leopard libelul licurici liliac

colt lady bird fitch(ew) mastif elk elephant sparow-hawk pheasant butterfly seal/ sea-dog jackdaw gander goose gosling gorilla starling cricket herring hyena hamster lobster eagle owl marten hare rabbit bunny llama locust swan lion lioness leopard dragon-fly glow worm bat Pluralul pentru "goose" nu este "gooses", ci "geese"

lipitoare lup vidr mamut melc midie mierl mistre gndac de buctrie molie molusc molusc (cu carapace) mors nisetru musc nevstuic nurc omid urechelni purice panter pasrea furtunii colibri(pasreamusc) pasre de curte psri domestice ginu/ ierunc pduche termit pun puni pstrv pescru cal-de-mare pinguin

leech wolf otter mammoth snail mussel blackbird wild boar black-beetle moth mollusc/ mollusk shellfish walrus/ sea-cow sturgeon fly ferret/ weasel mink caterpillar earwig flea panther humming-bird stormy petrel fowl poultry hazel hen/ grouse louse termite peacock peahen trout sea-gull sea-horse penguin

ploni scroaf purcel scrofi potrniche prepeli porumbel turtle dove porumbel cltor rac pitulice pasre cnttoare privighetoare roi ra boboc de ra ren curcubeu rinocer rndunic rm rs sardea anoa scoic stridie sepie sitar beca somn sticlete stru sturz acal alu tiuc

bug sow sucking pig young sow prtrige quail pigeon/dove turturea/ porumbi homer crawfish/crayfish wren warbler nightingale drake duck duckling raindeer rainbow rhinoceros swallow earthworm lynx sardine anchovy shell oyster cuttle-fish woodcock snipe sheat fish thistlefinch ostrich thursh jackal pike perch pike

arpe arpe cu clopoei arpe cu ochelari oarece de cmp buhai de balt oim oricar tun tigru tigroaic trntor ipar/anghil lebdoi boboc de lebd urs ursoaic ursule nar veveri vierme vierme de mtase tenie viespe viper vrabie vulpe vulpoaic vultur zimbru zebr bizon urangutan porc spinos ornitorinc mangust vier

snake/serpent rattle-snake cobra harvest mouse bittern falcon/hawk rat terrier gadgly tiger tigress drone eel cob cygnet bear she-bear bear's cub gnat/mosquito squirrel worm silkworm tapeworm wasp/hornet viper sparrow fox vixen eagle/vulture aurochs zebra bison orang-outan(g) porcupine ornithorhyncus mangoose boar

car musculi de carne ghepard albatros caras egret caalot delfin musca ee pduche de lemn macrou

bookworm bluebottle cheetah albatross crucian carp egret sperm-whale dolphin/porpoise tsetse bed bug mackerel

Funcii i meserii
Cuvnt Traducere student student poliist policeman doctor doctor Obsei n USA

este folosit i cu sensul de "elev"!

Persoane
Cuvnt brbat femeie biat fat copil Traducere Observaii Pluralul lui man este men. man Man poate nsemna i om. Pluralul lui woman este woman women. boy girl Pluralul pentru "child"(copil) este "children"(copii); iar child "childrens" este folosit cu sensul de "copiii"! Pluralul se face adugnd kid particula "-s" la "kid" (kids)! baby

copila

bebelu btrn(persoan n old man vrst) btrn(persoan old woman

n vrst) ===Obiecte==={|style= border="1" Cuvnt Traducere carte book caiet creion cer cas coal mas scaun pat notebook pencil sky house school table chair bed

Observaii Notebook este compus din note (notie) + book (carte).

Text cursivFiier:Exemplu.jpgText cursiv'===ncperi=== Cuvnt buctrie sufragerie dormitor baie hol sal de clas Traducere kitchen living-room bedroom bathroom halli classroom

Expresii uzuale
Expresie Salut! Ce mai faci? Mulumesc. Te rog. mi este foame. mi este sete. Ct este ceasul? La revedere. Traducere Hello! How are you? / How do you do? (formal) Thank you. Please. I am hungry. I am thirsty. What time is it? Good-bye. / Bye-bye (familiar)

Ne vedem n curnd. See you soon. Titlul legturii==Numeralele de la 0 la 100== Cuvntbuna 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ... 30 40 50 60 70 80 Traducerehello zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three ... thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty

90 99 100

ninety ninety-nine one hundred Observaie: A nu se confunda thirteen cu thirty, fourteen cu forty, fifteen cu fifty, etc.

