The Digestive System

Prepares food for use by all body cells.

Digestion
The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.
Lipids to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino acids Carbohydrates into simple sugars

Function
Produces various chemicals to break down the food. Filters out harmful substances. Gets rid of solid wastes.

Digestion
Mechanical Changes the physical form of food Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix

Digestion
Chemical Changes the chemical composition of food with the aid of digestive enzymes Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Digestive enzymes are special proteins that help break up large molecules of food into very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition.

Phases of Digestion
Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Further digestion

The Digestive Tract

The Digestive Tract

Accessory Parts
Organs that are not in the digestive tract but helps in the digestion Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas

Mouth
Functions: Food enters in the mouth or oral cavity Tasting Mechanical breakdown of food Secretion of salivary glands (salivary amylase)

Mouth
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion: Teeth cut, tear, crush and grind food. Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity. Parotid (beneath the cheeks) Submaxillary (below the jaw bone) Sublingual (below the tongue) saliva moistens the food and contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase) that begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.

Mouth
Tongue Mixes and rolls food into tiny mashed up bits (Bolus) Pushes the bolus toward the pharynx and into the esophagus when swallowing.

Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

Mechanism of Swallowing
Swallowing is a coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. Phases Food is pushed into the pharynx by the tongue. (voluntary) Tongue blocks the mouth Soft palate closes off the nose Larynx (Adams Apple) rises so the Epiglottis (a flap of tissue) can close the opening of the trachea.

Esophagus
A straight muscular tube that is about 10 inches (25 cm) long which connects the mouth with the stomach Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes through to the stomach. Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts in wavy motion (Peristalsis). Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly down the esophagus into the stomach. Cardiac Sphincter (ring-like valve) relaxes to allow food into the stomach.

Peristalsis

Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac Has inner folds (rugae) that increases the surface area of the stomach. Churns and grinds together the bolus into smaller pieces. Food is mixed with gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) secreted by the stomach walls. HCL helps break down food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.

Stomach

Stomach
Pepsin major enzyme; converts proteins into peptides in the presence of HCL. Mucus lubricates food and protects the gastric lining from strong digestive juices. Converts the bolus into a liquid (chyme) after 4 hrs of mechanical and chemical digestion Chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine.

Movements in Stomach

Small Intestine
Long (20 ft), coiled tube beneath the stomach. Has three parts:
Duodenum upper part; about 10 in; connected to the stomach. where the digestive juices from the pancreas and the liver combine with chyme making it thin and watery. Jejunum about 8 ft Ileum about 12 ft

Small Intestine
Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption

Small Intestine
Takes about 4 8 hrs to complete its journey. Mucosa (inner wall) secretes several enzymes that acts on the food. Where the pancreatic enzymes are emptied into. Digested nutrients are absorbed through intestinal walls. Absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood then other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.

Small Intestine
Has folded inner walls covered with fingerlike projections (villi; sing. villus) Each villus has tinier projections called microvilli that absorbs digested food. Villi and microvilli increases the surface area of the small intestine for greater absorption. Peristalsis moves the undigested food to the large intestine.

Movement in small intestine:

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest Digestion: Mechanical and chemical Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph Elimination: Waste products removed from body

Large Intestine
a.k.a. Colon larger diameter, but shorter (5 ft) Water is absorbed from the undigested food making the waste harder until it becomes solid. Waste stays for 10 12 hours.

Large Intestine

Large Intestine
Waste is pushed into the expanded portion (rectum) of the large intestine. Solid waste stays in the rectum until it is excreted through the anus as feces. Appendix hangs on the right side of the large intestine.

Accessory Organs
Produce or store enzymes that helps in digestion. Liver Largest gland of the body Stores vitamins A,D,E,K Stores sugar and glycogen Produces bile (watery, greenish substance) Secretes bile to the gall bladder via the hepatic duct and cystic duct.

Accessory Organs
Gall bladder Stores bile in between meals Secretes bile to the duodenum through the bile duct during mealtime. Bile contains bile salts, pigments, cholesterol and phospholipids. Bile is an emulsifier NOT an enzyme. Emulsifier dissolves fat into the watery contents of the intestine.

Accessory Organs
Pancreas Produces a juice that contains enzymes (amylase and insulin) to break down carbohydrates, fats and protein. Secretes the juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

Path of Digestion
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus

The Excretory System

Two Types of Wastes

Removal of Wastes
Egestion
removal of digestive waste.

Excretion
removal of metabolic waste.

Organs of Excretion
Skin Allows water, salt and urea to diffuse from the blood (capillaries) into the sweat glands. Releases sweat from the sweat glands through the sweat ducts out to the skin pores.

Organs of Excretion
Lungs Excretes the waste product of respiration during exhalation. Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor.

Organs of Excretion
Liver Part of the digestive, circulatory and excretory systems. Removes excess amino acids from the body. Breaks down the amino acids through deamination to form the urea which is excreted in the urine.

Organs of Excretion
Kidneys Major excretory organs of the body which removes most of the body wastes. Purify blood by filtering out water, salts, digested food particles and urea in the form of urine. Urine passes out through the urinary tract.

Urinary System

Excretion of Urine
Kidney Ureter a tube that transports urine to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder a sac of tissue that has the ability to expand as it fills with urine. Urethra a tube at the bottom of the bladder where urine passes out of the body.

Assignment
Research and make a table about the different Digestive Enzymes. Follow the following format:
Digestive Gland
Salivary Glands Gastric Glands Pancreas Intestinal Glands Enzymes Substrates Products