Verbe de baz
Verbele n limba englez nu au conjugri complicate. Forma lor nu se schimb dect atunci cnd sunt la persoana a III-a singular (se adaug la sfritul verbului 's' sau cteodat es). Iat n continuare verbul write (a scrie) conjugat:

To write.

I write - Eu scriu You write - Tu scrii He writes - El scrie She writes - Ea scrie We write - Noi scriem You write - Voi scriei They write - Ei/Ele scriu

Aceast conjugare se aplic pentru toate verbele mai puin verbele a fi i a avea. Iat conjugrile acestor verbe:

To be - a fi

I am - Eu sunt you are - Tu eti He is - El este. She is - Ea este It is - El sau Ea este(cu referire la obiecte) We are - Noi suntem You are - Voi sunteti

they are - ei/ele sunt

To have - a avea

I have - Eu am You have - Tu ai

He has - El are She has - Ea are We have - Noi avem You have - Voi avei They have - Ei/Ele au

Adj
Cuvnt frumos urt bun ru mare mediu mic nalt scund gras slab fericit trist detept curat murdar

Traducere beautifull ugly good bad big medium small tall short fat thin, slim happy sad clever clean dirty n limba englez adjectivele sunt poziionate nainte de substantivele determinate de acestea. Se face excepie de la regul cnd ntre substantiv i adjectiv se face legtur printr-un verb. Exemple: o clean table - mas curat o The table is clean. - Masa este curat. o The girl felt tired. - Fata se simea obosit. Masa substantiv feminin table(multime): mass (fiz): mass (bucatarie): cooking (bucatarie): cuisine (cina): dinner (cina): supper

(intretinere): board (mancare): meal (ospat): feast (pranz): lunch (pranz): dinner Masa Rotunda = the Round table masele largi populare = the broad/vast masses of the people masa de aer = air mass Masa Rotunda = ist. the table Round masa electrica = electric mass masa buna = good appetite! masa plastica = plastic mass masa cu patru picioare = four-legged table masa de biliard = billiard table masa de joc = gambling table masa de scris = writing table masa de scris = desk masa de toaleta = dressing table masa mare = feast masa mare = banquet masa si casa = board and lodging masa verde = official board masa verde = green table masa verde = green fodder cu/pe nepusa masa = unexpectedly de masa = mass... in masa = in a body dupa masa = after dinner dupa amiaza = in the afternoon organizatie de masa = mass organization fata de masa = table cloth productie in masa = mass/quantity production inainte de masa = before dinner inainte de amiaza = before noon la masa! = come,the dinner waits! sala de mese = dining hall a da o masa = to give a dinner (party) a lua masa = to eat a lua masa = to have breakfast a lua masa = dinner a pune masa = to lay/set the table a strange masa = to clear the table a se scula de la masa = to leave the table a se scula de la masa = to rise from the table a sedea in capul mesei = to sit at the head/top of the table a se aseza la masa = to sit down to table

a fi la masa = to be at table a invita pe cineva la masa = to invite/ask smb. to dinner a ramane la masa la cineva = to stay (to) dinner with smb. verb tranzitiv (a face masaj): to massage to shampoo (a strange): to mass verb reflexiv to mass to gather in masses

casa
substantiv feminin house(cutie): cash/money box (gospodarie): household (cutie): money chest (la jocuri,patrat): square (locuinta): dwelling (locuinta): habitation (safe): (money) safe (anat): placenta (saraca): (mere) hovel (safe): strong box (com): house (saraca): cottage (safe): strong room (fig): (camin): home (frumoasa): mansion (loc de plata): pay office (frumoasa): manor (ghiseu): pay desk (familie): house (ferov): booking/ticket office (familie): family (teatru): box office (in magazine): desk (familie): dynasty (in magazine): cash register (plina): house(ful) (casnicie): house (la banci): counter

(com): (bani,valori): cash stapana casei = mistress/lady of the house casa de adapost = v. cabana casa alegatorului = agitation station casa batraneasca = old-fashioned house casa parinteasca = the paternal roof Casa Pionierilor = the (Young) Pioneers` Palace casa scarii = staircase casa de ajutor reciproc = mutual insurance/benefit fund casa de amanet = pawnshop casa de amanet = pawn-broker`s casa de banca = banking house casa de bani = safe casa de bani = strong box casa de comert odin. = firm casa de corectie odin. = reformatory (school) casa de corectie odin. = remand home casa de corectie (in Anglia) = Borstal casa de creatie = creators` home casa de cultura = house of culture casa de economii = savings bank casa de la oras = town house casa de tara = country house casa de lectura = village reading-room casa de locuit = dwelling/living house casa de nasteri = maternity/lying-in home casa de odihna = rest home casa de piatra = stone house casa de raport = tenement (house) casa de raport fam. = weekly casa de sanatate = health establishment casa de sanatate (sanatoriu) = nursing home casa de sanatate (sanatoriu) = sanatorium casa de toleranta = bawdy house casa de toleranta = brothel casa de toleranta fam. = kip casa de toleranta amer. = cathouse casa de vanatoare = hunting box casa de zid = brick house casa prefabricata = prefabricated house casa prefabricata fam. = prefab afara din casa = out of doors femeie in casa = housemaid (cei) ai casei (locatarii) = the inmates haina de casa = everyday dress

(cei) ai casei (locatarii) (familia) = my family haina de casa (pt. doamne) = morning dress (cei) ai casei (locatarii) (familia) fam. = people in casa = indoors in casa = within doors copil de casa ist. = page facut in casa = home-made locatarii unei case = persons living in the same house fata in casa = housemaid locatarii unei case = inmates of a house fara casa = houseless locatarii unei case = fellow lodgers femeie in casa = (domestic) servant pragul casei = threshold of a house stapanul casei = master of the house a duce casa buna cu cineva = to live like husband and wife a duce casa buna cu cineva = to be hand and glove with each other a duce casa buna cu cineva (a se impaca) = to get on (with smb.) a tine/face casa cu cineva = to be married to smb. a tine/face casa cu cineva = to live together in the conjugal state a tine/face casa cu cineva = to cohabit a tine casa mare = to live in great style a da pe cineva afara din casa = to turn smb. out (of doors) a sta in casa = to stay in (doors) trebuie sa stea in casa = he is confined to his room trebuie sa stea in casa = he has to keep indoors a fi la casa lui = to be married

Dictionar frazeologic romn - englez (verbul a avea)

a avea acces la... = to have (free) acces to... = avea acces la baie - to have the use of the bathroom a avea acelai drum (cu cineva) = to go the same way (as another person) = to follow the same route (as another person) a avea acelai rang cu cineva = to rank with somebody a avea aerul c vrea s strng pe cineva de gt = to look daggerss at somebody a avea un aer de ... = to look (like)... = to have a(n) ... appearance a nu avea a face; n-are a face! = it doesn't matter! no matter! never mind! a avea un amestec n ceva = to have a finger in the pie

= to have a foot / a hand in the dish a avea ameeli = to feel giddy = to be trouble with dizziness = am ameeli - my head swims / turns a avea antipatie pentru ... = to have an aversion to... = to dislike ... a avea ap curent = to have the water laid on a avea aptitudini pentru ... = to have a turn for ... a avea o asemnare cu ... = to resemble ... = to have / to bear resemblance to ... = to have a likeness too ... = to be like... = to look like a vea asupra sa = to have by / on / about one = to have in one's keeping a avea auzul fin = to have a ken sense of hearing a avea baft = (fam) to be in luck = (fam) to have the devil's own luck = fortune smiles on him = (fam) to get the breaks a se avea bine (cu cineva) = to be on good terms (with somebody) = to stand well (with somebody) = to get off (with somebody) = (amer.) to hitch horses together = to have a stand in (with somebody) a nu se avea bine cu cineva = to be at variance = to be at sixes and sevens = to be at outs (with somebody) = to be at loggerheads a avea o bogat experien a vieii = to have seen a good deal of the world a se avea a i cinele cu pisica = to agree like cats and dogs a avea un cap bun = to nave a good head / brain = to have good brains = (fam.) to have a good head-piece

= (fam.) to have gumption a nu avea cap = not to have a brain in one's head = to be foolish / a fool = (fam.) to be hare-brained a avea cutare = to be in (great) demand = to be (much) wanted = to be in (great) favour a avea cteva noiuni de = to have a smattering of a avea cearcne sub ochi = to have (dark) shadows round / under one's eyes a nu avea chef = (fam.) to be out of sorts a avea chef de ceva = to have a (great / good) mind to do something = to be in a mood to do something = (fam.) to feel like (cu -ing) something = to be in tune for doing something = (fam.) to fall in tune to do something = to be in a mood for something = to feel in tune to do something a avea ciud pe cineva = to have a spite / a tooth against somebody = to bear somebody a nu avea o clip de rgaz / liber = not to have a moment's respite = to have one's hands full a avea competena necesar = to have the necessary qualification a avea complexe = to be self-conscious a avea consideraie pentru cineva = to have respect for somebody = to hold somebody in respect a avea contiina ncrcat = to have a burdened / a bad / a guilty conscience a avea convingerea c ... ; am convingerea c ... = it is my persuasion that... a vea un cult pentru cineva = to worship somebody a nu avea curajul de a face ceva = not to feel up to it a avea un cuvnt de spus = to have (great) day (in a matter / it)

a nu avea cuvinte s ... = not to be able to find the language to ... a avea datorii = to be in debt a avea de-a face cu justiia = to be up against the law va avea de ntmpinat greuti = it will go hard with him a avea de lucru pn peste cap = to be over head and ears in work = to be up to the eyes / the elbow / the neck in work = to be head over heels in work a avea un drept la ceva = to have a title to something a avea dreptul la ceva = to be entitled to something a nu avea drept la ceva = to be unentitled to something a nu avea dup ce bea ap = to have nothing to eat = to be starving = to be as poor as a church-mouse = not to have a shirt to one's back = (fam.) to be (down) on one's uppers a avea o durere de cap = to have (got) a headache = am o durere cumplit de cap - my head splits; I have a splitting headache a avea experien = to be experienced = to be an hold hand a avea o fire vesel = to be of a cheerful disposition a vea un fizic plcut = to have good / a fine physique = (fam.) to strip well a avea un gnd ascuns = to have something up one's sleeve a vea gnduri bune = to mean kindly / well a avea gnduri rele = to be bent on mischief = to mean ill a vea gnduri rele cu privire la ... = to to have designs on / against ...

a avea grea / greuri = to feel / to turn sick = to be qualmish = to feel queasy a avea grij = ai grij! - see to it! = fii atent! take care! look out! = o s am eu grij- I will see to that /it; I'll attend to it a vea gura aurit / de aur = to have smooth tongue a avea gur rea = to have a foul mouth a avea gust = to be a man of taste = a fi gustos - to be tasteful / tooth-some a avea gusturi proaste = to show bad taste a nu avea haz = (fam.) to lack pep ar avea haz s ... = it would be funny if ... a avea inima grea = to be sad / sick at heart a avea intenia de a = to have in mind to ... a avea intenia s ... = to have a mind to ... = to think of (cu -ing) a avea intenii serioase = to mean business ce ai ? = what`s the matter with you ? ce ai cu mine ? = what do you want of me ? are 15 ani = he is fifteen (years old)

VERBE MODALE IN ENGLEZA

Verbele: can, may, must, ought, shall, will si partial need si dare formeaza grupul de verbe modale. Aceste verbe nu formeaza infinitivul cu particula 'to'.

can - a putea, cu intelesul de a fi in stare. In vorbirea curenta mai ales in intrebari se foloseste in locul lui 'may' (vezi mai jos) (inseamna si conserva si 'to can' = a face conserva)

may - a putea, cu intelesul de a avea voie. (inseamna si luna mai). In plus se foloseste in urari, de exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' . must - a trebui, a fi necesar (inseamna si must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori si prin probabil (sau 'trebuie ca') ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul shall - este o intarire a unui ordin daca este spus apasat. Altfel formeaza viitorul persoanei intai. In acest ultim caz deobicei se inlocuieste cu 'will' (vezi mai jos). will - formeaza viitorul, particula 'voi' din romaneste. I will come = Voi veni. Se foloseste si la formarea viitorului.(deasemeni inseamna testament. Inseamna si vointa). need - a trebui, cu intelesul de a avea nevoie dare - a indrazni, a provoca pe cineva

Mai jos cititi exemple in care se folosesc aceste verbe

Este binecunoscuta propozitia: I know I can - Stiu ca pot dintr-o poveste pentru copii in care o locomotiva isi tot repeta aceasta cat se straduieste sa urce un deal. They eat what they can and they can what they eat - Mananca ce pot si pun in conserva ceea ce mananca.

May I have this dance? (Pot sa am acest dans) - Imi acordati acest dans? May the force be with you! - Fie ca forta sa te insoteasca! din filmul StarWars, adica sa ai noroc.

If you must, you must - Daca trebuie, trebuie. I must be dreaming - Trebuie ca visez (probabil ca visez)

Pentru exemple cu ought to vedeti poezia de mai jos: I got your wedding invitation I'm surprised you thought of me But I don't believe your wedding Is just where I ought to be For you put your arms around her Kiss her lips so tenderly As she's standing there beside you That's just where I ought to be Like a fool I introduced you I said baby meet my friend Am primit invitatia la nunta Ma mir ca te-ai gandit la mine Dar nu cred ca nunta ta E un loc unde ar trebui sa fiu Pentru ca iti vei pune bratele in jurul ei O vei saruta pe buze cu tandrete Cat ea va sta langa tine Acolo ar trebui sa fiu eu. Ca o proasta v-am introdus Am zis: Draga, intalneste-o pe prietena mea

Never thought that I could lose you But I lost you there and then I took the diamond ring you gave me Threw it way out to sea And I had an awful feeling That's just where I ought to be

Niciodata n-am crezut ca o sa te pierd Dar te-am pierdut atunci si acolo Am luat inelul de diamant pe care mi l-ai dat L-am aruncat departe in mare Si am avut un sentiment groaznic Ca acolo ar trebui eu sa fiu

Cele zece porunci date de Dumnezeu lui Moise in Biblie se spun in engleza cu shall pentru intarire. De exemplu: You shall not kill = Nu vei omori (sa nu omori) We shall overcome = Vom invinge este un cantec muncitoresc american, to overcome inseamna a depasi un moment greu.

I will survive = Voi supravietui este binecunoscutul cantec al Gloriei Gaynor Intr-un cunoscut cantec Que sera, sera o fetita isi intreaba mama ce va fi cand va fi mare: Am intrebat-o pe mama, ce voi fi Voi fi fericita? Voi fi vesela? Mama mi-a raspuns: Que sera, sera Ce va fi, va fi Viitorul este pentru noi de descoperit Que sera, sera

I asked my mother what will I be? Will I be happy? Will I be rich? My mother said to me: Que sera, sera Whatever will be, will be The future is for us to see Que sera, sera

Verbele modale need si dare in cele mai multe cazuri se comporta ca verbe obisnuite. Sunt insa si situatii cand ele capata proprietati de verbe modale

Need I go on? - E nevoie sa continui? In engleza moderna e mai probabil sa se zica: Do I need to go on? caz in care need nu mai este verb modal. How dare you talk like this! - Cum indraznesti sa vorbesti asa!

Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale

1. Nu accepta particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu si nici forma cu ing. Din aceasta cauza multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe.

2. Foarte important: Verbul care urmeaza unui verb modal nu are to in fata. Adica, pe romaneste spui: Trebuie sa mananc sau mai arhaic Trebuie a manca In englezeste se spune I must eat. (Daca spui: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal). Din exemplele de mai sus vedem ca aceasta regula a verbelor modale e respectata: I know I can (fara 'to'), May I have this dance? (fara 'to') etc 3. Forma negativa nu cere do. Adica in cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not pentru negatie. I eat meat - Mananc carne. I do not eat meat - Nu mananc carne. Daca insa spui I can not eat meat - Nu pot sa mananc carne, particula do cade. 4. Forma interogativa nu cere do. Do you eat meat? - Mananci carne? folosind verbul modal can devine Can you eat meat? - Poti sa mananci carne?. Folosind must spunem: Must you eat meat? - Trebuie sa mananci carne? . 5. Aceste verbe nu se schimba dupa persoana: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adica persoana a treia singular nu primeste 's'. 6. Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propozitii negative. can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai mult aceasta regula. 7. Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i asa' din engleza e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-i asa' depinde de verbul modal folosit in prima parte a intrebarii. I can go, can't I? - Pot sa ma duc, nu-i asa? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i asa?

VERBE MODALE IN ENGLEZA (CONT)

Exista in limba engleza verbe care se numesc Verbe Modale Problema pentru necunoscatori e ca aceste verbe exprima toate nuante ale verbului a putea si fara practica e greu de stiut care trebuie folosit, in functie de ce vrei sa exprimi. Have to fara sa fie verb modal este de multe ori folosit in lolui must. can - a putea could - a fi in stare may - a avea voie might - exprima o posibilitate will - exprima vointa would - exprima o dorinta de a realiza ceva must - trebuie shall - exprima o promisiune

should - ar trebui ought to - ar trebui

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 1. Nu accepta particula to la infinitiv. To can inseamna a face conserve. Este altceva decat can - a putea.

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 2. Nu au s la prezent persoana a treia: I can draw - Eu pot, stiu sa desenez You can talk, now - Ai voie (poti), acum sa vorbesti He can hurt himself up there - Se poate rani acolo sus. She can sing like an angel - Ea poate sa cante ca un inger We can trust them - Putem avea incredere in ei. You can go together - Puteti merge impreuna Shhh, they can hear you. - Shhh, pot sa te auda.

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 3. Nu au nu au participiu si nici forma cu ing si de aceea au multe timpuri lipsa La timpurile lipsa ele se inlocuiesc prin alte verbe can se inlocuieste cu to be able to may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to must se inlocuieste cu to have to

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 4.La fel ca verbul to be verbele modale nu formeaza interogativul folosind verbul to do ci prin inversarea verbului cu subiectul. You can help me - Poti sa ma ajuti Can you help me? - Poti sa ma ajuti

He can hear me. - El poate sa ma auda? Can he hear me? - Poate sa ma auda? I can come - Pot sa vin (sa fiu acolo). Can I come? - Pot sa vin? May I? - Imi dai voie? Yes, you may - Da, te las. I must take this medicine. - Trebuie sa iau acest medicament. Must I take this medicine? - Trebuie sa iau acest medicament? No, you don't have to. - Nu, nu trebuie. Could you help me? - Ai putea sa ma ajuti?

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 5.Ca si verbul to be ele nu formeaza negativul folosind verbul to do. Yes, I can help you - Da, pot sa te ajut. No, I can not help you. - Nu, nu te pot ajuta Yes, he can hear you.- Da, el te aude. No, he can not hear you.- Nu, el nu te aude. You must add the butter - Trebuie sa adaugi untul You must not devine deobicei shouldn't

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 6.Formele negative deobicei se contracta: can not - can't could not - couldn't may not - nu se contracta si se foloseste ca raspus la o intrebare cu may. E un raspuns taios, de aceea nu se contracta. might - might not - nu se contracta will - won't would - wouldn't must - mustn't shall - shan't (nu se foloseste) should - shouldn't ought to - oughtn't (nu se foloseste)

I can't hear you - Nu te aud They couldn't come - Ei nu au putut sa vina No, you may not talk - Nu nu poti sa vorbesti. He might not know the adress. - S-ar putea sa nu ste adresa. He won't tell the difference - Nu va (putea) vedea diferenta She wouldn't say that - Ea nu ar spune asa ceva. You mustn't be late - Nu trebuie sa intarziati They shouldn't upset him - Ar trebui sa nu il supere

Verbele Modale - Caracteristici 7.Sunt urmate de verbe la infinitiv fara to. Chiar atunci cand inlocuite cu alt verbe s-ar pune to (sau of) We want to ride a horse. - Vrem sa calarim We wish to ride a horse.. - Dorim sa calarim We are trying to ride a horse. - Incercam sa calarim We are able to ride a horse. - Suntem in stare sa calarim We dream of riding a horse. - Visam sa calarim We think of riding a horse. - Ne gandim sa calarim dar We can ride a horse. - Putem sa calarim We could ride a horse. - Am putea sa calarim We may ride a horse. - Avem voie sa calarim We might ride a horse. - Exita si posibilitatea sa calarim We would ride a horse. - Noi am calari We must ride a horse. - Trebuie sa calarim We shall ride a horse. - Promitem sa calarim We should ride a horse. - Ar fi bine sa calarim

La prezent se foloseste must/might/could/may/can't It's nine, so their train must have left - E 9, deci trenul trebuie sa fi plecat. (Arata ca suntem destul de siguri de afirmatia noastra) It's ten so they might come soon - E 10 deci ar putea veni curand (poate) It's eleven, they could be lost. - E 11, s-ar putea sa se fi ratacit.(poate) They may have missed the train. - Poate au pierdut trenul(poate). They can't still be at home - Nu mai pot fi acasa (suntem destul de siguri de acest lucru)

Folosim will respectiv won't cand suntem foarte siguri de afirmatiile noastre.

Observati ca will aici nu are rol de auxiliar in Future Tense. They will be on the train by now. - Ei trebuie sa fie in tren pana la ora asta No, I won't tell you - Nu, nu iti spun

Should respectiv shouldn't se folosesc pentru a face supozitii despre lucruri care dupa cate stim noi asa ar trebui sa fie: They should be here by now - Ar fi trebuit sa fie aici la ora asta. It shouldn't take long - N-ar trebui sa dureze mult

Pentru probabilitati se poate folosi can in cazul a ceva posibil la modul general:

Train tickets can be expensive. - Biletele de tren pot fi scumpe

Cand vorbim de posibilitati specifice folosim could They could be stuck in traffic (nu can be) - Ar putea fi blocati in trafic

In schimb cand vorbim de trecut, could il inlocuieste pe can. They could have been stuck in traffic (nu could be care este prezentul)- Ar fi putut fi blocati in trafic.

Could se transforma in could be pemtru o posibilitate generala din trecut. Altfel se foloseste could have been Long ago, people could be happy even without running water.- Demult, oamenii puteau fi fericiti si fara apa curenta He could have been lost in the woods when I called him and he didn't answer - Putea sa se fii ratacit in padure cand l-am strigat si nu mi-a raspuns.

Folosim will have, should have + participiul trecut pentru probabilitati trecute.

They will have sold there products yesterday - Ei isi vor fi vandut produsele ieri. (nu prea este folosit) He should have been back yesterday.- Trebuia sa se intoarca de ieri.

Urmatoarele verbe modale sunt folosite pentru actiuni din trecut: Must, might, could, may, can't + have + past participle My dog must have kept you up last night.- Cainele trebuie sa te fi tinut treaz toata noaptea He might have been hungry - Poate ca ii era foame. He could havr been frightened by something - Poate ca au fost speriati de ceva He may have been ill - Poate ca era bolnav He can't have barked for nothing - Nu poate sa fii latrat degeaba.

Verbele modale exprima de multe ori putinta de a face ceva. Aceasta este de exemplu abilitatea generala de a face ceva, abilitate care daca este adevarata, este totdeauna adevarata, cum este vorbitul unei limbi straine de exemplu. Alte abilitati sunt specifice, exista sau nu in anumite momente, cum ar fi sa si mentina echilibrul, sau sa aiba destui bani ca sa plateasca ceva.

Can sau can't se folosesc si pentru abilitati generale si pentru abilitati specifice. I can ride a bike - Eu pot sa merg cu bicicleta I can pay - Pot eu sa platesc He can't sing because he is hoarse.- Nu putem sa cantam pentru ca el e ragusit We can't send the letter today. - Nu putem sa trimitem astazi scrisoarea

La trecut can/can't cand exprima abilitati generale se transforma in could/couldn't I could ride a bike even in first grade.- Puteam sa merg pe bicicleta chiar si in clasa intai I could pay all my bills before the crisis - Inainte de criza, puteam sa-mi platesc toate facturile. We couldn't send the letter today - Nu am putut sa trimitem azi scrisorile

Pentru abilitati specifice avute in trecut deoarece can nu are forma de trecut se foloseste

verbul to be able to anume lui can/can't in acest caz ii corespunde was able to/couldn't When the fire started, because there was no wind, I was able to put it out by myself. Cand a inceput incendiul, deoarece nu era vant, am putut sa-l sting singur. We couldn't find the lost dog. - Nu am putut sa gasim cainele pierdut I was able to open the door though it was stuck - Am reusit sa deschid usa desi era intepenita

Could/couldn't poate reprezenta o abilitate din trecut care nu mai exista in prezent: I could have played the violin but I didn't practice enough.- As fi putut sa cant la vioara, dar nu am exersat destul. We could have come earlier. - Puteam sa venim mai devreme

La viitor can/can't devine will be able to/won't be able to in cazul abilitatilor generale I will be able to repair a TV set after those classes. - Voi putea sa repar un televizor, dupa ce urmez cursurile acelea. He won't be able to understand those formulas. - Nu va fi in stare sa inteleaga acele formule.

In cazul abilitatii specifice la viitor can/can't ramane can/can't. I can come see you tomorrow - Pot sa vin sa te vad maine I can't take the exam next week.- Nu pot sa dau examenul saptamana viitoare.

Verbele modale have to, must, should pot exprima obligatia de a face ceva I have to heep it a secret - Trebuie sa pastrez secretul You must be polite - Trebuie sa fii politicos You should speeak louder - Ar trebui sa vorbesti mai tare

Have to reprezinta o obligatie puternica, mai ales impusa din afara Children have to learn to read - Copii trebuie sa invete sa citeasca The fugitive has to turn himself in. - Fugarul trebuie sa se predea

Prin urmare don't have to reprezinta lipsa unei obligatii. De multe ori se pronunta apasat. Don't have to nu te restrictioneaza de la a face ceva. Inseamna doar ca nu este nevoie, dar daca vrei sa faci este alegerea ta. I don't have to go to college, but I would like to. - Nu trebuie sa merg la facultate, dar miar place

Must este de asemeni o obligatie puternica, mai ales cand e venita de la vorbitor. I must clean my room - Trebuie sa-mi fac curat in camera

Mustn't sububliniaza ca nu este voie sau ca este o idee proasta. You mustn't cross the street if there is no trafficlight.

Should/shouldn't reprezinta o obligatie mai putin stringenta: You should exercise daily - Trebuie sa faci miscare zilnic You shouldn't quarrel.- Nu trebuie sa va certati

La trecut have to/don't have to devine had to / didnt have to I had to go to bed at nine as a child - Trebuia sa ma culc la noua ca copil I didn't have to rescue the cat, but I wanted to. - Nu eram obligat sa salvez pisica, dar asa am vrut.

Must la trecut devine tot had to I had to clean my room last week because my friend was coming over. - A trebuit sa-mi fac curat in camera saptamana trecuta, pentru ca venea in vizita pritenul/prietena mea.

Must not la trecut nu exista.

Should/ shouldn't devine la trecut should have/shouldn't have si exprima un regret You should have saved some money. - Ar fi trebuit sa economisesti niste bani I shouldn't have yelled at my best friend. - Nu trebuia sa tip la prietenul meu cel mai bun

Verbele modale can, could si may pot exprima o permisiune pe care vorbitorul o cere sau o primeste. Can I drive the car? Yes you can/No you can't - Pot(imi dai voie) sa conduc masina? Da, poti/Nu, nu poti Could I borrow this book? Yes you could/No you couldn't- As putea sa imprumut aceasta carte? Da/Nu. May I join you? Yes you may / No you may not.- Pot sa stau cu voi? Da poti/ Nu nu poti.

Verbele will si would pot exprima obiceiuri, tabieturi si in acest context de multe ori insotesxc subjonctivul. I would often have a cup of cofee in the morning. - De multe ori beam o cafea dimineata I will always sing in the shower! - Totdeauna voi canta in dus!

Verbe frazale des folosite - (Phrasal Verbs)

TO BREAK off - a se intrerupe brusc din discutie TO BREAK away with - a se dezobisnui TO BREAK up - a se desparti TO BREAK into - a intra prin efractie TO COME across - a se intalni accidental TO COME in - a intra TO COME out - a iesi, a deveni cunoscut TO GET away - a se da la o parte, a pleca, (Mars!) TO GET down to - a da jos, a se apuca TO GET in - a intra TO GET out - a iesi, (Dispari!, Mars!)

TO GET through - a trece prin ceva, a face legatura telefonica TO GET up - a se pregati, a se ridica TO GIVE in - a ceda TO GIVE off - a emite un miros neplacut TO GIVE out - a fi epuizat (despre carti) TO GIVE away - a trada TO GIVE way - a ceda (despre lucruri/obiecte) TO GIVE up - a renunta TO LOOK after - a avea grija de cineva TO LOOK out - a (te) feri TO LOOK in to - a examina TO LOOK up - a cauta pe cineva / a cauta in dictionar TO LOOK away - a intoarce privirea TO LOOK for - a cauta TO LOOK forward to - a astepta cu nerabdare (!cere verb + ing) TO LOOK on to - a avea vedere spre (ex: mare) TO LOOK up to - a privi in sus, a admira TO LOOK down on - a dispretui TO LOOK out of - a se uita pe geam TO LOOK over - a se uita superficial TO MAKE for - a se indrepta spre ceva (un loc) TO MAKE out - a intelege, a discerne TO MAKE up - a alcatui, a nascoci, a prepara TO PUT off - a amana TO PUT down - a scrie / a inabusi o revolta TO PUT away - a economisi bani TO PUT up - a caza pe cineva TO PUT up with - a suporta pe cineva TO PUT under - a ascunde TO PUT on - a se ingrasa / a se imbraca TO PUT out - a stinge lumina / a stinge focul TO RUN down - a critica TO RUN into - a se intalni accidental TO RUN out of - a ramane fara TO RUN over - a calca cu masina TO STAND out - a iesi in evidenta TO STAND up - a se ridica TO STAND up with - a rezista, a suporta TO STAND in - a se intelege TO STAND off - a sta deoparte

TO STAND by - a fi de fata TO STAND down - a sta jos TO STAND against - a fi impotriva, a opune rezistenta TO STAND for - a fi pentru TO TAKE down - a scrie / a dobori TO TAKE to - a simpatiza / a se apuca de ceva TO TAKE up - a imbratisa o cariera TO TAKE in - a pacali pe cineva TO TAKE aback - a fi luat prin surprindere TO TAKE over - a prelua TO TAKE on - a ocupa un loc in spatiu TO TAKE off - a se dezbraca / a decola TO TAKE down on - a invinovati TO TAKE after - a semana (cu cineva) TO APOLOGIZE for - a(-si) cere scuze vpentru ... TO ASK about - a intreba despre TO ASK for - a cere ceva TO BE short of - a ramane fara TO BE ran down - a fi terminat TO BELONG to - a apartine [cuiva] TO BRING back - a evoca TO BRING about - a se intampla TO BRING up - a aduce, a educa TO CALL off - a anula TO CALL forth - a evoca TO CARE for - a avea grija de TO DO without - a se lipsi de ceva TO DROP off - a atipi TO FALL out - a se desprinde TO FALL out with - a anula TO FIND out - a afla TO GO off - a exploda TO GROW up - a creste TO LET off - a ierta TO PAY for - a plati pentru TO REFRAIN from - a se abtine (de la ceva) TO SEE (somebody) off - a conduce (pe cineva) TO SEE through - a examina, a analiza TO SORT out - a rezolva